词条 | Hoosier National Forest | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = Hoosier National Forest | iucn_category = VI | photo = Sycamore trail Hoosier National Forest.jpg | photo_caption = Sycamore trail in Hoosier National Forest | map = USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = | location = Indiana, United States | nearest_city = Bloomington, IN | coordinates = {{coords|38.461|-86.494|region:US|display=inline, title}} | area_acre = 202814 | area_ref = [1] | established = October 1, 1961[1] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = U.S. Forest Service | website = Hoosier National Forest }} The Hoosier National Forest is a property managed by the United States Forest Service in the hills of southern Indiana. Composed of four separate sections, it has a total area of {{convert|202814|acre|km2 sqmi|0}}.[2] Hoosier National Forest's headquarters are located in Bedford, with a regional office in Tell City. Prominent places within the Forest include the Lick Creek Settlement, Potts Creek Rockshelter Archeological Site, and Jacob Rickenbaugh House. HistoryHoosier National Forest was first touched by humanity 12,000 years ago, when Native Americans in the United States hunted in the forest. Europeans reached the forest in the late 17th century, and began building villages in the forest. Actual lumbering began in the 19th century, with the cutting of more difficult terrain occurring after 1865. By 1910 most of the area had been cut. In the early 1930s the governor of Indiana pushed for the federal government to do something with the eroding lands that saw its residents leaving, with the act being accomplished on February 6, 1935.[3] Within Hoosier National Forest, two miles (3 km) south of Chambersburg, lies the former Lick Creek Settlement Site, a settlement of free blacks led by the Quaker Jonathan Lindley from around 1819 to around 1865.[4] Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest near Paoli contains an excellent example of virgin forest. Hemlock Cliffs Recreation Area in Crawford County contains one of the most scenic hiking trails in Indiana. Most of Thomas Hines' Hines' Raid was within the present-day Hoosier National Forest. Hickory Ridge Lookout Tower is the sole remaining fire tower out of eight that once stood within Hoosier National Forest. When built, there was a two-room house for the ranger and his dependents to live within, but it has since been destroyed. Visitors may still climb the tower, but are recommended to be cautious when climbing.[5] ScienceMuch of Hoosier National Forest is over karst, responsible for the many caves in southern Indiana.[6] Included in Hoosier National Forest is the Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area, the only recognized wilderness area left in Indiana. This means that no motorized vehicles are allowed in the area, and instead mules and horses must be used to maintain hiking trails.[7][8] In the Clover Lick Barrens, the southern portion of Hoosier National Forest near the Ohio River, the vegetation is more typical of that found on prairies in the Great Plains. This was discovered by a botanist and biologist from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, who later found that in the first recorded survey of the area in 2005, the land was described not as forest, but as "a mile of poor barrens and grassy hills". It is believed that the inability of tall oaks to grow in the area allows for this prairie vegetation to persist in such an unlikely location. In 2006 a conscious effort was made to keep the barren look to the area; previous federal efforts on renovating Hoosier National Forest meant adding nonnative species to low-growth areas.[9] It was around Clover Lick in 1972 that Indiana decided to reintroduce wild turkeys back to Indiana, dedicating {{convert|6000|acre}} for the purpose.[10] Also found in Hoosier National Forest is Sundance Lake, a {{convert|5.3|acre|adj=on}} lake. Hoosier National Forest lies in parts of nine counties in southern Indiana. RecreationThe trail system has almost {{convert|266|mi}}, and allows horseback riding and mountain bikes, along with hiking. Hikers are to yield to horses, and mountain bikers are to yield to both of them.[11] Within the Hemlock Cliffs Valley, located within the central portion of the National Forest, there is the 1.2 mile Hemlock Cliffs trail. The trail is noted as access to sandstone cliffs and seasonal waterfalls as well as Hemlock trees and rare wintergreen plants.[12] Hoosier National Forest Trail SystemAll trail locations are within the state of Indiana.
Source: {{cite web | title= Hoosier National Forest: Trail Information | work=United States Forest Service| url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5269175.pdf | accessdate= December 31, 2014 }} See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=The National Forests of the United States |publisher=ForestHistory.org |url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf |accessdate=20 June 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ENvCUJPk?url=http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |archivedate=12 February 2013 |df= }} 2. ^1 {{cite web |title=Land Areas of the National Forest System |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |date=January 2012 |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2011/LAR2011_Book_A5.pdf |accessdate=20 June 2012}} 3. ^Mohlenbrock, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gupOE0x1BKYC This Land: A Guide to Eastern National Forests] (University of California Press, 2006) pg.97 4. ^Mohlenbrock pg.100,101 5. ^Mohlenbrock pg.99 6. ^http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/project_docs/cavesandkarst.htm 7. ^http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/docs/sp_features.htm 8. ^http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/ccdw.htm 9. ^Mohlenbrock pg.103,104 10. ^http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/docs/barrens.htm 11. ^http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/trail_chart.htm 12. ^Hemlock Cliffs, United States Forest Service Information 13. ^Birdseye Trail Map 14. ^Buzzard Roost Trail Map 15. ^1 Two Lakes/Celina Trail Map 16. ^Fork Ridge Trail Map 17. ^German Ridge Trail Map 18. ^Hemlock Cliffs Map 19. ^Hickory Ridge Trail Map 20. ^Lick Creek Trail Map 21. ^1 Mogan Ridge Trails Map 22. ^Nebo Ridge Trail Map 23. ^1 Oriole Trail Map 24. ^Pate Hollow Trail Map 25. ^Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest Map 26. ^Saddle Lake Trail Map 27. ^Shirley Creek Trail Map 28. ^Springs Valley Trail Map 29. ^Tipsaw Trail Map 30. ^Youngs Creek Trail Map External links
11 : National Forests of Indiana|Protected areas of Brown County, Indiana|Protected areas of Lawrence County, Indiana|Protected areas of Perry County, Indiana|Protected areas of Crawford County, Indiana|Protected areas of Dubois County, Indiana|Protected areas of Monroe County, Indiana|Protected areas of Orange County, Indiana|Protected areas of Jackson County, Indiana|Protected areas of Martin County, Indiana|Hoosier National Forest |
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