| 词条 | HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152) is an Anzac-class frigate of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). One of ten frigates built for the Australian and New Zealand navies, Warramunga was laid down by Tenix Defence Systems in 1997 and commissioned in 2001. During her career, the frigate has operated in the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Catalyst, and undertaken anti-piracy operations off Somalia. Warramunga underwent the Anti-Ship Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrade during 2014. She is active as of April 2019 Design and construction{{main|Anzac-class frigate}}The Anzac class originated from RAN plans to replace the six River-class destroyer escorts with a mid-capability patrol frigate.[1][2][3] The Australian shipbuilding industry was thought to be incapable of warship design, so the RAN decided to take a proven foreign design and modify it.[1][3] Around the same time, the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) was looking to replace four Leander-class frigates; a deterioration in New Zealand-United States relations, the need to improve alliances with nearby nations, and the commonalities between the RAN and RNZN ships' requirements led the two nations to begin collaborating on the acquisition in 1987.[3][4] Tenders were requested by the Anzac Ship Project at the end of 1986, with 12 ship designs (including an airship) submitted.[1][5] By August 1987, the tenders were narrowed down in October to Blohm + Voss's MEKO 200 design, the M class (later Karel Doorman class) offered by Royal Schelde, and a scaled-down Type 23 frigate proposed by Yarrow Shipbuilders.[4][6] In 1989, the Australian government announced that Melbourne-based shipbuilder AMECON (which became Tenix Defence) would build the modified MEKO 200 design.[7][4][6] The Australians ordered eight ships, while New Zealand ordered two, with an unexercised option for two more.[8][9] The Anzacs are based on Blohm + Voss' MEKO 200 PN (or Vasco da Gama class) frigates, modified to meet Australian and New Zealand specifications and maximise the use of locally built equipment.[10][7] Each frigate has a {{convert|3,600|t|adj=on}} full load displacement.[11] The ships are {{convert|109|m}} long at the waterline, and {{convert|118|m}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|14.8|m}}, and a full load draught of {{convert|4.35|m}}.[11] A Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion machinery layout is used, with a single, {{convert|30172|hp|adj=on}} General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbine and two {{convert|8,840|hp|adj=on}} MTU 12V1163 TB83 diesel engines driving the ship's two controllable-pitch propellers.[11][7] Maximum speed is {{convert|27|kn}}, and maximum range is over {{convert|6,000|nmi}} at {{convert|18|kn}}; about 50% greater than other MEKO 200 designs.[11][7][12] The standard ship's company of an Anzac consists of 22 officers and 141 sailors.[11] As designed, the main armament for the frigate is a 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun, supplemented by an eight-cell Mark 41 vertical launch system (for RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles), two {{convert|12.7|mm|adj=on}} machine guns, and two Mark 32 triple torpedo tube sets (initially firing Mark 46 torpedoes, but later upgraded to use the MU90 Impact torpedo).[11][7][13] They were also designed for but not with a close-in weapons system (two Mini Typhoons fitted when required from 2005 onwards), two quad-canister Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers (which were installed across the RAN vessels from 2005 onwards), and a second Mark 41 launcher (which has not been added).[7][14][15] The Australian Anzacs use a Sikorsky S-70B-2 Seahawk helicopter; plans to replace them with Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprites were cancelled in 2008 due to ongoing problems.[7][16][17] Warramunga was laid down at Williamstown, Victoria on 26 July 1997.[8] The ship was assembled from six hull modules and six superstructure modules; the superstructure modules were fabricated in Whangarei, New Zealand, and hull modules were built at both Williamstown and Newcastle, New South Wales, with final integration at Williamstown.[7] She was launched on 23 May 1998, and commissioned into the RAN on 31 March 2001.[8] On commissioning, the ship was assigned to Fleet Base West.[18] Had the New Zealand government exercised their option for two more frigates, Warramunga was one of the ships that would have been designated for the RNZN.