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词条 Hossein Derakhshan
释义

  1. Education

  2. Early journalism

  3. Blogging advocacy

  4. Censorship

  5. Israel visit

  6. Iran's nuclear program

  7. Defending Iran against U.S. attack

  8. Khalaji vs. Derakhshan defamation lawsuit

  9. Arrest and imprisonment (2008–2014)

     Trial in 2010 and further developments  November 2014 release 

  10. Post-prison activities

  11. References

  12. External links

     Profiles  Publications 
{{Infobox person
| name = Hossein Derakhshan
| native_name = حسين درخشان
| native_name_lang = fa
| image = Hossein-Derakhshan.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Derakhshan in 2005
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|1|7}}
| birth_place = Tehran, Iran
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Iranian, Canadian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Journalist, Media researcher
| years_active =
| employer = Shorenstein Center
| organization = Harvard Kennedy School
| agent =
| known_for = The Father of blogging in Iran
| notable_works =
| criminal_charge = Multiple
| criminal_penalty = 19½ years in prison[1]
| criminal_status = Pardoned[1]
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website = hoder.com
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}Hossein Derakhshan ({{lang-fa|حسين درخشان}}; born January 7, 1975), also known as Hoder, is an Iranian-Canadian blogger who was imprisoned in Tehran from November 2008 to November 2014. He is credited with starting the blogging revolution in Iran[2] and is called the father of Persian blogging by many journalists.[3] He also helped to promote podcasting in Iran.[4] Derakhshan was arrested on November 1, 2008[5] and sentenced to 19½ years in prison on September 28, 2010. His sentence was reduced to 17 years in October 2013.[6] He was pardoned by Iran's supreme leader and on November 19, 2014 was released from Evin prison.[8]

Education

Derakhshan started his education in Nikan High School in Tehran. He has a bachelor's degree in sociology from Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. He spent time studying sociology at the University of Toronto.[7] He holds a master's degree (MA) in Film and Media Studies from SOAS, University of London, 2008.[8][9]

Early journalism

Derakhshan started out as a journalist writing about Internet and digital culture for reformist newspaper, Asr-e Azadegan in 1999. Later, when this paper was closed down by the judiciary system, he moved to another newspaper, Hayat-e No. His column there was called Panjere-i roo be hayaat (A Window to the Life, a reference to Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window), and later expanded to a weekly page on digital culture, Internet and computer games.[10]

Blogging advocacy

In December 2000, Derakhshan moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. On September 25, 2001, he started his weblog in the Persian language. It was titled Sardabir: khodam, or "Editor: Myself".

He later moved his manually maintained weblog to Blogger.com, which was not supporting Unicode at the time. He also prepared a step-by-step guide in Persian[11] on how other Persian writers can start their weblogs using Blogger.com and the Unicode standard.

Derakhshan spoke at the Wikimania 2005 conference in Frankfurt, Germany regarding the complementary use of wikis and blogs to aid political reform and the growth of democracy in Iran and other countries.[12]

On leaving Iran, he was briefly detained and summoned to the Ministry of Intelligence. A few days later he was interrogated by an intelligence official over the content of his blog and was forced to sign an apology before being allowed to leave Iran.[13] But after leaving Iran, he published a report on what happened on his website.

Censorship

Derakhshan's weblog, like some other political Persian blogs and websites, has been blocked (or filtered) by the government in Iran, since 2004.[14][15]

In December 2003, he founded Stop censoring us, a blog to watch the situation of internet censorship in Iran.[16] He appeared a few times on a VOA Persian TV show to talk about Internet censorship and methods to get around filters.

Israel visit

Derakhshan visited Israel as a Canadian citizen in early 2006 and early 2007. Before his first visit, he stated that he went to Israel as a personal attempt to start a dialogue between Iranian and Israeli people.[17]

This might mean that I won't be able to go back to Iran for a long time, since Iran doesn't recognize Israel, has no diplomatic relations with it, and apparently considers traveling there illegal. Too bad, but I don't care. Fortunately, I'm a citizen of Canada and I have the right to visit any country I want.

I'm going to Israel as a citizen journalist and a peace activist. As a citizen journalist, I'm going to show my 20,000 daily Iranian readers what Israel really looks like and how people live there. The Islamic Republic has long portrayed Israel as an evil state, with a consensual political agenda of killing every single man and woman who prays to Allah, including Iranians. I'm going to challenge that image.

As a peace activist, I'm going to show the Israelis that the vast majority of Iranians do not identify with Ahmadinejad's rhetoric, despite what it looks like from the outside. I'm going to tell them how any kind of violent action against Iran would only harm the young people who are gradually reforming the system and how the radicals would benefit from such situation.

