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词条 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
释义

  1. History

  2. Operations

     International agreements  Domestic agreements 

  3. In-house developed products

      Agricultural aircraft    Fighter aircraft    Helicopters    Engines    Trainer aircraft   Observation and reconnaissance aircraft   Transport and passenger aircraft    Utility aircraft    Gliders    Unmanned Aerial Vehicles  

  4. Notable people

  5. Licensed production

  6. Gallery

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{More footnotes|date=May 2017}}{{Infobox company
| name = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| native_name =
| logo = File:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Logo.svg
| type = State-owned enterprise
| industry = Aerospace and Defence
| key_people = R Madhavan (Chairman and Managing director)[1]
| products = Transport aircraft
Fighter aircraft
Helicopters
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|17406|c}}[2] (2016/17)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3294|c}}[2] (2016/17)
| assets = {{INRConvert|63898.42|c}}[3]
(2014)
| equity = {{INRConvert|15014.64|c}}[3]
(2014)
| num_employees = 32,108[3]
(March, 2014)
| website = www.hal-india.com
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1940}}
{{small|(As Hindustan Aircraft)}}
{{Start date and age|1964}}
{{small|(Renamed Hindustan Aeronautics)}}
| location_city = Bangalore, Karnataka
| location_country = India
| profit = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|2692.5|c}}[3]
(2014)
}}

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company headquartered in Bangalore, India. It is governed under the management of the Indian Ministry of Defence.

The government-owned corporation is primarily involved in the operations of the aerospace and is currently involved in the design, fabrication and assembly of aircraft, jet engines, helicopters and their spare parts. It has several facilities spread across India including Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kasaragod. The HAL HF-24 Marut fighter-bomber was the first fighter aircraft made in India.

History

HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft Limited in Bangalore on 23 December 1940 by Walchand Hirachand who became Chairman of the company. The companies office was opened at a bungalow called "Eventide" on Domlur Road.

The organisation and equipment for the factory at Bangalore was set up by William D. Pawley of the Intercontinental Aircraft Corporation of New York, who had already established Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) in partnership with Chinese Nationalist government. Pawley obtained a large number of machine-tools and equipment from the United States.

The Indian Government bought a one-third stake in the company and by April 1941 by investing 25 lakhs as it believed this to be a strategic imperative. The decision by the government was primarily motivated to boost British military hardware supplies in Asia to counter the increasing threat posed by Imperial Japan during Second World War. The Kingdom of Mysore supplied two directors, Air Marshal John Higgins was resident director. The first aircraft built was a Harlow PC-5[4] On 2 April 1942, the government announced that the company had been nationalised when it had bought out the stakes of Seth Walchand Hirachand and other promoters so that it could act freely. The Mysore Kingdom refused to sell its stake in the company but yielded the management control over to the Indian Government.

In 1943 the Bangalore factory was handed over to the United States Army Air Forces but still using Hindustan Aircraft management. The factory expanded rapidly and became the centre for major overhaul and repair of American aircraft and was known as the 84th Air Depot. The first aircraft to be overhauled was a Consolidated PBY Catalina followed by every type of aircraft operated in India and Burma. When returned to Indian control two years later the factory had become one of the largest overhaul and repair organisations in the East. In the post war reorganisation the company built railway carriages as an interim activity.

After India gained independence in 1947, the management of the company was passed over to the Government of India.

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was formed on 1 October 1964 when Hindustan Aircraft Limited joined the consortium formed in June by the IAF Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur (at the time manufacturing HS748 under licence) and the group recently set up to manufacture MiG-21 under licence, with its new factories planned in Koraput, Nasik and Hyderabad.[5] Though HAL was not used actively for developing newer models of fighter jets, except for the HF-24 Marut, the company has played a crucial role in modernisation of the Indian Air Force. In 1957 company started manufacturing Bristol Siddeley Orpheus jet engines under licence at new factory located in Bangalore.

During the 1980s, HAL's operations saw a rapid increase which resulted in the development of new indigenous aircraft such as the HAL Tejas and HAL Dhruv. HAL also developed an advanced version of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, known as MiG-21 Bison, which increased its life-span by more than 20 years. HAL has also obtained several multimillion-dollar contracts from leading international aerospace firms such as Airbus, Boeing and Honeywell to manufacture aircraft spare parts and engines.

