请输入您要查询的百科知识:

 

词条 Hot hatch
释义

  1. Origin of the term

  2. History

      1960s and 1970s    1980s    1990s    2000s    2010s  

  3. Asia

  4. United States

  5. See also

  6. References

Hot hatch (shortened from hot hatchback) is a high-performance version of a mass-produced hatchback car.

The term originated in the mid-1980s, however factory high-performance versions of hatchbacks have been produced since the 1970s.

Front-mounted petrol engines, together with front-wheel drive, is the most common powertrain layout, however all-wheel drive has become more commonly used since around 2010. Most hot hatches are manufactured in Europe or Asia.

Origin of the term

Usage of the term "hot hatchback" began in the United Kingdom in 1983,{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} which was shortened to "hot hatch" in 1984.[1] The term first appeared in The Times in 1985,[2] and is now commonly and widely accepted as a mainstream, albeit informal, term. It is retrospectively applied to cars from the late 1970s but was not a phrase used at the time.[3]

Some sports cars have a rear hatch (such as the Porsche 928, Porsche Panamera, Reliant Scimitar GTE and Ferrari FF), however these body styles are not generally classified as hatchbacks, therefore they are not referred to as hot hatches.

Due to the historical scarcity of hatchback cars in the United States, the term hot hatch is not widely used in the US.

Since the 1990s and 2000s,{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} the term warm hatch has been used to describe sporting hatchback models of lesser performance than a hot hatch (i.e. a "junior" version of a hot hatch).[4] Examples include the Mini Cooper (which sits below the Mini Cooper S),[5] Peugeot 207 GT (which sits below the Peugeot 207 GTi)[5] Suzuki Swift Sport,[6] and Toyota Yaris SR.[7]

History

1960s and 1970s

The 1961 Mini Cooper was one of the first performance cars to use a small body and an FF layout, both key characteristics of a hot hatchback. However, the Mini was not produced in a hatchback body style (until 2001) and is therefore not considered a hot hatch.

The car retrospectively considered to be the first hot hatch is the 1973 Simca 1100 Ti.[8][9] Power was increased by 40% to {{convert|82|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, which resulted in a 0 to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} time of under 12 seconds and a top speed of {{convert|105|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Other upgrades included a front disk brakes, front and rear spoilers and alloy wheels.

The second hot hatch to be introduced was the Renault 5 Alpine[9][10] (called Gordini in the United Kingdom), which went on sale in May 1976. It had a top speed of {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph time of under 10 seconds.

The car credited with establishing the popularity of hot hatches is the Volkswagen Golf GTI,[9][11][12] which was announced at the 1975 Frankfurt Motor Show.[13] and released in July 1976.[14] The Golf GTI was originally designated to be sold only in West Germany, but from 1977 Volkswagen began exports of the (left-hand drive only) GTI.[15] Production of right-hand drive GTI's began in 1979.

The Renault 5 Alpine and Volkswagen Golf GTI, with the addition of a higher performance engine, sharper handling, distinctive body styling with additional spoilers and alloy wheels, helped create the birth of a huge market for small, practical hatchback cars with performance to match contemporary coupes such as the Ford Capri 2.0, Lancia Beta Coupe 2000 and Renault 17TS. With top speeds above {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, the Alpine and GTI enjoyed a short run of unparalleled sales success until the early 1980s.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

The 1979 Lotus Sunbeam set a new performance benchmark of hot hatches, with a power output of {{Convert|150|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and a 0-60 mph time of 6.6 seconds. Despite being rear-wheel drive, the Sunbeam is considered a hot hatch.[16]

1980s

Until the early 1980s, the Volkswagen Golf Mk1 GTI and the Renault 5 Alpine/Gordini dominated the retrospectively named hot hatch market segment in many European markets.

From around 1984, the market for hatchbacks with sportier performance grew, and many manufacturers added a hot hatch variant to their range. Power increases were achieved through upgraded carburettors (e.g. the Ford Fiesta XR2),[17] fuel injection (e.g. the Peugeot 205 GTI),[18] turbocharging (e.g. the Renault 5 GT Turbo), supercharging (e.g. the Polo G40) or fitting larger engines (e.g. the 2.0 litre Fiat Ritmo/Strada Abarth 130 TC).[19] Other significant hot hatches of the 1980s include the Ford Escort RS Turbo, Opel Kadett GTE (also known as Vauxhall Astra GTE), Renault 11 Turbo, Lancia Delta HF Integrale (all-wheel drive), Citroën AX GT and Suzuki Swift GTi.

