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词条 Human Rights Day
释义

  1. History

  2. Past observances

  3. Date variance

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

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|holiday_name = Human Rights Day
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|image = HumanRightsLogo.svg
|imagesize = 150px
|caption = Human Rights Logo, unveiled in New York on 23 September 2011
|official_name =
|nickname = HRD
|observedby = UN Members
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|longtype =
|significance =
|begins = {{start date and age|df=yes|1948}}
|ends =
|date = 10 December
|duration = 5 days
|frequency = annual
|celebrations = United Nations
|observances =
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Human Rights Day is celebrated annually across the world on 10 December every year.

The date was chosen to honour the United Nations General Assembly's adoption and proclamation, on 10 December 1948, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the first global enunciation of human rights and one of the first major achievements of the new United Nations. The formal establishment of Human Rights Day occurred at the 317th Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on 4 December 1950, when the General Assembly declared resolution 423(V), inviting all member states and any other interested organizations to celebrate the day as they saw fit.[1][2]

The day is normally marked both by high-level political conferences and meetings and by cultural events and exhibitions dealing with human rights issues. In addition it is traditionally on 10 December that the five-yearly United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights and Nobel Peace Prize are awarded. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the human rights field also schedule special events to commemorate the day, as do many civil and social-cause organizations.

History

Human Rights Day is the day in 1948 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[3]

The formal inception of Human Rights Day dates from 1950, after the Assembly passed resolution 423(V) inviting all States and interested organizations to adopt 10 December of each year as Human Rights Day.[4] The popularity of the day can be shown by the fact that the commemorative Human Rights Day stamp issued by the United Nations Postal Administration in 1952, received approximately 200,000 advance orders.[5]

When the General Assembly adopted the Declaration, with 48 states in favour and eight abstentions, it was proclaimed as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations", towards which individuals and societies should "strive by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance". The measure was received by both advocates and critics alike as "being more declarative than legislative, more suggestive than binding."[6]

Although the Declaration with its broad range of political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights is not a binding document, it inspired more than 60 human rights instruments which together constitute an international standard of human rights. Today the general consent of all United Nations Member States on the basic Human Rights laid down in the Declaration makes it even stronger and emphasizes the relevance of Human Rights in our{{who|date=December 2017}} daily lives.{{according to whom|date=December 2017}}

The High Commissioner for Human Rights, as the main United Nations rights official, and his Office play a major role in coordinating efforts for the yearly observation of Human Rights Day:

{{quote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... Poverty eradication is an achievable goal.|UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour, 10 December 2006}}

The 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights occurred on 10 December 2008, and the UN Secretary-General launched a year-long campaign leading up to this anniversary.[7] Because the UDHR holds the world record as the most translated document (except for the Bible), organizations around the globe used the year to focus on helping people everywhere learn about their rights.

On 9 December 2001, President George W. Bush made a Presidential proclamation that Human Rights Week began on 9 December.[8] He also made the same proclamation on 10 December 2008.[9]

Past observances

Year Actions
1979 Shih Ming-teh organized a human rights campaign in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. This led to the Kaohsiung Incident characterized by three rounds of arrests and mock trials of political opponents of the ruling Kuomintang party and their subsequent imprisonment.
1983 President Raúl Alfonsin, of Argentina, decided to assume office on 10 December 1983, ending the military dictatorship that had ruled the country since 1976. The election of that day for his inauguration was related to human rights violations committed during the dictatorship. From then on, all presidential inaugurations have taken place on 10 December.
2004
  • International PEN announced the launch of a new campaign to secure the release from prison of "cyber-dissidents" in PR China, Maldives and Vietnam.[10]
  • The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the UN's Special Representative for Human Rights Defenders and the African Union's Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights issued a joint communiqué in which they commended the European Union for its recent adoption of a set of guidelines for protecting human rights defenders and urged the world's other regions to take similar steps in that direction.[11]
  • The American Association for the Advancement of Science organised a seminar in New York City on academic freedom in Iraq.[12]
  • Human Rights Day is endorsed by the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) as an official day of Humanist celebration.
2006 In an interesting coincidence, former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, known for human rights violations committed during his authoritarian rule, died of a heart attack on 10 December 2006, at the age of 91.[13]
2008
  • Gay rights activists in the U.S. state of California urged people to support equal rights by "calling in 'gay'" to work.[14] This was in response to the renewed ban on gay marriage when Proposition 8 passed earlier in the year.
  • Several people were detained in China after around 300 people signed an online petition titled Charter 08 for the government to improve human rights in the country. In Beijing, a small protest was broken up that took place outside the foreign ministry.[15]
  • UNYA Australia celebrated Human Rights Day with the write4rights campaign, asking young people to contribute a message about human rights by phone or on a website for display in Australian State capital cities.[16]
  • Amnesty International organised a large event in Paris, France, to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the UN resolution.[17]
  • Celebrations took place in Phnom Penh and around Cambodia, including a march by 5000 people, and a further 1000 people releasing balloons, organised by NGOs.[18]
  • Other celebrations and events took place in Russia[19] and India.[20]
2009 10 December 2009 marked as 61st anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Tom Malinowsky from Human Rights Watch in the U.S. state of Washington commented that there had been progress in human rights over the last 40 years" "I think there is greater awareness around the world that people have fundamental rights and that those rights are enshrined in both law domestically and internationally".[21]
2011 Following a year of protest in many countries, from Tunisia to Cairo to the Occupy movement, the theme of 2011 recognized the significance of social media and technology in assisting human rights defenders in new ways.[22]
2012 Inclusion and the right to participate in public life was the theme of 2012 Human Rights Day. The focus in 2012 was on all people to make their voices heard and be included in political decision making. ″ My Voice Counts″ slogan was seen in the occupy movement around the world in protest of economic, political and social inequality.[23]
2013 Celebrating twenty years working for your rights was the theme of the 2013 Human Rights Day celebration. Twenty Years ago the creation of the position of the High Commissioner for Human Rights was established which empowered an official, independent voice to speak worldwide for human rights.[24]
2014 Every day is Human Rights Day is the slogan for the year 2014. Human Rights 365 celebrates the Universal Declaration on Human Rights which states that everyone, everywhere, at all times are entitled to their human rights. Human Rights belong to everyone equally and “binds us together as a global community with the same ideals and values.”[25]
2015 The theme for 2015 is "Our Rights, Our Freedoms, Always."[3]
2016 The theme for 2016 is "Stand up for someone's rights today!" [26]
2017 The theme for 2017 is "Let's stand up for equality, justice and human dignity"[27]
2018 The theme for 2018 is "stand up for the human rights"