By 2012, HAL was reportedly bogged down in the details of production and has been slipping on its schedules.[6] On 1 April 2015, HAL reconstituted its Board with Mr. TS Raju as CMD, Mr. S Subrahmanyan as Director (Operations), Mr. VM Chamola as Director (HR), CA Ramana Rao as Director (Finance) and Mr. D K Venkatesh as Director (Engineering & R&D). There are two Govt. nominees in the Board and six independent Directors.

In March 2017, HAL Chairman and Managing Director T Suvarna Raju announced that the company had finalised plans for an indigenisation drive. The company plans to produce nearly 1,000 military helicopters, including Kamov 226, LCH (Light Combat Helicopter) ALH (Advanced Light Helicopter), and over 100 planes over the next 10 years. HAL will manufacture the Kamov 226T helicopter under a joint venture agreement with Russian defence manufacturers. The Kamov 226T will replace the country's fleet of Cheetah and Chetak helicopters. Over the next 5 years, HAL will carry out major upgrade of almost the entire fighter fleet of Indian Air Force including Su-30MKI, Jaguars, Mirage and Hawk jets to make them "more lethal". The company will also deliver 123 Tejas Light Combat Aircraft to the IAF from 2018–19, at a rate of 16 jets per year.[7]

Operations

One of the largest aerospace companies in Asia, HAL has annual turnover of over {{USD}}2 billion. More than 40% of HAL's revenues come from international deals to manufacture aircraft engines, spare parts, and other aircraft materials. A partial list of major operations undertaken by HAL includes the following:

International agreements

  • The US$35 billion fifth-generation fighter jet programme with the Sukhoi Corporation of Russia.[8][9]
  • US$1 billion contract to manufacture aircraft parts for Boeing.[10]
  • Multi-role transport aircraft project with Ilyushin of Russia worth US$600 million.[11]
  • 120 RD-33MK turbofan engines to be manufactured for MiG-29K by HAL for US$250 million.[12]
  • Contract to manufacture 1,000 TPE331 aircraft engines for Honeywell worth US$200,000 each (estimates put total value of deal at US$200 million).[13]
  • US$120 million deal to manufacture Dornier 228 for RUAG of Switzerland.[14]
  • Manufacture of aircraft parts for Airbus SAS worth US$150 million.[15]
  • US$100 million contract to export composite materials to Israel Aircraft Industries.[16]
  • US$65 million joint-research facility with Honeywell and planned production of Garrett TPE331 engines.[17]
  • US$50.7 million contract to supply Advanced Light Helicopter to Ecuadorian Air Force.[18] HAL will also open a maintenance base in the country.[19]
  • US$30 million contract to supply avionics for Malaysian Su-30MKM.[20]
  • US$20 million contract to supply ambulance version of HAL Dhruv to Peru.[21]
  • Contract of 3 HAL Dhruv helicopters from Turkey worth US$20 million.[22]
  • US$10 million order from Namibia for HAL Chetak and Cheetah helicopters.[23]
  • Supply of HAL Dhruv helicopters to Mauritius' National Police in a deal worth US$7 million.[24]
  • Unmanned helicopter development project with Israel Aircraft Industries.[25]

Domestic agreements

  • 220 Sukhoi Su-30MKI being manufactured at HAL's facilities in Nasik, Koraput and Bangalore. The total contract, which also involves Russia's Sukhoi Aerospace, is worth {{USD}}3.2 billion.
  • 200 HAL Light Combat Helicopters for the Indian Air Force and 500 HAL Dhruv helicopters worth US$5.83 billion.
  • US$900 million aerospace hub in Andhra Pradesh.[26]
  • US$57 million upgrade of SEPECAT Jaguar fleet of the Indian Air Force.[27]
  • US$55 million helicopter simulator training facility in Bangalore in collaboration with Canada's CAE.[28]
  • 64 MiG-29s to be upgraded by HAL and Russia's MiG Corporation in a programme worth US$960 million.[29]
  • Licensed production of 82 BAe Hawk 132.

In-house developed products

Agricultural aircraft

  • HA-31 Basant

Fighter aircraft

  • HF-24 Marut — Mk1 and Mk1T
  • Tejas — Light Combat Aircraft
  • Su-30MKI — a derivative of the Sukhoi Su-27, co-developed with Sukhoi Corporation {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}
  • AMCA — India's indigenous stealth fighter (under development).