His second visit was to participate in a conference at The Chaim Herzog Center for Middle East Studies and Diplomacy at Ben-Gurion University in Beer Sheva. The annual international conference in 2007 was titiled 'Reform, Resistance, and Conflicts in the Middle East." Hossein participated in panel titled 'Weblogging as a Space of Resistance', where he spoke about Iranian weblogs in a presentation titled as 'Internet in Iran: Are Weblogs and other forms of new media helping democracy in Iran?'.[18]

His visits were widely covered by the local and international media, including Haaretz, Jerusalem Post, Ynet News, Ha'ir, Time Out Tel Aviv, Israeli Radio and its Persian service, Israel's English TV news, New York Times, BBC, etc.:

  • Loving Tehran in Tel Aviv (Video) (January 2007). Israel's Channel Two.
  • Iran-Israel Interface{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (January 2007). Jerusalem Post.
  • King of the Iranian bloggers (January 2007). Haaretz
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050259/http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=812519&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0 חסיין דרחשאן, הבלוגר הכי חם בטהראן, בא לביקור בבאר שבע] (January 2007). Haaretz
  • I'll blog your house down (January 2006). Haaretz
  • Web relations: Iranian blogs his way to Israel{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (January 2006). Jerusalem Post
  • ראיון עם בלוגר איראני. (January 2006) YNet News
  • Linking Tehran and Tel Aviv (May 2006). BBC News

Iran's nuclear program

In August 2006, he published an article in the Columns & Blogs section of The Washington Post in which he supported Iran pursuing nuclear weapons as a deterrent to possible invasion by global powers, after normalising relations with the U.S. and Israel:[19]

But the events of the past two years – most notably with what's happening in Iraq, along with last year's presidential election and other unfortunate events in the region – has left no doubt in my mind, and in the minds of lots of secular Iranians, that the U.S. is behaving more and more like a reckless imperial horse in search of new sources of energy and new markets to expand to economically. Therefore, even if Iran becomes the most peaceful, secular and progressive, yet still independent state on the planet, the U.S. would be unable to tolerate it. The U.S. would seek new excuses to topple Iran's government and install their favorite instead.

For this reason, I believe Iran needs to produce nuclear weapons as a defensive mechanism, to deter the U.S. today and the ever-expanding and equally energy-hungry China tomorrow.

But making nuclear weapons even for totally defensive purposes is not easy now. Iran could only get away with it by stopping enrichment now, voluntarily normalizing relations with Israel and the U.S., and withdrawing from the NPT. Then it could start making the weapons – secretly or maybe even publicly. It's only then that the world would tolerate a nuclear Iran.

Defending Iran against U.S. attack

Derakhshan wrote in his blog in December 2006: "If the US attacked Iran, despite all my problems with the Islamic Republic, I'd go back and fight these bastards. ... I can't let myself sit down for a moment and watch them make a Baghdad out of Tehran."[20]

He later published a commentary on The Guardian, titled "Stop Bullying Iran", in which he elaborated on his short blog post on why he defends Iran.[21] Some excerpts:

The more the clash between the west and Iran escalates, the more convinced I become that the west's real problem with the Islamic Republic of Iran is not its nuclear activities, its level of democracy, its human rights record, or its support for "terrorist" groups. Pakistan, followed closely by Saudi Arabia, easily beats Iran on all these fronts.

The real problem is that the Islamic Republic has decided to be independent in a region saturated with fossil energy resources, and at the same time run by American puppets. Iran has posed the biggest continuous challenge to the American hegemony in the whole world, and so it has to pay a price. [...]

I believe the Islamic Republic is a valuable cause, worth defending and, at its worst, is way better than anything that the United States or anyone else can bring to Iran.

If the US waged a war against Iran, I would absolutely go back and defend Iran.

Khalaji vs. Derakhshan defamation lawsuit

In November 2007, Mehdi Khalaji, a fellow at a think-tank called Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), filed a $2 million libel and defamation lawsuit[22] against Derakhshan, over one of his blog posts[23] in his Persian blog, in which he criticizes Khalaji for his service to the "enemies of his people and humanity".

Earlier in August 2007, Derakhshan's Florida-based hosting company, Hosting Matters, had terminated his hosting account as a result of alleged 'intimidation' by Khalaji.[24]

Arrest and imprisonment (2008–2014)

On November 1, 2008, Derakhshan was arrested at his family home in Tehran.[5] During November, he was allowed four calls to his family, each lasting about one minute.[5]

On November 18, the anti-censorship group Global Voices Online published an article about Derakhshan's arrest.[25] A few days later, the Times of London published a report saying Derakhshan had been arrested for spying on behalf of Israel.[26] Amnesty International later suggested that he was likely to face accusations of "insulting religion."[5]