By the end of the 1980s, the hot hatch was hugely popular in Europe, and was pushing into other worldwide markets. The brief heyday of Group B rallying pushed the hot hatch genre to its limits, and small numbers of ultra-high performance variants were manufactured to comply with the rally rules (often termed "homologation specials"). These vehicles represented a brief, extreme branch of the hot hatch, and included such notable vehicles as the Lancia Delta S4, MG Metro 6R4 and Peugeot 205 T16.[20]

{{clear right}}

1990s

European manufacturers continued to produce hot hatches through the 1990s, including the Ford Fiesta RS Turbo,[21] Ford Escort RS Cosworth, Peugeot 106 Rallye / GTi, Peugeot 306 GTi-6 / Rallye, Renault Clio Williams, SEAT Ibiza GTi / GT 16v / Cupra, Volkswagen Golf GTI / VR6 and Ford Focus ST170.

Japanese manufacturers also began to produce hot hatches, including the Honda Civic Type R, Nissan Pulsar GTI-R, Toyota Corolla GTi and Suzuki Swift GTi.

{{clear right}}

2000s

Performance of hot hatches continued to increase through the 2000s, with an increasing number of models using turbocharged engines. During the 2000s manufacturers started to emphasise the sub-brand of their hot hatch derivatives such as Renault's Renault Sport,[22] Opel's OPC, Vauxhall's VXR[23] and Fiat's Abarth.[24]

European-built hot hatches from the 2000s include the

Abarth Grande Punto,[25]

Alfa Romeo 147/156 GTA,[26] Audi S3,[27]

Ford Fiesta ST/RS,[28]Ford Focus ST/RS,[29][30]Mazdaspeed 3,[31]MG ZR,[32]

Mini Cooper S/JCW,[28]

Opel/Vauxhall Astra SRi Turbo/OPC/VXR,[28]

Peugeot 206/207 GTi,[28]

Renault Clio RS/Mégane RS,[28]

SEAT León Cupra/FR+SEAT Ibiza Cupra/FR[33][30] and

Volkswagen Golf GTI[34]/Golf R.[29] Asian-built hot hatches included the Honda Civic Type R[29] and Proton Satria GTi.[27]

2010s

Further increases to power outputs saw the adoption of all-wheel drive on several hot hatches, beginning with the Volkswagen Golf R in December 2009.[35][36]

Other all-wheel drive hot hatches include the 2011 Audi RS3,[37][38]

2013 Mercedes-Benz A 45 AMG[39]

and the 2015 Ford Focus RS.[40][41] With these models expanding the definition of hot hatches from front-wheel drive to also include all-wheel drive, the hatchback versions of the Subaru Impreza WRX/STI that have been produced at various times could be considered to be hot hatches. However, the WRX/STI is generally considered a compact sedan (to rival the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution),[42] rather than a hot hatch.

The majority of hot hatches continued with the traditional front-wheel drive layout, with many models producing in excess of {{convert|270|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}[43]

and the Ford Focus RS 500 producing {{convert|257|kW|bhp|0|abbr=on}}.[44]

The BMW M135i/M140i is a rare example of a rear-wheel drive hot hatch.

Another technical development for hot hatches since 2010 is the increasing use of dual-clutch transmissions.

Asia

{{expand section|date=December 2018}}

Japanese-built hot hatches include the 1982 Honda City Turbo, 1986 Suzuki Cultus GTi, 1988 Toyota Corolla AE92 GTi, 1994 Nissan Pulsar GTI-R, 1997 Honda Civic Type R and 2007 Mazdaspeed3.

Korean manufacturers began to produce hot hatches in 2013 with the Kia Pro_Cee'd GT.[45] Hyundai's first hot hatch, the i30 N was released in 2017 and was awarded Best Hot Hatch at the 2018 UK Car of the Year Awards.[46]

United States

{{see also|Sport compact}}

Hatchbacks have historically not been popular in the United States, therefore hot hatches are relatively rare in the US.

In the 1980s, hot hatches built by Ford in the United States include the 1983 Escort GT (and its twin the Mercury Lynx XR3),[47][48][49]

Chrysler hot hatches include the 1984 Dodge Onmi GLH ("Goes Like Hell")[50] and the

1986 Shelby GLHS ("Goes Like Hell Somemore").[51]

General Motors produced the 1986 Chevrolet Cavalier Z24,[52]

1986 Pontiac Sunbird GT[53]

and 1987 Buick Skyhawk Sport Hatch[54] with rear hatches, however these are hatchback coupes, rather than traditional utilitarian hatchbacks.