Helicopters

  • Dhruv — Advanced Light Helicopter
  • Light Combat Helicopter (under trial)
  • Light Utility Helicopter (under trial)
  • Indian Multi-role Helicopter (under development)
  • Rudra - Attack helicopter

Engines

  • GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri- co-developed with GTRE (DRDO) (under development; developed into following programmes)
  • PTAE-7- For indegeniously designed Lakshya PTA
  • GTSU-110 - for starting main engine GE404 or Kaveri of LCA Tejas
  • HAL/Turbomeca Shakti - co-developed with Turbomeca for HAL Dhruv Helicopter to be used in light utility helicopter
  • HAL HTFE-25[30]
  • HAL HTSE-1200 (under development)[31]

Trainer aircraft

  • HT-2 - First company design to enter production.
  • HPT-32 Deepak - Basic trainer in service for more than three decades.
  • HJT-16 Kiran — Mk1, Mk1A and Mk2 - Turbojet trainers scheduled to be replaced with IJT like HJT-36 Sitara
  • HTT-34 - Turboprop version of HPT-32 Deepak
  • HTT-35 - Proposed replacement for HPT-32 basic trainer in the early 1990s; not pursued
  • HJT-36 Sitara — Intermediate jet trainer (under development) (Inducted as LSP{{clarify|date=November 2015|reason=what does that mean?}} waiting further orders)
  • HAL HTT-40 Basic trainer (under trial)[32] first prototype flew the first flight on 31 May 2016.[33]
  • HAL HJT 39 / CAT Advanced jet trainer (proposal)

Observation and reconnaissance aircraft

  • HAOP-27 Krishak

Transport and passenger aircraft

  • Saras — under joint development with the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
  • HAL Multirole Transport Aircraft — under joint-development with Ilyushin Design Bureau
  • Indian Regional Jet (IRJ) of 70-100 seater capacity to be jointly developed with NAL.

Utility aircraft

  • HAL-26 Pushpak

Gliders

  • HAL G-1 — HAL's first original design, dating from 1941. Only one was built.
  • Ardhra — training glider
  • Rohini

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

  • PTA Lakshya — UAV
  • PTA Lakshya 2 — UAV
  • NRUAV
  • Nishant UAV
  • Rustom H — Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
  • UCAV Tejas - Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (under development)[34]

Notable people

  • Kota Harinarayana
  • Kurt Tank
  • Roddam Narasimha
  • Vishnu Madav Ghatage

Licensed production

  • Vampire — first combat jet manufactured by HAL, 250+ FB.52, 60 T.55 models[35]
  • Harlow PC-5 — first aircraft assembled by HAL
  • Percival Prentice — 66 built by HAL
  • Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 — FL, M, Bis and Bison upgrades variants
  • Folland Gnat
  • HAL Ajeet — improved version of the Folland Gnat
  • Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27 — M variant
  • SEPECAT Jaguar— IS, IB and IM variants
  • BAE Hawk — scheduled production run of 42 aircraft
  • Sukhoi Su-30 — MKI variant
  • Dornier Do 228 — 117 built + fuselage, wings and tail unit for production of the upgraded Do 228 NG variant
  • Aerospatiale SA 315B Lama — HAL Cheetah, Lancer, Cheetal Variants
  • Aerospatiale SA 316B Alouette III — HAL Chetak, Chetan Variants
  • HAL HS 748 Avro — Modified for military usage, includes Series 2M variant with large freight door
  • Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk 811 — Engine for SEPECAT Jaguar
  • Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk 871 — Engine for BAE Hawk Mk 132
  • Garrett TPE331-5 — Engine for Dornier Do 228
  • Turbomeca TM 333 — Engine for HAL Dhruv

Gallery

See also

{{Portal|Companies}}
  • HAL Aerospace Museum
  • Defence Research and Development Organisation
  • HAL Airport
  • Indian Space Research Organisation
  • Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company
  • Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC
  • National Aerospace Laboratories
  • Mahindra Aerospace
  • Tata Advanced Systems
  • Aeronautical Development Agency