On December 30, Alireza Jamshidi, the speaker of the Judicial system of Iran confirmed Derakhshan's arrest, but did not mention any Israel-related accusations. Jamshidi said that Derakhshan was in the custody of the Islamic Revolutionary Court and his case was in early discovery phase, and that among Derakhshan's accusations is what he had written about the "Pure Imams".[27]

Nineteen Iranian bloggers published a letter "categorically condemn[ing] the circumstances surrounding Derakhshan's arrest and detention and demand[ing] his immediate release".[28] A website "Free the blogfather" was created by supporters of Derakhshan in order to campaign for his freedom.[29] Before an earlier return to Iran in 2005, Derakhshan had published recommendations of what to do if he or someone else were arrested in Iran, including requests to "spread the word", to "get the English-language media involved" and to "get the publicity translated [into Persian]" and "keep it up".[30]

In April 2009, the New York Times reported that Derakhshan was still detained without charges.[31]

In October 2009, approaching the one-year anniversary of his arrest, his family began speaking out to Persian and English-language media, and Derakhshan's father Hassan sent an open letter to the new head of the Iranian Judiciary, Ayatollah Sadeq Larijani asking for information about his son's detention.[32]

On October 29, 2009, according to Derakhshan's brother Hamed, Derakhshan's parents met with the new district attorney, who allowed them to have dinner in Evin Prison with their son. The brother also said that at the dinner, Hossein confirmed human rights activists' reports[33] claiming Derakhshan had been forced to do squats in cold showers and had been beaten repeatedly. The human rights group wrote:

HRA has received reports which suggest that the blogger, Hossein Derakhshan, who was arrested on Nov. 2, 2008, has spent the first eight months of his detention in solitary confinement and different wards of the Evin prison upon his return to Iran. During that time he has been subjected to various physical and psychological pressure tactics and multiple transfers.


He has been beaten repeatedly and has been forced to do squats in cold showers. His interrogators have threatened to arrest his father and his sister unless he confessed to espionage charges. With the start of the massive arrests after the presidential election, and as result of cell shortages in Evin prison, Derakhshan was transferred to Ward 2A of the IRGC prison, where he shared his cell with newly arrested people.


Derakhshan has been given false promises of his release on multiple occasions: During the Fajr celebrations and Norooz. Despite all the promises he is still being held on a temporary detention order. His detention order has been renewed several times, the last of which expired on October 10th, 2009. Derakhshan reportedly intended to start a hunger strike if his situation remained unchanged after this date. HRA has no information as to whether he has started the hunger strike.


During his detention, Derakhshan has been pressured by his interrogators to collaborate and confess to the charges brought up against him. Last September he was taken to court to sign documents granting permission to his lawyer to represent him. He told the judge that all his confessions had come under pressure. According to the reports received by HRA, Derakhshan had agreed to televised confessions under pressure, but the matter was canceled after one recording.[34]

In a letter to the head of the judiciary asking for Derakhshan's release, Derakhshan's father wrote:

To the Presence of Ayatollah Amoli Larijani, the Respected Head of the Judiciary:


Greetings and respect to you. One year has passed since the day that my son was arrested.


In all these months, days, and hours, my family, my wife and I were hoping that in the arms of Islamic law and the mercy of the Islamic judiciary, Hossein’s case will be dealt with in the way it deserves.


There is no need to mention the numerous times that we refused the requests of foreign media to explain Hossein’s situation.


Even when we heard the worst gossip about his treatment in semi-official media, we were silent and in fact, no government organization has ever denied this worrisome news, not just to calm our very worried hearts down, but at least to respect the independence of judiciary about this case.


During this entire time, our son has had just two short meetings with us for only a few minutes. Please imagine that for every six months we just saw him for very few minutes. We have no information about his legal situation.


No court has been held yet and we don’t even know which institution or security organization Hossein is under the control of. Many times, from many different ways, we tried to get some precision about his situation, but we couldn’t. Does a detainee’s dignified manner deserve such treatment?


Many times, my son admitted in his writings and conversations that he would love to serve his country. And he came back to Iran on his own to answer his accusations. Does such a person who has come back to his country and his beliefs, deserve such a welcome?


Our complaint is not because you are exercising the law, but to the contrary, because of its suspension, lack of information and disrespecting of the law. The accused have rights, the family of the accused has some rights, and we know that the ruler of society has some rights as well, and that rules and regulations are valuable.


We are certain that you’d agree that one year of a brutal arrest of a person who has come voluntarily and on his own to the bosom of Iran and dear Islam, is not an appropriate welcome.


I, my wife and our family are still looking forward to your just treatment.


With respect,


Hassan Derakhshan[34]

Trial in 2010 and further developments

In March 2010, Derakhshan's mother, Ozra Kiarashpour, called on the head of Iran's judiciary to release her son, who had at that point been detained for 500 days without any official charge,[35] for the Iranian New Year, or Norouz.