More recent American hot hatches include the 2002 Ford Focus SVT,[55]

2008 Dodge Caliber SRT-4,[56][57] and

2016 Ford Focus RS.[58]

See also

  • Car classification
  • Car body styles
  • Sport compact
  • Sports sedan

References

1. ^{{cite journal |title=The Motor |date=1984 |volume= 166 |accessdate=24 December 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12tWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hot+hatch%22&dq=%22hot+hatch%22&redir_esc=n&hl=en |publisher=Temple Press}}
2. ^The Times, Friday August 16, 1985; pg. 21; Issue 62218
3. ^Autocar 5000th Road Test edition March 2011
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/advice-old/motoring/hammond/2008/01/04/warm-is-the-new-cool-115875-20273701/ |title=Daily Mirror 4 January 2008 |website= www.mirror.co.uk |date= 4 January 2008 |accessdate= 12 May 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/firstdrives/202961/peugeot_207.html |title= First Drives: Peugeot 207 |access-date= 30 December 2018 |website= www.autoexpress.co.uk }}
6. ^{{cite web |title=Ford Fiesta ST v MINI Cooper v Suzuki Swift Sport |url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-reviews/13914/ford-fiesta-st-v-mini-cooper-v-suzuki-swift-sport |website=www.autoexpress.co.uk |accessdate=30 December 2018 |language=en}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Warm under the collar |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/first-drives/2747263/Warm-under-the-collar.html |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=30 December 2018 |date=1 June 2007}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=History of the hot hatch: in pictures |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/cars/news/history-of-the-hot-hatch-in-pictures/ss-AAatud6?fullscreen=true#image=3 |website=www.msn.com |accessdate=25 December 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=History of Hot Hatches in ten cars |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/hot-hatch/history-hot-hatches-ten-cars |website=www.topgear.com |accessdate=25 December 2018 |language=en |date=4 February 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=History of the hot hatch: in pictures |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/cars/news/history-of-the-hot-hatch-in-pictures/ss-AAatud6?fullscreen=true#image=6 |website=www.msn.com |accessdate=25 December 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web |title=The Best Hot Hatches |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/g21998848/best-hot-hatches/ |website=www.roadandtrack.com |accessdate=25 December 2018 |date=29 June 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=History of the hot hatch: in pictures |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/cars/news/history-of-the-hot-hatch-in-pictures/ss-AAatud6?fullscreen=true#image=9 |website=www.msn.com |accessdate=25 December 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/features/features/260050/birth_of_an_icon_volkswagen_golf_gti_mk1.html?CMP=NLC-Newsletters&uid=1d9a228ddfbbf1a3300875dcac276eac |title=Evo November 2010 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=2010-11-22 |accessdate=2011-03-18}}
14. ^{{cite web |title=Here's the History of the First Hot Hatch: the Volkswagen Golf GTI |url=http://www.thedrive.com/sheetmetal/13251/heres-the-history-of-the-first-hot-hatch-the-volkswagen-golf-gti |website=www.thedrive.com |accessdate=25 December 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Rabbit Rocket: The Volkswagen GTI and the Birth of the Hot Hatch > Ate Up With Motor |url=https://ateupwithmotor.com/model-histories/volkswagen-gti-hot-hatch/ |website=www.ateupwithmotor.com |accessdate=25 December 2018 |date=27 June 2009}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Lotus Sunbeam driven |url=http://www.evo.co.uk/features/features/290731/lotus_sunbeam.html |website=www.evo.co.uk |accessdate=15 August 2014|date=August 2013}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=1981-1989 FORD Fiesta XR2|url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3378|work=Octane Classic|accessdate=18 December 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210042604/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3378|archivedate=10 December 2011|df=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.carscoops.com/2016/01/peugeot-205-gti-crowned-greatest-ever.html|title=Peugeot 205 GTi Crowned "The Greatest Ever Hot Hatch"|date=2016-01-16|publisher=Car Scoop|accessdate=2016-01-18}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=1984-1987 FIAT Strada Abarth 130TC |url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3524 |website=www.classicandperformancecar.com |accessdate=18 December 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605034013/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3524|archivedate=5 June 2012|df=}}