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://hal-india.co.in/BasicProfile.aspx?Mkey=176&lKey=&Profilekey=40 |title=Shri R Madhavan - Leadership |publisher=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}
2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://hal-india.com/FY%202016-17%20HAL/ND__194 |title=HAL Financial 2016/17}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://hal-india.com/Common/Uploads/Finance/Annual-Report-2013-14-English.pdf |title=HAL Financial 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223221/http://hal-india.com/Common/Uploads/Finance/Annual-Report-2013-14-English.pdf |archivedate=6 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^"Hindustan Aircraft Ltd" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510094328/http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |date=10 May 2013 }} Flight 27 August 1954 p. 296.
5. ^HAL Preserved {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309050659/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202305.html |date=9 March 2012 }} Flight International 1964
6. ^"HAL slipping up on deliveries as it handles too many projects." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307001016/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2957917.ece |date=7 March 2012 }} The Hindu Business Line, March 3, 2012.
7. ^{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi powers-up HAL’s indigenisation drive, India’s military may get 100 planes, 1,000 helicopters soon|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/narendra-modi-powers-up-hals-indigenisation-drive-indias-military-may-get-100-planes-1000-helicopters-soon/603118/|website=The Financial Express|accessdate=26 March 2017|date=26 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165630/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/narendra-modi-powers-up-hals-indigenisation-drive-indias-military-may-get-100-planes-1000-helicopters-soon/603118/|archivedate=27 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web |author=21/10/2010+7°C |url=http://mnweekly.ru/news/20090122/55364701.html |title=In Brief - Russia’s next-generation warplane scheduled for maiden flight in 2009 | NEWS | The Moscow News |publisher=Mnweekly.ru |date=2009-01-22 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114222606/http://mnweekly.ru/news/20090122/55364701.html |archivedate=14 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
9. ^{{cite web |author=Dec 5, 2007 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IL05Df03.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - India takes aim at next level of defense |publisher=Atimes.com |date=2007-12-05 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321194431/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/project-to-develop-unmanned-variant-of-tejas-planes-in-works/articleshow/57741657.cms |archivedate=21 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^Boeing to export up to $1 billion in work to India |TheNewsTribune.com |Tacoma, WA{{dead link|date=October 2010}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20080404_aircraft.html |title=Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd and Ilyushin start work on multi-role transport aircraft |publisher=domain-b.com |date=2008-04-04 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620063751/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20080404_aircraft.html |archivedate=20 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/MIG031008.xml&headline=India%20Signs%20Contract%20For%20$964M%20MiG-29%20Upgrade |title=India Signs Contract For $964M MiG-29 Upgrade |publisher=Aviation Week |date=2008-03-10 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521061650/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2FMIG031008.xml&headline=India%20Signs%20Contract%20For%20%24964M%20MiG-29%20Upgrade |archivedate=21 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/HAL-to-make-1-000-Honeywell-engines/316373/ |title=HAL to make 1,000 Honeywell engines |publisher=The Financial Express |date=2008-05-30 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726014846/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/HAL-to-make-1-000-Honeywell-engines/316373/ |archivedate=26 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c_online.php?leftnm=10&bKeyFlag=IN&autono=39276 |title=HAL to make new generation Dornier aircraft |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129150108/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39276 |archivedate=2009-01-29}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/19/stories/2008031953481400.htm |title=National : HAL bags $150-million Airbus order |publisher=The Hindu |date=2008-03-19 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116105437/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/19/stories/2008031953481400.htm |archivedate=16 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.israelenews.com/view.asp?ID=2282 |title=Israel News : Israel outsources $100-mn composites for UAVs to India |publisher=Israelenews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063746/http://www.israelenews.com/view.asp?ID=2282 |archivedate=13 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pacetoday.com.au/Article/Honeywell-opens-65m-R-D-facility-in-Bangalore/480844.aspx |title=Honeywell opens $65m R&D facility in Bangalore |publisher=Pacetoday.com.au |date=2009-05-11 |accessdate=2010-10-21 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=Adamgerber80 |fix-attempted=yes }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2008/06/26/afx5156692.html |title=Hindustan Aeronautics gets $50.7 mln helicopter contract from Ecuador air force |publisher=Forbes.com |date=2008-06-26 |accessdate=2010-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604011348/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/06/26/afx5156692.html|archivedate=2011-06-04 }}