In June 2010, Tehran Revolutionary Court held Derakhshan’s first trial.[36] His sister Azadeh reported that the trial ended in late July, but no word on a verdict was available.[37]

On September 28, Derakhshan was sentenced to 19½ years in prison.[38][39] According to state-owned Mashregh News, which is close to Iran’s presidential office, Derakhshan was convicted on charges of cooperation with hostile countries (a reference to the Israel visit), spreading propaganda against the ruling establishment, promotion of counterrevolutionary groups and insulting Islamic thought and religious figures.[40]

On December 9, Derakhshan was released for two days on a bail of $1.5m (£950,000)[41]

On May 6, 2011, Derakhshan updated his Facebook profile and photos, and added a one line status update of "On a very short leave from Evin".[42][43][44]

In June 2011, Derakhshan's family said that the Iranian appeals court has upheld his conviction.[45]

In October 2013, Derakhshan's sentence was reduced from 19.5 years to 17 years, as a result of the Supreme Leader's pardoning for Eid al-Fitr.[46]

November 2014 release

Derakhshan was pardoned by the Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei in 2014 and freed from prison on November 19, 2014.[8]

Post-prison activities

After his release, Derakhshan wrote an essay for Matter magazine on how the internet had changed in his absence, titled "The Web We Have to Save" (2015).[47] It was widely translated and published in various languages.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] The essay was the basis for a short video documentary he produced for Mozilla Foundation.[58]

He has continued writing and speaking about socio-political implications of social media[59][60][61][62][63][64] and the future of journalism.[65] He received a research fellowship at Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center in Spring 2018.[66] He has co-authored a report on "fake news" and disinformation with Claire Wardle, titled "Information Disorder" (2017)[67] which was commission by Council of Europe.[68] He has also co-authored a few opinion pieces about information disorder with Wardle.[69][70]