[19]Operational historyOn 31 July 2006, Warramunga departed Fleet Base West for her first deployment to the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Catalyst, taking over duties from {{HMAS|Ballarat|FFH 155|6}}.[20] While on station in the Gulf, Warramunga conducted 150 boardings and security patrols, 320 flying hours were logged by her embarked Seahawk helicopter, and 450 investigative queries of merchant vessels were made.[20] Warramunga returned to Fremantle on 2 February 2007 after 186 days at sea.[20] On 29 May 2009, it was announced that Warramunga would be re-tasked with protecting civilian vessels from piracy in Somali waters.[21] The ship was assigned to Combined Task Force 151, which was tasked with preventing pirate attacks on commercial vessels in the shipping lanes off the Horn of Africa and Somalia.[21] During July and August 2010, Warramunga was one of three RAN ships to participate in the RIMPAC 2010 multinational exercise.[22] During RIMPAC, the frigate participated in the sinking of the decommissioned amphibious assault ship {{USS|New Orleans|LPH-11|6}}, firing several rounds from her main gun.[22] Warramunga was the fourth ship of the class to undergo the Anti-Ship Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrade.[23] The upgrade occurred across 2014 and early 2015, the upgrade included the fitting of CEA Technologies' CEAFAR and CEAMOUNT phased array radars, on new masts, a Vampir NG Infrared Search and Track system, and Sharpeye Navigational Radar Systems, along with improvements to the operations room equipment and layout.[24][23] As well as the ASMD upgrade, Warramunga was the first ship of the RAN to be painted with the polysiloxane-based Haze Grey paint, which has greater durability and infrared-reflection capabilities than the Storm Grey polyurethane paint used for the previous 60 years.[23] A new ship's company (that of sister ship {{HMAS|Parramatta|FFH 154|2}}, which was docked for upgrading) was assigned on 31 March 2015, and the ship was relaunched on 8 April.[23] On reentering service, the ship's homeport was changed to Fleet Base East, where she arrived on 2 September.[18]In November 2017, Warramunga deployed to the Middle East as part of a combined Australian and Canadian task force. The ship carried out patrol activities in the Arabian Sea until late May 2018, intercepting and boarding 13 vessels suspected of drug trafficking. A total of 28 tonnes of heroin and hashish were seized by Warramunga{{'}}s crew during these operations.[25] Citations1. ^1 2 Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 244 2. ^Fairall-Lee, Miller, & Murphy, in Forbes, Sea Power, p. 336 3. ^Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 23–9 4. ^1 2 Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 245 5. ^Greener, Timing is everything, p. 30 6. ^1 Greener, Timing is everything, p. 31 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grazebrook, Anzac frigates sail diverging courses 8. ^1 2 Wertheim (ed.), The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, p. 20 9. ^Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 43–4 10. ^Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 20–1 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 Sharpe (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 1998–99, pgs. 25, 470 12. ^Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 21 13. ^Fish & Grevatt, Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo 14. ^Scott, Updating ANZACs to meet changed strategic posture 15. ^Scott, Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power 16. ^Grevatt, Australia cancels troubled Super Seasprite programme 17. ^Forbes, How a helicopter deal flew into trouble 18. ^1 Border, New home for Warramunga 19. ^Grazebrook & Lok, RAN sets course to crack the WIP for ANZAC frigates 20. ^1 2 Department of Defence, HMAS Warramunga returns to Fremantle after six months in the Persian Gulf 21. ^1 McPhedran, Navy warship and RAAF spy planes join fight against Somali pirates 22. ^1 McPhedran, Aussie ships battle US Navy - and win, even if it is just an exercise 23. ^1 2 3 Henderson, New-look, new crew 24. ^ASMD Upgrade commences on Perth, in The Navy 25. ^"Another blow for traffickers", Navy News References
External links{{commons category|HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152)}}
3 : Anzac-class frigates of the Royal Australian Navy|Active naval ships of Australia|1998 ships |
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