19. ^{{cite web |author=7 Sep, 2008, 09.40AM IST, PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Transportation/Airlines__Aviation/HAL_to_have_maintenance_base_in_Ecuador/articleshow/3454528.cms |title=HAL to have maintenance base in Ecuador - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2008-09-07 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911023822/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Transportation/Airlines__Aviation/HAL_to_have_maintenance_base_in_Ecuador/articleshow/3454528.cms |archivedate=11 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tajanews.com/noqnews/nnqview.php?ArtID=2044 |title=TajaNews |publisher=TajaNews |date= |accessdate=2010-10-21 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=Adamgerber80 |fix-attempted=yes }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_mfg/20080624_ambulance.html |title=HAL secures order for ambulance version of ALH Dhruv from Peru |publisher=domain-b.com |date=2008-06-24 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518181200/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_mfg/20080624_ambulance.html |archivedate=18 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_mfg/20080812_dhruv_helicopters.html |title=HAL bags $20 million contract for supply of three Dhruv helicopters to Turkey |publisher=domain-b.com |date=2008-08-12 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518230325/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_mfg/20080812_dhruv_helicopters.html |archivedate=18 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
23. ^{{cite web|author=10 Jun, 2009, 08.48PM IST, PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Airlines--Aviation/HAL-bags-10-mn-order-for-Chetak-Cheetah-from-Namibia/articleshow/4641331.cms |title=HAL bags $10 mn order for Chetak, Cheetah from Namibia |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2009-06-10 |accessdate=2010-10-21}}
24. ^{{cite web|author=PTI, Mar 1, 2009, 04.30pm IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-01/india/28003127_1_india-signs-pact-mauritius-helicopters |title=India signs pact for supply of Dhruv helicopters to Mauritius |publisher=The Times of India |date=2009-03-01 |accessdate=2010-10-21}}
25. ^{{cite web|author=PTI, Apr 2, 2008, 04.41am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-02/middle-east/27769383_1_helicopter-india-and-israel-joint-development |title='India, Israel developing unmanned helicopter' -Gulf-World-The Times of India |publisher=The Times of India |date=2008-04-02 |accessdate=2010-10-21}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.itexaminer.com/india-to-construct-new-aerospace-hub.aspx |title=India to construct new aerospace hub |publisher=Itexaminer.com |date=2008-10-16 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713065205/http://www.itexaminer.com/india-to-construct-new-aerospace-hub.aspx |archivedate=13 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/07/24/226033/hal-to-upgrade-indian-jaguar-fleet.html |title=HAL to upgrade Indian Jaguar fleet |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520140749/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/07/24/226033/hal-to-upgrade-indian-jaguar-fleet.html |archivedate=20 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
28. ^{{cite web |author=PTI, Aug 16, 2007, 04.11pm IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2285122,prtpage-1.cms |title=Hindustan Aeronautics to set up pilot training school-India Business-Business-The Times of India |publisher=The Times of India |date=2007-08-16 |accessdate=2010-10-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021002924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2285122%2Cprtpage-1.cms |archivedate=21 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
29. ^AFP: India awards Russia billion dollar MiG-29 upgrade {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718124705/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZwSj5dENm0muACD9s1RGFhQ1Rqw |date=18 July 2008 }}
30. ^{{cite web|author=By ECONOMICTIMES.COM|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/boost-for-make-in-india-hals-25-kn-aero-engine-completes-inaugural-run-can-be-used-for-trainer-aircraft/articleshow/50173767.cms|title=Boost for 'Make in India': HAL's 25 kN aero engine completes inaugural run; can be used for trainer aircraft - The Economic Times|publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=2015-12-14|accessdate=2016-07-24|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714035754/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/boost-for-make-in-india-hals-25-kn-aero-engine-completes-inaugural-run-can-be-used-for-trainer-aircraft/articleshow/50173767.cms|archivedate=14 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-long-way-to-go-for-hals-new-aircraft-engine/article8009277.ece|title=A long way to go for HAL’s new aircraft engine|author=Our Bureau|work=The Hindu Business Line|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003232246/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-long-way-to-go-for-hals-new-aircraft-engine/article8009277.ece|archivedate=3 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/parrikar-68-basic-trainer-aircraft-to-come-from-hal-38-from-pilatus/|title=Parrikar: 68 basic trainer aircraft to come from HAL, 38 from Pilatus|date=1 March 2015|work=The Indian Express|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301190904/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/parrikar-68-basic-trainer-aircraft-to-come-from-hal-38-from-pilatus/|archivedate=1 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/hal-built-htt-40-first-flight-successful-2114270.html|title=HAL-built HTT-40’s first flight successful|website=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2016-06-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601125047/http://www.oneindia.com/india/hal-built-htt-40-first-flight-successful-2114270.html|archivedate=1 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/project-to-develop-unmanned-variant-of-tejas-planes-in-works/articleshow/57741657.cms|title=Project to develop unmanned variant of Tejas planes in works - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-03-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321194431/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/project-to-develop-unmanned-variant-of-tejas-planes-in-works/articleshow/57741657.cms|archivedate=21 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98#Republic status|title=History of IAF|last=|first=|date=11 November 2017|website=Indian Air Force|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235005/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98#Republic|archive-date=9 April 2009|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}

External links

{{Commons category|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}
  • {{Official website|http://www.hal-india.com}}
{{Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}{{Indian PSU}}{{HAL aircraft}}{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}

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