Derakhshan has recently restarted writing[71][72] and commenting[73][74] on Iran.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30136003|title=BBC News - Iran releases 'Blogfather' Hossein Derakhshan|publisher=bbc.com|accessdate=2015-02-07}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2003/dec/18/weblogs |title=Weblog heaven |publisher=Guardian |accessdate=2009-11-04 | date=2003-12-18 | location=London | first=Jane | last=Perrone}}
3. ^{{cite web |author=ZP Heller |work=AlterNet |url=http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/21316/ |title=Building Blogs |date=2005-02-22 |accessdate=2009-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705231521/http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/21316/ |archive-date=2008-07-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
4. ^{{cite news|last=Boyd |first=Clark |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4318739.stm |title=Persian blogging round the globe |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-03-06 |accessdate=2009-11-04 | location=London}}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Document - Iran: Incommunicado detention/ fear of torture or other ill-treatment/ possible prisoner of conscience: Hossein Derakhshan (m) | work =| publisher =Amnesty International| date =2009-12-15| url =https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/178/2008/en/ | doi =| accessdate =2009-04-20 }}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Hossein's sentence reduced to 17 years|url=http://hosseinderakhshan.wordpress.com/2013/10/16/hossein_sentence_reduce}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/05autumn/blogger.asp |title=Can a blogger bring political change to Iran? |publisher=Magazine.utoronto.ca |date= |accessdate=2009-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210092926/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/05autumn/blogger.asp |archive-date=2008-12-10 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
8. ^Facing Execution {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205082530/http://www.london-student.net/2008/12/01/facing-execution/ |date=December 5, 2008 }}
9. ^Q&A: From Samizdat to Blogging: Globalization and New Forms of Political Expression {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120183439/http://www.osaarchivum.org/updates/2008/2008-02-20.shtml |date=November 20, 2008 }}
10. ^{{cite web|author=Anonymous |url=http://alighazvini.blogspot.com/2005/03/blog-post_28.html |title=One sample of his columns in Asr-e Azadegan, dated back to 1999 |publisher=Alighazvini.blogspot.com |date=2005-03-28 |accessdate=2009-11-04}}
11. ^Guide to blogging in Persian {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404071207/http://i.hoder.com/archives/2001/11/011105_007529.shtml |date=2004-04-04 }} from hoder.com
12. ^link to video file{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, abstract
13. ^{{cite web|author=Associated Press |url=https://www.wired.com/news/wireservice/0,70522-0.html |title=Associated Press |publisher=Wired.com |date=2008-08-28 |accessdate=2009-11-04}}
14. ^Help Iranians fight Net censorship during the Geneva Summit {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105323/http://hoder.com/weblog/archives/009080.shtml |date=2007-10-11 }} - hoder.com
15. ^King of the Iranian bloggers haaretz.com
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://stop.censoring.us |title=stop.censoring.us |publisher=stop.censoring.us|accessdate=2015-02-07}}
17. ^Article from his blog {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902154325/http://hoder.com/weblog/archives/014928.shtml |date=September 2, 2006 }}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Reform, Resistance, and Conflicts in the Middle East|url=http://cmsprod.bgu.ac.il/Eng/humsos/centers/herzog/Conferences+and+Events/Reform.htm|access-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212045103/http://cmsprod.bgu.ac.il/Eng/humsos/centers/herzog/Conferences+and+Events/Reform.htm|archive-date=2013-12-12|dead-url=yes|df=}}
19. ^Article from Washington Post {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000223/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/hossein_derakhshan/2006/08/nuclear_iran_needed_for_defens.html |date=May 17, 2008 }}
20. ^Hossein Derakhshan, Between Khamenei and Bush {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125095003/http://hoder.com/weblog/archives/015699.shtml |date=2007-01-25 }}, hoder.com, December 24, 2006
21. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/feb/23/betweenkhameneiandbush|title=Stop bullying Iran|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|date=2007-02-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-04-19|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
22. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516225726/http://hoder.com/images/khalaji_court_claim.pdf |date=May 16, 2008 }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://i.hoder.com/archives/2007/03/070329_015899.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712085915/http://i.hoder.com/archives/2007/03/070329_015899.shtml |archive-date=2007-07-12 |dead-url=yes |title=E:M | Mehdi Khalaji is the only person on the planet who has indirectly worked for or given advice to both Khamanei's office and Cheney's in less than five years. His recent work for the right-wing American think tanks and his shameful endorsement and help to American Foreign Policy Council's disgusting anti-Iran campaign has made him the filthiest traitor I have ever seen in my life. I love to see his face (and that of similar traitors such as Mohsen sazegara, Ali Afshari and to some degree Akbar Ganji) when the U.S. has no choice but to finally accept that its time in the Middle East has passed. (in Persian) |accessdate=2015-02-07}}
24. ^{{cite web|author=Sami Ben Gharbia |url=http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/08/16/hossein-derakhshan%E2%80%99s-blog-is-suspended/ |title=Hossein Derakhshan’s blog is suspended |publisher=Global Voices Online |date=2007-08-16 |accessdate=2009-11-04}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=Gharbia|first=Sami Ben |title=Iranian blogger Hossein Derakhshan "arrested" In Tehran|publisher=Global Voices Online|date=18 November 2008|url=https://advox.globalvoices.org/2008/11/18/iranian-blogger-hossein-derakhshan-arrested-in-tehran/ |accessdate=2009-04-20}}
