| 词条 | Hughes H-1 Racer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Hughes H-1 is a racing aircraft built by Hughes Aircraft in 1935. It set a world airspeed record and a transcontinental speed record across the United States. The H-1 Racer was the last aircraft built by a private individual to set the world speed record; most aircraft to hold the honor since have been military designs. Design and developmentDuring his work on his movie Hell's Angels, Howard Hughes employed Glenn Odekirk to maintain the fleet of over 100 aircraft used in the production. The two men shared a common interest in aviation and hatched a plan to build a record-beating aircraft. The aircraft was given many names, but is commonly known as the H-1. It was the first aircraft model produced by the Hughes Aircraft company. Design studies began in 1934 with an exacting, large scale model (over two feet in length) that was tested in the California Institute of Technology wind tunnel, revealing a speed potential of {{convert|365|mph|km/h}}.[4] Technical detailsStreamlining was a paramount design criterion resulting in "one of the cleanest and most elegant aircraft designs ever built."[5] Many groundbreaking technologies were developed during the construction process, including individually machined flush rivets that left the aluminium skin of the aircraft completely smooth. The H-1 also had retractable landing gear to further increase the speed of the aircraft, including a fully retractable hydraulically actuated tail skid.[5] It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R-1535 twin-row 14-cylinder radial engine of {{convert|1535|cuin|l}}, which although originally rated at {{convert|700|hp|kW|0}}, was tuned to put out over {{convert|1000|hp|kW}}.[5]Due to two different roles being envisioned for the racing aircraft, a set of short-span wings for air racing and speed records and a set of "long" wings for cross-country racing were prepared. Operational historyThe H-1 first flew in 1935 and promptly broke the world landplane speed record with Hughes at the controls, clocking {{convert|352.39|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} averaged over four timed passes. Hughes apparently ran the aircraft out of fuel and managed to crash-land without serious damage to either himself or the H-1.[2]{{rp|133-134}} As soon as Hughes exited the H-1 when he crashed it in a beet field south of Santa Ana, California, his only comment was: "We can fix her; she'll go faster." At the time, the world seaplane speed record was {{convert|440.7|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, set by a Macchi M.C.72 in October 1934. Hughes later implemented minor changes to the H-1 Racer to make it more suitable for a transcontinental speed record attempt. The most significant change was the fitting of a new, longer set of wings that gave the aircraft a lower wing loading. On January 19, 1937, a year and a half after his previous landplane speed record in the H-1, Hughes set a new transcontinental speed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. He smashed his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes by two hours. His average speed over the flight was {{convert|322|mph|km/h}}.[6] Considering the contemporary service aircraft were biplanes, Hughes fully expected the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) to embrace his aircraft's new design and make the H-1 the basis for a new generation of U.S. fighter aircraft. His efforts to "sell" the design were unsuccessful. In postwar testimony before the Senate, Hughes indicated that resistance to the innovative design was the basis for the USAAC rejection of the H-1: "I tried to sell that airplane to the Army but they turned it down because at that time the Army did not think a cantilever monoplane was proper for a pursuit ship..."[7] Aviation historians have posited that the H-1 Racer may have inspired later radial engine fighters such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and the Focke-Wulf Fw 190.[8] After the war, Hughes further claimed that "it was quite apparent to everyone that the Japanese Zero fighter had been copied from the Hughes H-1 Racer." He noted both the wing shape, the tail design and the general similarity of the Zero and his racer.[9]{{#tag:ref|What Hughes actually asserted was that it was plain from examination of the two that the Zero was substantially a copy. An aside from Bill Utley, the Hughes company publicist, noted that one Al Ludwick had given details of pre-war inspection of the H-1 by Japanese generals at a New Jersey hangar. No actual evidence of copying beyond similarity of design is offered otherwise.|group=N}} Jiro Horikoshi, designer of the Mitsubishi Zero strongly denied the allegation of the Hughes H-1 influencing the design of the Japanese fighter aircraft.[10] The Hughes H-1 Racer is featured in the 1940 RKO Radio Pictures movie Men Against the Sky.[11] DispositionThe original H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.[12] ReplicasA non-flying replica was displayed in the National Air Race Museum from 1993 to 1994,[13] after which it was placed in storage. Jim Wright of Cottage Grove, Oregon built a full-scale replica of the H-1 that he first flew in 2002. His replica was so close to the original that the FAA granted it serial number 2 of the model. His achievement in recreating the aircraft was heralded in virtually every well-known aviation magazine of the time.[14] On August 4, 2003, Wright unveiled his replica aircraft at the 2003 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin. On his way home to Oregon, he refueled the aircraft in Gillette, Wyoming. Wright met briefly with local reporters and said that the aircraft had been having propeller "gear problems." An hour after taking off, the aircraft crashed just north of the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, killing Wright. The replica, originally slated to be used in the film The Aviator, was completely destroyed.