| 词条 | Hilo, Hawaii |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Hilo, Hawaii |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = H Town |settlement_type = Census-designated place |motto = |image_skyline = Hilo Montage.png |imagesize = |image_caption = From top to bottom, left to right: S. Hata Building, Hilo Masonic Lodge Hall-Bishop Trust Building, Hilo Bay with Mauna Kea, Rainbow Falls (Hawaii), Federal Building, United States Post Office and Courthouse (Hilo, Hawaii), Liliuokalani Park and Gardens |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Hawaii_County_Hawaii_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Hilo_Highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in Hawaii County and the U.S. state of Hawaii |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Hawaii |pushpin_label = Hilo |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Hawaii}} |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|}} Hawaii |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Harry Kim |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 151.0 |area_land_km2 = 138.3 |area_water_km2 = 12.7 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 43263 |population_density_km2 = 312.9 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = Hawaii-Aleutian |utc_offset = −10 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|19|42|20|N|155|5|9|W|region:US-HI_type:city|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 18 |elevation_ft = 59 |postal_code_type = ZIP codes |postal_code = 96720-96721 |area_code = 808 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 15-14650 }}Hilo ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|iː|l|oʊ}}; {{IPA-haw|ˈhilo|language}}) is the largest town and census-designated place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States, which encompasses the Island of Hawai{{Okina}}i. The population was 43,263 at the 2010 census.[1] Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawai{{Okina}}i and is in the District of South Hilo.[2] The town overlooks Hilo Bay, at the base of two shield volcanoes, Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano and the site of some of the world's most important ground-based astronomical observatories. Much of the city is at some risk from lava flows from Mauna Loa. The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the flanks of Mauna Loa. Hilo is home to the University of Hawai{{Okina}}i at Hilo, {{Okina}}Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawai{{Okina}}i, as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival, a week-long celebration of ancient and modern hula that takes place annually after Easter. Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, one of the world's leading producers of macadamia nuts. The town is served by Hilo International Airport.[3] HistoryAround 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived, bringing with them Polynesian knowledge and traditions. Although archaeological evidence is scant, oral history has many references to people living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers during the time of ancient Hawaii.[4] Oral history also gives the meaning of Hilo as "to twist".[5] Originally, the name "Hilo" applied to a district encompassing much of the east coast of the island of Hawai{{okina}}i, now divided into the District of South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement in the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south shore of Hilo Bay.[6] Missionaries came to the district in the early-to-middle 19th century, founding Haili Church, in the area of modern Hilo. Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the surrounding area created new jobs and drew in many workers from Asia, making the town a trading center. {{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the first decade of the 20th century and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946, a 7.8-magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a {{convert|14|m|ft|order=flip|adj=mid|-high}} tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 160 people. In response, an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning. This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of the old railbed.[7] On May 2, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile the previous day, claimed 61 lives,[8] allegedly due to the failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks and memorials. Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s. The downtown found a new role in the 1980s as the city's cultural center with several galleries and museums being opened; the Palace Theater was reopened in 1998 as an arthouse cinema. Closure of the sugar plantations (including those in Hāmākua) during the 1990s led to a downturn in the local economy, coinciding with a general statewide slump. {{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Hilo in recent years has seen commercial and population growth, as the neighboring District of Puna became the fastest-growing region in the state. {{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Geography and climateHilo is on the eastern side of the island of Hawaii at {{Coord|19|42|20|N|155|5|9|W|type:city}} (19.705520, −155.085918).