26. ^{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Theodoulou |title=Iranian 'Blogfather' Hossein Derakhshan is arrested on charge of spying for Israel |date=2008-11-20 |publisher=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5190462.ece |accessdate=2009-04-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5g9ySxomE?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5190462.ece |archivedate=2009-04-19 |location=London}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=The judiciary system confirmed the arrest of Hossein Derakhshan|date=30 December 2008|accessdate=2008-12-31|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2008/12/081230_ag_jb_derakhshan.shtml|agency=BBC Persian|language=Persian}}
28. ^{{cite web|author=Kamangir|title=Letter in Defense of Hossein Derakhshan (Hoder)|date=2008-12-18|url=http://kamangir.net/2008/12/18/letter-in-defense-of-hossein-derakhshan-hoder/|accessdate=2009-04-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091009084351/http://kamangir.net/2008/12/18/letter-in-defense-of-hossein-derakhshan-hoder/|archivedate=2009-10-09|df=}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Free the blogfather|publisher=StreetReporters and Internet Sans Frontières|url=http://freetheblogfather.streetreporters.net/|accessdate=2009-04-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313111500/http://freetheblogfather.streetreporters.net/|archivedate=2009-03-13|df=}}
30. ^{{cite web|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|authorlink=Hossein Derakhshan |title=Going home, finally - How to support|date=2005-06-10|url=http://hoder.com/weblog/archives/014173.shtml|accessdate=2009-04-28 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gMDEoTgc?url=http://hoder.com/weblog/archives/014173.shtml |archivedate=2009-04-27}}
31. ^{{cite news |first=Nazila |last=Fathi|title=Iranian President Asks Court to Reconsider Spy Case |date=2009-04-19 |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/middleeast/20iran.html |accessdate=2009-04-20}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://cyrusfarivar.com/blog/?p=2661 |title=Hossein Derakhshan’s father writes Ayatollah Larijani, head of Iran's Judiciary |publisher=cyrusfarivar.com |date=2009-10-21 |accessdate=2009-11-04}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://hra-iran.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1911:held-on-an-expired-detention-order-hossein-derakhshan-story&catid=66:304&Itemid=293 |title=Held on an Expired Detention Order, Hossein Derakhshan Story |publisher=Hra-iran.net |date= |accessdate=2009-11-04}}
34. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/news-of-irans-detained-blogfather/ |work=The New York Times |title=News of Iran's Detained ‘Blogfather' |first=Robert |last=Mackey |date=2009-10-23 |accessdate=2010-05-04}}
35. ^{{cite news|author=Ghormeh Sabzi |url=http://www.iranian.com/main/2010/mar/hossein-derakhshan |title=Blogger detained for 500 days without charge |publisher=Iranian.com |date=2010-03-18 |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
36. ^{{cite news|author=Shifteh Ansari |url=http://www.iranian.com/main/2010/jun/hossein-derakhshan |title=On trial after 19-month news blackout since arrest |publisher=Iranian.com |date=2010-06-24 |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Trial_Of_Irans_Blogfather_Ends_Sentence_Still_Unknown_/2131460.html |title=Trial Of Iran's 'Blogfather' Ends, Sentence Still Unknown |publisher=Rferl.org |date=2010-08-18 |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
38. ^1 {{cite news|title=Blogger sentenced in Iran to 19 years|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/09/28/iran-blogger-hossein-prison.html|accessdate=2010-09-28|newspaper=CBC.ca|date=28 September 2010}}
39. ^{{cite news|title=Canadian-Iranian blogger sentenced to 19 years in prison|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/canadian-iranian-blogger-sentenced-to-19-years-in-prison/article1729730/|accessdate=2010-09-28|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=28 September 2010|location=Toronto|first=Sonia|last=Verma|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001073516/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/africa-mideast/canadian-iranian-blogger-sentenced-to-19-years-in-prison/article1729730/|archivedate=1 October 2010|df=}}
40. ^{{cite news|title=Iranian blogger sentenced to 19 years|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article801074.ece|accessdate=2012-08-18|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 September 2010}}
41. ^{{cite news|title=Iran blogger Hossein Derakhshan temporarily released|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11962032|accessdate=2010-12-09|newspaper=BBC Online|date=9 December 2010}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=The ‘Father’ of Iranian blogging, jailed for 19 years, reappears on Facebook|accessdate=2011-05-06|author=Mike Butcher|date=May 6, 2011|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/06/the-father-of-iranian-blogging-jailed-for-19-years-reappears-on-facebook/ |work=TechCrunch Europe |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64rxZNi4B?url=http://eu.techcrunch.com/2011/05/06/the-father-of-iranian-blogging-jailed-for-19-years-reappears-on-facebook/ |archivedate=2012-01-22}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=515083516|title=Hossein Derakhshan's Facebook profile|accessdate=2011-05-06|author=Hossein Derakhshan}}
44. ^{{cite web|script-title=fa:فعالیت مجدد فیسبوک حسین درخشان|language=Persian|trans-title=Renewed activity on Hossein Derakhshan's Facebook|work=Khodnevis|date=May 6, 2011|accessdate=2011-05-06|url=http://www.khodnevis.org/persian/permalink/12583.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120905030022/http://www.khodnevis.org/persian/permalink/12583.html|archivedate=September 5, 2012|df=}}
45. ^{{cite news|last=Dehghan|first=Saeed Kamali|title=Iranian blogger loses appeal against 19-year sentence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/09/jailed-iran-blogger-loses-appeal?INTCMP=SRCH|accessdate=2012-08-18|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 June 2011}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://hosseinderakhshan.wordpress.com/2013/10/16/hossein_sentence_reduce/ |title=کاهش حکم از نوزده و نیم سال به هفده سال | عدالت برای حسین درخشان | Derakhshan's sentence reduced to 17 years |publisher=hosseinderakhshan.wordpress.com|accessdate=2015-02-07}}
47. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/matter/the-web-we-have-to-save-2eb1fe15a426|title=The Web We Have to Save|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|date=2015-07-14|website=Matter|access-date=2018-08-18}}
48. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2015/07/20/six-ans-apres-internet-se-recroqueville_1351044|title=Six ans après, Internet se recroqueville|work=Libération.fr|access-date=2018-08-18|language=fr}}
49. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2015-07/social-media-blogger-iran-gefaengnis-internet|title=Social Media: Das Internet, das wir bewahren müssen|work=ZEIT ONLINE|access-date=2018-08-18|language=de}}
50. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/esteri/15_agosto_03/iran-in-carcere-sei-anni-per-un-blog-oggi-dice-quella-rete-non-esiste-piu-9483dabc-39d0-11e5-b49b-ae37d5ff3efe.shtml|title=Iran, in carcere sei anni per un blogOggi dice "Quella rete non c’è più"|work=Corriere della Sera|access-date=2018-08-18|language=it-IT}}
51. ^{{Cite news|url=https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2015/08/21/articulo/1440144333_222956.html|title='Soy bloguero y pasé seis años preso en Irán. Así veo internet ahora'|last=País|first=Ediciones El|date=2015-08-23|work=Verne|access-date=2018-08-18|language=es}}
52. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2015/09/1683731-apos-6-anos-preso-por-causa-de-blog-iraniano-ve-web-refem-do-facebook.shtml|title=Após 6 anos preso por causa de blog, iraniano vê web refém do Facebook|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=2018-08-18}}
53. ^{{Cite web|url=http://tarjomaan.com/neveshtar/7778/|title=مرگ وب نزدیک است|last=Behnegarsoft.com|website=ترجمان {{!}} علوم انسانی و ترجمه|access-date=2018-08-18}}
54. ^{{Cite web|url=https://mindstory.org/t/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7/39|title=الشبكة التي يجب علينا إنقاذها|website=قصة الفكر MindStory.org|language=ar|access-date=2018-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150645/https://mindstory.org/t/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7/39|archive-date=2018-08-18|dead-url=yes|df=}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/turkce/kurtarmam%C4%B1z-gereken-web-ecbfa72e93b7|title=Kurtarmamız Gereken Web|last=Özkale|first=Ahmet|date=2015-08-28|website=Medium Türkçe|access-date=2018-08-18}}
56. ^{{Cite news|url=https://morgenbladet.no/ideer/2015/08/det-nettet-vi-ma-redde|title=Det nettet vi må redde|date=2015-08-18|work=morgenbladet.no|access-date=2018-08-18|language=nb}}
57. ^{{Cite news|url=https://nrkbeta.no/2015/08/15/det-nettet-vi-ma-redde/|title=Det nettet vi må redde|work=NRKbeta|access-date=2018-08-18}}
58. ^{{Citation|last=Hossein Derakhshan|title=How we lost the open web|date=2016-06-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBLAZZd_Xqc|access-date=2018-08-18}}
59. ^{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|date=19 October 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|dead-url=no|department=Business|work=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast|eissn=1078-3148|issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022190537/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|archive-date=22 October 2018|access-date=22 October 2018}}
60. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602981/social-media-is-killing-discourse-because-its-too-much-like-tv/|title=Social media is killing discourse because it’s too much like TV|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|work=MIT Technology Review|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en}}
61. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/12/television-has-won/|title=Television has won|work=Nieman Lab|access-date=2018-08-18}}
62. ^{{Cite web|url=http://niemanstoryboard.org/stories/5ish-questions-irans-blogfather-talks-algorithms-hyperlinks-and-the-lost-art-of-communication/|title=5(ish) Questions: Iran’s 'Blogfather' talks algorithms, hyperlinks and the lost art of communication|website=niemanstoryboard.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-18}}
63. ^{{Cite news|url=https://16.re-publica.com/file/republica-2016-hossein-derakhshan-post-web-internet-future-television|title=re:publica 2016 – Hossein Derakhshan: The post-Web Internet: Is this (the future of) television?|work=re:publica|access-date=2018-08-18|language=de}}
64. ^{{Citation|last=State of the Net|title=Hossein Derakhshan {{!}} Post-Enlightenment, media, and democracy {{!}} State of the Net 2018|date=2018-06-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3PoyvToZdI|access-date=2018-08-18}}
65. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/s/story/face-it-you-just-dont-care-about-the-news-anymore-e34649174166|title=Face It, You Just Don’t Care About the News Anymore|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|website=Medium|access-date=2018-08-18}}
66. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/shorenstein-center-announces-spring-2018-fellows/|title=Shorenstein Center announces spring 2018 Fellows|date=2018-01-31|work=Harvard Gazette|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-US}}
67. ^{{Cite news|url=https://shorensteincenter.org/information-disorder-framework-for-research-and-policymaking/|title=Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking |date=2017-10-31|work=Shorenstein Center|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-US}}
68. ^{{Cite web|url=https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html|title=Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making|website=Council of Europe Publishing|language=en|access-date=2018-08-18}}
69. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/10/fake-news-social-media-current-affairs-approval|title=How did the news go ‘fake’? When the media went social {{!}} Claire Wardle and Hossein Derakhshan|last=Wardle|first=Claire|last2=Derakhshan|first2=Hossein|date=2017-11-10|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-18}}
70. ^{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/26/opinions/fake-news-and-disinformation-opinion-wardle-derakhshan/index.html|title=Ban the term 'fake news'|last=Wardle|first=Hossein Derakhshan and Claire|work=CNN|access-date=2018-08-18}}
71. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/15/opinion/iran-telegram-app.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Iran Lives on This App|last=|first=|date=|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en}}
72. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@h0d3r/rouhanis-last-blow-7ddf0bf7be0c|title=Rouhani’s Last Blow|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|date=2018-01-19|website=Hossein Derakhshan|access-date=2018-08-18}}
73. ^{{Cite news|url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201801060021-0025569|title=What caused protests to flare up in Iran?|last=adam|date=2018-01-06|work=The Stream |publisher =Al Jazeera English|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en}}
74. ^{{Citation|last=Afghan News And Entertainment|title=سرنوشت #تلگرام چه می‌شود؟ گفتگو با حسین درخشان، پژوهشگر رسانه در کندی اسکول هاروارد و نیما فاطمی، کا|date=2018-04-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3QJs-lhofA|access-date=2018-08-18}}
75. ^1 2 {{cite web|website=Rooz Online|accessdate=2014-11-20|url=http://www.roozonline.com/persian/news/newsitem/article/-74470b8909.html}}
[75]
}}