[15]{{#tag:ref| Witnesses on the ground testify that Mr. Wright turned the aircraft away from park visitors and into a small bluff in an apparent attempt to spare those on the ground.[16] |group=N}} The official accident report detailed a failure of a counterweight on the constant speed propeller.[17] On December 17, 2003, Cottage Grove State Airport was dedicated as Jim Wright Field. A static replica H-1 was displayed on a pole alongside the Hughes H-4 Hercules at Long Beach when the latter aircraft was displayed in a dome adjacent to the Queen Mary. Other non-flying replicas are displayed at the Thomas T. Beam Engineering Complex at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas[18] (donated by the Howard Hughes Corporation in 1988) and the Santa Maria Museum of Flight.[19] {{As of|2016}}[20] another H-1 replica is being built at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[21] Specifications (H-1 Racer, original wings){{aircraft specifications||plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop | |ref="Howard Hughes' H-1: The Search for the Fastest Plane in the World".[22] |crew=1 |length main=27 ft 0 in |length alt=8.23 m |span main=31 ft 9 in |span alt=9.67 m |height main=8 ft |height alt=2.4 m |area main=138 ft² |area alt=12.8 m² |empty weight main=3,565 lb |empty weight alt=1,620 kg |loaded weight main=5,492 lb |loaded weight alt=2,496 kg |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |engine (prop)=Pratt & Whitney R-1535[23] |type of prop=radial engine |number of props=1 |power main=700 hp |power alt=521 kW |max speed main=352 mph |max speed alt=566 km/h |range main= |range alt= |ceiling main= |ceiling alt= |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main=40 lb/ft² |loading alt=195 kg/m² |power/mass main=0.13 hp/lb |power/mass alt=210 W/kg }} GalleryReferences
1. ^Cowin 1999, p. 60. 2. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Dietrich |first1=Noah |last2=Thomas |first2=Bob |title=Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes |date=1972 |publisher=Fawcett Publications, Inc. |location=Greenwich |pages=131}} 3. ^Dwiggins 1976, p. 64. 4. ^Marrett 2004, p. 19. 5. ^1 2 Marrett 2004, p. 20. 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Onkst|first1=David H.|title=Howard R. Hughes, Jr.–The Record Setter|url=http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Hughes/EX28.htm|website=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission|accessdate=15 May 2006|date=2003}} 7. ^Dwiggens 1976, p. 78. 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Wraga|first1=William|title=Curtis Wright and the Flying Tigers|url=http://www.curtisswright.com/history/1934-1941.asp|website=Curtiss-Wright|accessdate=16 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516201920/http://www.curtisswright.com/history/1934-1941.asp|archivedate=16 May 2006}} 9. ^"Howard Hughes Aviator". Welcome Home Howard!, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 2008. Retrieved: March 15, 2009. 10. ^Drake 1976, pp. 12–13. 11. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032781/ "Men Against the Sky (1940)."] IMDB, 2009. Retrieved: March 15, 2009. 12. ^[https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/hughes-h-1-racer "The H-1 Racer."] National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 13 October 2010. 13. ^{{cite news |title=Fancy These Flights? |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/153309923/ |accessdate=12 October 2018 |work=Reno Gazette-Journal |date=August 26, 1993}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Reproduction Howard Hughes H-1 Racer Project|url=http://www.wrightools.com/hughes/|website=Wright Machine Tool Co. Inc.|accessdate=4 July 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703093436/http://www.wrightools.com/hughes/|archivedate=3 July 2006|date=5 May 2004}} 15. ^{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Mark|title=Cottage Grove pilot dies in replica of historic plane|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cottage+Grove+pilot+dies+in+replica+of+historic+plane.-a0106434889|accessdate=15 March 2017|work=The Register-Guard|date=6 August 2003|location=Cottage Grove, Oregon}} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Homans|first1=Charlie|title=Fatal airplane crash in Yellowstone|url=http://www.gillettenewsrecord.com/news/article_0b84af15-6fc0-5a85-981f-00caa5e91d24.html|accessdate=18 January 2007|work=Gillette News-Record|date=5 August 2003}} 17. ^{{cite report|title=Accident Report|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief2.aspx?ev_id=20030815X01342&ntsbno=DEN03FA138&akey=1|publisher=NTSB|id=DEN03FA138|access-date=23 May 2007}} 18. ^[https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/back-story-h-1-racer-airplane] The Back Story: The H-1 Racer Airplane Brian Sodoma, 13/01/2011, retrieved 26 October 2017 19. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/shanair/34781275003/] HUGHES H-1B RACER (replica) NR258Y Malcolm Nason, 13/03/2017, retrieved 26 October 2017 20. ^ San Diego Air and Space Museum Visit blog post by Aero Telemetry, 12/07/2016, retrieved 26 October 2017 21. ^{{cite web|title=Hughes Special 1B Racer|url=http://www.aerospacemuseum.org/collections/restoration_project.php?id=10|website=San Diego Air & Space Museum|accessdate=3 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315204148/http://old.sandiegoairandspace.org/collections/restoration_project.php?id=10|archivedate=15 March 2017}} 22. ^Dwiggins 1976, pp. 61–62. 23. ^{{cite web|title=Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior|url=http://www.shanaberger.com/engines/R-1535.htm|website=Ken's Aviation|accessdate=14 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021061752/http://www.shanaberger.com/engines/R-1535.htm|archivedate=21 October 2007|date=11 February 2004}}
External links{{Commons category|Hughes H-1 Racer}}
6 : Racing aircraft|Howard Hughes|Hughes Aircraft Company|United States sport aircraft 1930–1939|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1935 |
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