[9] It is classified by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), and has a total area of {{convert|151.0|km2|order=flip}}, {{convert|138.3|km2|order=flip}} of which is land and {{convert|12.7|km2|order=flip}} of which (8.4%) is water.[10] Hilo has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. Its location on the eastern side of the island, (windward relative to the trade winds), makes it the fourth wettest designated city in the United States, behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier, Ketchikan and Yakutat, and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around {{convert|126.72|in|mm|sigfig=3}} of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain.[11] Rainfall in Hilo varies with altitude, with more at higher elevations. At some weather stations in upper Hilo the annual rainfall is above {{convert|200|in|mm}}.[11] Monthly mean temperatures range from {{convert|71.2|°F|1}} in February to {{convert|76.4|°F|1}} in August.[11] The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|94|°F|0}} on May 20, 1996, and the lowest {{convert|53|°F|0}} on February 21, 1962.[14] The wettest year was 1994 with {{convert|182.81|in|mm|1}}, and the driest was 1983, with {{convert|68.09|in|mm|1}}. The most rainfall in one month was {{convert|50.82|in|mm|1}} in December 1954. The most rainfall in 24 hours was {{convert|27.24|in|mm|1}} on November 2, 2000.[12] Hilo's location on the shore of the funnel-shaped Hilo Bay also makes it vulnerable to tsunamis.[13] {{Weather box|location = Hilo International Airport, Hawaii (1981–2010 normals,[14] extremes 1949–present) |single line = Y |Jan avg record high F =84.9 |Feb avg record high F =84.8 |Mar avg record high F =84.4 |Apr avg record high F =83.3 |May avg record high F =84.6 |Jun avg record high F =85.6 |Jul avg record high F =86.3 |Aug avg record high F =86.9 |Sep avg record high F =86.8 |Oct avg record high F =86.9 |Nov avg record high F =85.6 |Dec avg record high F =84.2 |year avg record high F=88.9 |Jan avg record low F = 59.0 |Feb avg record low F = 58.5 |Mar avg record low F = 60.3 |Apr avg record low F = 62.0 |May avg record low F = 63.1 |Jun avg record low F = 65.0 |Jul avg record low F = 65.8 |Aug avg record low F = 66.0 |Sep avg record low F = 65.6 |Oct avg record low F = 64.7 |Nov avg record low F = 63.2 |Dec avg record low F = 60.5 |year avg record low F =57.9 |Jan record high F = 92 |Feb record high F = 92 |Mar record high F = 93 |Apr record high F = 89 |May record high F = 94 |Jun record high F = 90 |Jul record high F = 91 |Aug record high F = 93 |Sep record high F = 93 |Oct record high F = 91 |Nov record high F = 94 |Dec record high F = 93 |Jan high F = 79.0 |Feb high F = 78.8 |Mar high F = 79.0 |Apr high F = 78.9 |May high F = 80.6 |Jun high F = 82.2 |Jul high F = 82.8 |Aug high F = 83.2 |Sep high F = 83.3 |Oct high F = 82.6 |Nov high F = 80.8 |Dec high F = 79.4 |year high F =80.8 |Jan mean F = 71.4 |Feb mean F = 71.2 |Mar mean F = 71.8 |Apr mean F = 72.2 |May mean F = 73.7 |Jun mean F = 75.2 |Jul mean F = 76.1 |Aug mean F = 76.4 |Sep mean F = 76.2 |Oct mean F = 75.6 |Nov mean F = 74.1 |Dec mean F = 72.3 |Jan low F = 63.8 |Feb low F = 63.5 |Mar low F = 64.6 |Apr low F = 65.5 |May low F = 66.9 |Jun low F = 68.2 |Jul low F = 69.2 |Aug low F = 69.3 |Sep low F = 69.7 |Oct low F = 69.1 |Nov low F = 67.3 |Dec low F = 65.1 |year low F =66.9 |Jan record low F = 54 |Feb record low F = 53 |Mar record low F = 54 |Apr record low F = 58 |May record low F = 59 |Jun record low F = 61 |Jul record low F = 62 |Aug record low F = 63 |Sep record low F = 61 |Oct record low F = 62 |Nov record low F = 58 |Dec record low F = 55 |rain colour = green |Jan rain inch = 9.26 |Feb rain inch = 9.56 |Mar rain inch = 13.43 |Apr rain inch = 11.54 |May rain inch = 8.12 |Jun rain inch = 7.37 |Jul rain inch = 10.81 |Aug rain inch = 9.85 |Sep rain inch = 9.94 |Oct rain inch = 9.77 |Nov rain inch = 15.50 |Dec rain inch = 11.57 |year rain inch=126.72 |unit rain days = 0.01 in |Jan rain days = 16.3 |Feb rain days = 15.8 |Mar rain days = 21.4 |Apr rain days = 24.9 |May rain days = 23.5 |Jun rain days = 25.1 |Jul rain days = 26.8 |Aug rain days = 26.8 |Sep rain days = 24.3 |Oct rain days = 23.6 |Nov rain days = 23.0 |Dec rain days = 20.6 |year rain days = |Jan humidity = 76.6 |Feb humidity = 76.0 |Mar humidity = 78.1 |Apr humidity = 80.2 |May humidity = 78.9 |Jun humidity = 77.4 |Jul humidity = 79.5 |Aug humidity = 79.5 |Sep humidity = 79.2 |Oct humidity = 80.0 |Nov humidity = 80.3 |Dec humidity = 78.7 |year humidity =78.7 |Jan sun = 161.0 |Feb sun = 152.0 |Mar sun = 152.7 |Apr sun = 135.9 |May sun = 155.0 |Jun sun = 176.9 |Jul sun = 167.2 |Aug sun = 174.9 |Sep sun = 161.5 |Oct sun = 136.3 |Nov sun = 115.0 |Dec sun = 129.0 |year sun=1817.4 |Jan percentsun = 47 |Feb percentsun = 47 |Mar percentsun = 41 |Apr percentsun = 36 |May percentsun = 38 |Jun percentsun = 44 |Jul percentsun = 41 |Aug percentsun = 44 |Sep percentsun = 44 |Oct percentsun = 38 |Nov percentsun = 34 |Dec percentsun = 38 |year percentsun =41 |source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[15][16][17] }} Demographics{{US Census population|1910=6745 |1920=10431 |1930=19468 |1940=23353 |1950=27198 |1960=25966 |1970=26353 |1980=35269 |1990=37808 |2000=40759 |2010=43263 |footnote=source:[1][18] }} As of the census of 2010, there were 43,263 people in 15,483 households residing in the census-designated place. The population density was 796.7 people per square mile (307.7/km²). There were 16,905 housing units at an average density of 311.3 per square mile (120.2/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 17.61% White, 0.52% African American, 0.31% American Indian & Alaska Native, 34.29% Asian, 14.17% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 32.