20. ^{{cite web |title=The 20 greatest hot hatches of the 1980s |url=https://www.motoringresearch.com/car-news/features/20-greatest-hot-hatches-1980s/ |website=www.motoringresearch.com |accessdate=26 December 2018 |date=30 July 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Ford Fiesta RS Turbo (1990 - 1992)|url=http://motoring.friday-ad.co.uk/car-reviews/used/Ford-Fiesta/id/207535/|work=Friday Ad|accessdate=20 February 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=New Renault range announced|url=http://fwd.channel5.com/fifth-gear/car-news/new-renault-range-announced|work=Fifth Gear|publisher=Channel 5|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=27 January 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120708164758/http://fwd.channel5.com/fifth-gear/car-news/new-renault-range-announced|archivedate=8 July 2012|df=}}
23. ^{{cite web|last=Mallinson|first=James|title=FHM and Vauxhall take fast route to success|url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/530315/|work=Media Week|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=29 November 2005}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Fiat 500C Abarth 1.4 16v Turbo|url=http://www.theaa.com/allaboutcars/cartestreports/2010112.html|work=AA|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=December 2010}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=Martin|first=James|title=The Grand Punto Abarth: The hot hatch with family connection|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1079756/The-Grand-Punto-Abarth-The-hot-hatch-family-connections.html|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=25 October 2008}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Power Crazed|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/cargrouptests/31758/alfa_romeo_147_gta_v_ford_focus_rs.html|work=Evo|accessdate=29 October 2012|date=November 2002}}
27. ^{{cite journal |title=Hot Source |journal=Motor Magazine |issue=August 2000 |page= 123 |publisher=ACP Action}}
28. ^{{cite journal |title=The Knowledge |journal=Evo Magazine |date=October 2010 |issue=148 |page= 152}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=VW Golf GTI – we drive all seven generations of the legendary hot hatch |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/classic/vw-golf-gti-drive-seven-generations-legendary-hot-hatch/ |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=27 December 2018 |date=25 April 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Ford Focus ST-2 v SEAT Leon 2.0T FSI FR|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/grouptests/203524/ford_focus_st2_v_seat_leon_20t_fsi_fr.html|work=Auto Express|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=September 2006}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-reviews/2013-mazda-mazdaspeed-3-review-notes|title=2013 Mazda Mazdaspeed 3 review notes|access-date=2016-08-07}}
32. ^{{cite web |title=MG ZR (2001 - 2005) |url=https://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/reviews/mg/zr/ |website=www.honestjohn.co.uk |accessdate=27 December 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Ford Focus RS v Renaultsport Megane 250 Cup v SEAT Leon Cupra R v VW Golf GTI|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/cargrouptests/246988/ford_focus_rs_v_renaultsport_megane_250_cup_v_seat_leon_cupra_r_v_vw_golf_gti.html|work=Evo|accessdate=29 October 2012|date=January 2010}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Best Hot Hatch|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/usedcartests/272803/volkswagen_golf_gti_mkv.html|work=Auto Express|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=October 2011}}
35. ^{{cite web |title=Volkswagen Golf R: Hottest Golf yet! |url=https://www.motorward.com/2009/09/volkswagen-golf-r-hottest-golf-yet/ |website=www.motorward.com |accessdate=27 December 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web |last1=Okulski |first1=Travis |title=2012 Volkswagen Golf R: The Jalopnik Review |url=https://jalopnik.com/5930559/2012-volkswagen-golf-r-the-jalopnik-review |website=www.jalopnik.com |accessdate=27 December 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=Audi RS3 review - 376bhp, four-wheel drive BMW M2 rival |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/audi/rs3 |website=www.evo.co.uk |accessdate=27 December 2018 |language=en}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=2015 Audi RS3 Sportback review |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/reviews/audi-rs3-sportback-review-2015.html |website=www.autoevolution.com |accessdate=27 December 2018 |language=en |date=29 May 2015}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/g6482/10-cars-with-the-highest-specific-outputs/?slide=14 |publisher=Road & Track |title=14 New Cars That Make Crazy Horsepower Per Liter |date=19 September 2017}}