External links

  • Hossein Derakhshan's official homepage
  • Hossein Derakhshan's blog on The Washington Post, PostGlobal{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Hossein Derakhshan's column on The Guardian
  • Hossein Derakhshan, Video stream; 'Reform, Youth and Technology in Iran at HUMlab
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926094233/http://www.freetheblogfather.org/] - support site during Derakhshan's detention in Iran
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIQNPJuAh0U Derakhshan's childhood in Iran TV]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VwfIbN49tA PRESS TV interview]
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20100926094233/http://www.freetheblogfather.org/ Free the blogfather Hossein Derakhshan, September 2010.
  • link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Blogfather: Times are hard for Iran's online free-speech pioneer{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (November 2007). Ottawa Citizen
  • Iranian Blogger Hossein Derakhshan Sued for Defamation in Canada. (November 2007). Citizen Media Law Project at Harvard Law School
  • Mehdi Khalaji sues Hossein Derakhshan (November 2007). Critical Montage
  • People Change, Principles don't. (November 2007). My Heart Is In Accra
  • Reform, Youth, and Technology in Iran, Lecture by Hossein Derakhshan (February 2006), HUMlab Sweden (video stream).
  • Tough Times for Iranian Blogger (November 2007). Lenin's Tomb
  • A neo-con censorship: A Threat to All of Us (August 2007). Monthly Review
  • Hoder's recent problems. (August 2007). Iranian
  • Shutting Down Hoder (August 2007). Iranian
  • Wan-Ifra Hossein Derakhshan Jailed since November 2008 (April 2014)

Profiles

  • link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Blogfather: Times are hard for Iran's online free-speech pioneer{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (November 2007). Ottawa Citizen
  • [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.06/posts.html?pg=6 Blog Spring] (Wired magazine)
  • Persian blogging round the globe (BBC News)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20061111162409/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/05autumn/blogger.asp A Dissident's Diary]. UofT Magazine
  • I'll blog your house down (January 2006). Haaretz
  • Web relations: Iranian blogs his way to Israel{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (January 2006). Jerusalem Post
  • In Weblogistan. Die Zeit
  • Jürgs, Alexander. (December 2005). Vater der Blogger Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
  • Hoder visar ett annat Iran Svenska Dagbladet
  • Raadsels rond opsluiting omstreden Iraanse blogger (Oktober 2010). De Nieuwe Reporter - Dutch

Publications

  • [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/15/opinion/iran-telegram-app.html Iran Lives on This App] (2018). The New York Times.
  • Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking (2017). With Claire Wardle. Council of Europe
  • [https://medium.com/matter/the-web-we-have-to-save-2eb1fe15a426 The Web We Have to Save] (2015). Matter.
  • [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/28/opinion/28Derakhshan.html Democracy's Double Standard] (January 2006). The New York Times
  • Democracy's Double Standard n Iran (January 2006). International Herald Tribune
  • Wiki-ocracy from openDemocracy
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000223/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/hossein_derakhshan/2006/08/nuclear_iran_needed_for_defens.html Iran Needs Nuclear Weapons], Washington Post.
  • [https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1579478,00.html Beware the bomber, not the bomb] (February 2006) The Guardian
  • Linking Tehran and Tel Aviv (May 2006). BBC News
  • [https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1819275,00.html Why Iran loves Zidane] (July 2006). The Guardian
  • [https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1541824,00.html No Iranian che] (August 2005). The Guardian
  • Iran's young reformers. (July 2005). openDemocracy
  • Ein TV-Sieg. (June 2005). Die Zeit
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Derakhshan, Hossein}}

10 : 1975 births|Free speech activists|Iranian bloggers|Iranian democracy activists|Iranian dissidents|Living people|Iranian prisoners and detainees|Canadian people imprisoned abroad|People convicted of spreading propaganda against the system by Islamic Republic of Iran|Recipients of Iranian pardons
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