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.40% of the population.[1] There were 15,483 households out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.79.[1] In the Hilo CDP the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 11.5% from 25 to 34, 16.9% from 35 to 49, 20.9% from 50 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 males there were 104.7 females.[1] The median income for a household in the CDP at the 2000 census was $39,139, and the median income in 2000 for a family was $48,150. Males had a median income in 2000 of $36,049 and the median was $27,626 for females in 2000. The per capita income for the CDP in 2000 was $18,220. About 11.1% of families and 17.1% of the population were below the poverty line in 2000, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. TransportationAirHilo is served by Hilo International Airport, which has Hawaiian Airlines and United Airlines operating there. BusHilo is served by the county Hele-On Bus.[19] MaritimeHilo is served by the Big Island's largest harbor, Hilo Harbor, on Hilo Bay.[20] Education{{Main|Schools of Hilo, Hawaii}}Hilo is home to a number of educational institutions, including two post-secondary institutions, the University of Hawai{{Okina}}i at Hilo and Hawai{{Okina}}i Community College, and the Hilo and Waiakea primary and secondary school districts. There are also various charter schools in the area serving primary and secondary students. GovernmentAlthough sometimes called a city, Hilo is not an incorporated city, and does not have a municipal government. The entire island, which is slightly smaller than the state of Connecticut but larger than Rhode Island and Delaware, is under the jurisdiction of the County of Hawai{{Okina}}i, of which Hilo is the county seat. Hilo is home to county, state, and federal offices. EconomyThe oldest city in the Hawaiian archipelago, Hilo has a significant tourism sector.[21] It is home to Hawaii's only tsunami museum, mostly dedicated to the understanding of the 1946 Pacific tsunami, and is notable for the banyan trees planted by Babe Ruth, Amelia Earhart, and many other celebrities. It is also home to the Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo, several shopping centers, cafés and other eateries, movie theaters, hotels, restaurants, and a developed downtown area with a Farmers Market.[22] The Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation makes its home there as well, south of the main town off Hawaii Route 11, north of Kea{{okina}}au. Hilo is also known for the Mokupāpapa Discovery Center in the Koehnen Building downtown. The museum features interactive and educational exhibits and is dedicated to creating public awareness of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument and ocean conservation issues. Hilo is home to a number of astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea as well as the Imiloa Planetarium and Museum. Astronomy has an economic impact of $100 million annually on the Big Island of Hawaii.[23] Astronomy on Mauna Kea was developed at the invitation of the Hawaii Chamber of Commerce following the collapse of the sugar cane industry.[24] Culture
Notable people{{div col|colwidth=}}
Points of interest{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
MediaHilo is served by KWXX (94.7FM Hilo/101.5FM Kona), Hawaii's "Feel Good Island Music Station", KWXX, B93/B97 (93.1FM Kona/97.1FM Hilo), Hawaii's Classic Hits, B93/B97, and KPUA (970AM Hilo), Hilo's Sports Talk Radio [https://web.archive.org/web/20071206002734/http://www.kpua.net/ KPUA 670AM] radio stations. The Hawaii Tribune-Herald, of Oahu Publications Inc., a subsidiary of Black Press,[26] is Hilo's primary newspaper distribution company along with other newspapers like the Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Sister cities
LegacyAsteroid (342431) Hilo is named after Hilo.[27]Hilo DistrictHilo also referred to the District of Hilo when the Big Island was divided into six districts by the traditional land division of moku. Hilo is now divided into two: North and South Hilo Districts.[28] North Hilo DistrictIn the District of North Hilo, there are, along Hawaii State Highway 19 from north to south, the following unincorporated towns and localities:
and others. Inland, along State Highway 200, are:
and others. South Hilo DistrictIn the District of South Hilo, there are, along State Highway 19, the following unincorporated towns and localities:
Along State Highway 11, are:
and others. Along State Highway 200 and its extension, are:
and others. References1. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.census.gov/popfinder US Census Bureau – 2010 Population Finder – Hilo CDP -] 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=May 31, 2011 }} 3. ^"Hilo CDP, Hawaii {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124023957/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US1514650&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on |date=2011-11-24 }}." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 21, 2009. 4. ^{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Hilo |dic=hpn |HASHbe6bbaa7d9c7c80616c1b0 |accessdate= February 18, 2011 }} 5. ^{{Cite book| url = https://archive.org/details/legendsofwailuku00hapa| title = Legends of the Wailuku: as told by old Hawaiians| last = Hapai| first = Charlotte| date = 1920-01-01| publisher = Honolulu, The Charles R. Frazier company}} 6. ^Ellis, W. A Narrative of an 1823 Tour through Hawai'i, republished 2004, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu {{ISBN|1-56647-605-4}}, chapters 11 and 12 7. ^{{Cite thesis |type=M.A. |chapter= |title=Personal Accounts from Survivors of the Hilo Tsunamis of 1946 and 1960: Toward a Disaster Communications Model |url= |author= |last=Johnston |first=Jeanne Branch |year=2003 |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |accessdate= |docket= |oclc= |hdl=10125/7104 }} 8. ^Gates, Alexander E.; Ritchie, David. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=b1sXfJCiCHQC&pg=PA49 Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes]. Ed. Infobase Publishing. {{ISBN|9780816072705}}. p. 49 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}} 10. ^{{cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1514650| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Hilo CDP, Hawaii| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| work=American Factfinder| accessdate=May 24, 2017}} 11. ^Hilo, Hawai{{Okina}}i information on NOAA web site 12. ^Record 24-hour rainfall on NOAA web site 13. ^{{cite web |title=Where is Hilo Hawai'i? |work=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.tsunami.org/faq.html |accessdate=2009-07-23 |publisher=The Pacific Tsunami Museum web site |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528094603/http://www.tsunami.org/faq.html |archivedate=2009-05-28 |df= }} 14. ^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. 15. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hnl | title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 29 April 2015}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00021504.normals.txt | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = HI Hilo INTL AP | accessdate = 29 April 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__V/U1/91285.TXT | title = WMO climate normals for Hilo/WSO AP 87, HI 1961−1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 29 April 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/index.htm|title=Census of Population And Housing|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-19}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://heleonbus.org|title=Hawai'i Island Hele-On Bus |website=County of Hawai'i Mass Transit Agency|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}} 20. ^Hilo Harbor (Harbor Division, Hawaii Department of Transportation) 21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45445-2004May21.html |title=Hello, Hilo |publisher=washingtonpost.com |date=2004-05-23 |accessdate=2010-10-04}} 22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45445-2004May21_2.html |title=Hello, Hilo |publisher=washingtonpost.com |date= 2004-05-23|accessdate=2010-10-04}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/12/23/hawaiis-astronomy-sector-brought-an-economic.html|title=Hawaii's astronomy sector brought an economic impact of $168 million in 2012 |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=2018-04-16}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.malamamaunakea.org/library/reference/index/refid/193-origins-of-astronomy-in-hawaii|title=Origins of astronomy in Hawaii » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog|website=malamamaunakea.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://papahanaumokuakea.gov/education/center.html |title=Education – Discovery Center |publisher=NOAA |work=Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument web site |accessdate=2009-08-25 }} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald |publisher=Black Press |work=official web site |accessdate=2009-08-25 }} 27. ^http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=342431+Hilo 28. ^James A. Bier, Cartographer, Map of Hawai'i, the Big Island, Eighth Edition (University of Hawai'i Press) 29. ^Laupāhoehoe Train Museum 30. ^[https://www.princekuhioplaza.com/ King Kuhio Shopping Center] 31. ^Puanako Center External links{{commons category|Hilo, Hawaii}}{{wikivoyage|Hilo}}{{Hawaii County, Hawaii}}{{Hawaii county seat}}{{Hawaii}}{{Authority control}} 2 : Hilo, Hawaii|County seats in Hawaii |
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