40. ^{{cite web |title=Ford Focus RS Reviews |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/ford/focus-rs |website=www.caranddriver.com |accessdate=27 December 2018 |language=en}}
41. ^{{cite web |title=Ford Focus RS review 2018 |url=https://www.whatcar.com/ford/focus-rs/hatchback/review/n17148 |website=www.whatcar.com |accessdate=27 December 2018}}
42. ^{{cite web |title=Subaru WRX STI vs. Mitsubishi Evolution X - Comparison Test - Motor Trend |url=https://www.motortrend.ca/en/news/subaru-wrx-sti-vs-mitsubishi-evolution-x/ |website=www.motortrend.ca |accessdate=27 December 2018 |date=26 December 2007}}
43. ^{{cite web |title=Top 10 most powerful hot hatchbacks |url=https://uk.motor1.com/news/186300/top-10-hot-hatchbacks/2412916/ |website=www.motor1.com |accessdate=27 December 2018 |language=en-gb}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.topgear.com/uk/photos/hot-hatch-power-2010-12-09?imageNo=12 |title=Top Gear hot hatch power league 9 December 2010 |publisher=Topgear.com |date=2010-12-09 |accessdate=2011-03-31}}
45. ^{{cite web |title=First Drive: Kia Pro Ceed 1.6T GDi GT 3dr |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/kia/proceed-gt/16t-gdi-gt-3dr/first-drive |website=www.topgear.com |accessdate=27 December 2018 |language=en |date=24 June 2013}}
46. ^{{cite web |title=Car of the Year 2018 - Best Hot hatch |url=https://www.whatcar.com/awards/best-hot-hatch/2018-winner/hyundai-i30n |website=www.whatcar.com |accessdate=27 December 2018}}
47. ^{{cite web |title=Retro Review: '83 Ford Escort GT |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXIXEdfna5Q |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=MotorWeek |accessdate=28 December 2018}}
48. ^{{cite web |title=History Lessons #19 – 1983 Ford Escort Turbo GT |url=http://www.project-st.com/history-lessons-19-1983-ford-escort-turbo-gt/ |website=www.project-st.com |accessdate=28 December 2018 |date=3 July 2013}}
49. ^{{cite web |title=Ford Escort History |url=https://www.edmunds.com/ford/escort/history.html |website=www.edmunds.com |accessdate=28 December 2018}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/dodge/caliber/history.html |title=Edmunds.com |publisher=Edmunds.com |date=2010-02-26 |accessdate=2011-03-18}}
51. ^{{cite web |last1=Keeshin |first1=Ben |title=7 Unmissable Shelbys Going Up for Auction at Pebble Beach |url=http://www.thedrive.com/vintage/4891/7-unmissable-shelbys-going-up-for-auction-at-pebble-beach |website=www.thedrive.com |accessdate=28 December 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web |title=GM Made A V6 Hot Hatch Ten Years Before Volkswagen |url=https://oppositelock.kinja.com/gm-made-a-v6-hot-hatch-ten-years-before-volkswagen-1690296187 |website=www.kinja.com |accessdate=28 December 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web |title=Class of ’86 – Pontiac Sunbird GT |url=https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2011/09/30/class-of-86-pontiac-sunbird-gt/ |website=www.hemmings.com |accessdate=28 December 2018}}
54. ^{{cite web |title=Buick’s Turbocharged Skyhawk: America’s Forgotten Hot-Hatch |url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/automobiles/buicks-turbocharged-skyhawk-americas-forgotten-hot-hatch.html/ |website=www.cheatsheet.com |accessdate=28 December 2018 |date=17 October 2016}}
55. ^{{cite web|last=Pund|first=Daniel|title=Ford SVT Focus vs. Honda Civic Si, VW GTI|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/comparisons/ford-svt-focus-page-4|work=Car and Driver|accessdate=28 December 2011|date=March 2002}}
56. ^{{cite web |title=2008 Dodge Caliber SRT-4 |url=https://www.motortrend.ca/en/news/2008-dodge-caliber-srt-4/ |website=www.motortrend.ca |accessdate=28 December 2018 |date=2 September 2007}}
57. ^{{cite web|last=Markus|first=Frank|title=First Drive: 2008 Dodge Caliber SRT-4|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/hatchbacks/112_0711_2008_dodge_caliber_srt_4/viewall.html|work=Motor Trend|accessdate=28 December 2011|date=November 2007}}
58. ^{{cite web |title=Ford Focus RS review – is Ford's hyperactive hatchback a cut price Audi RS3? |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/ford/focus/rs |website=www.evo.co.uk |accessdate=28 December 2018 |language=en}}
{{Automobile configuration}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hot Hatch}}

3 : Hot Hatch|Hatchbacks|Car classifications

随便看

 

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

 

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间:2024/9/22 21:36:39