Date variance

In South Africa, Human Rights Day is celebrated on 21 March, in remembrance of the Sharpeville massacre which took place on 21 March 1960. This massacre occurred as a result of protests against the Apartheid regime in South Africa.[28] South African Human Rights Day was declared a national holiday when the ANC was elected as the government with Nelson Mandela as the first democratically elected leader.[29] Parliament's role on this day is to empower the people so that the democratic processes becomes known to all South Africans.[30]

It is celebrated on 11 December in Kiribati.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

See also

  • HumanLight
  • International observance
  • International Day in Support of Victims of Torture
  • World Humanitarian Day
  • World Humanist Day

References

1. ^{{UN document |docid=A/RES/423(V) |session=5 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |resolution_number=423(V) |url=http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/RES/423(V)&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION |accessdate=29 October 2009 |date=4 December 1950 }}
2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |title=The History of Human Rights Day |accessdate=29 October 2009 |author=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009}}
3. ^1 {{Cite news|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/human-rights-day-best-quotes-by-famous-personalities-mark-un-day-658792|title = Human Rights Day: Best Quotes By Famous Personalities to Mark UN Day|last = James|first = Anu|date = 9 December 2015|work = International Business Times|access-date = 9 December 2015|via = }}
4. ^{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Human Rights|last = Lawson|first = Edward|publisher = Taylor & Francis|year = 1996|isbn = 9781560323624|location = |pages = 722–724|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J-SrdFtSuDUC&lpg=PA723&dq=%22human%20rights%20day%22&pg=PA723#v=onepage&q=%22human%20rights%20day%22&f=false|edition = 2nd|others = Research and contributing editor, Jan K. Dargel}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title = United Nations and Human Rights|last = Green|first = James Frederick|publisher = The Brookings Institution|year = 1956|isbn = |location = |pages = 676|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wI58IE-n4H0C&lpg=PA676&dq=%22human%20rights%20day%22&pg=PA676#v=onepage&q=%22human%20rights%20day%22&f=false}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title = Human Rights in the Twentieth Century|last = Cohen|first = G. Daniel|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2011|isbn = 9780521194266|location = |pages = 49–50|editor-last = Hoffmann|editor-first = Stefan-Ludwig|chapter = The 'Human Rights Revolution' at Work: Displaced Persons in Postwar Europe}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/|title = The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008|date = 2008|accessdate = 9 December 2015|website = United Nations|publisher = }}
8. ^{{cite news|last1=Office of the Press Secretary|title=Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, 2001|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/12/12/01-30834/human-rights-day-bill-of-rights-day-and-human-rights-week-2001|work=Federal Register|publisher=Federal Government of the United States|location=Washington, D.C.|date=12 December 2001|accessdate=11 March 2017|archiveurl=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2001-12-12/pdf/01-30834.pdf|archivedate=12 December 2001}}
9. ^{{cite news|last1=Office of the Press Secretary|title=Human Rights Day, Bill of Rights Day, and Human Rights Week, 2008|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/12/12/E8-29704/human-rights-day-bill-of-rights-day-and-human-rights-week-2008|work=Federal Register|publisher=Federal Government of the United States|location=Washington, D.C.|date=19 December 2008|accessdate=11 March 2017|archiveurl=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-12-12/pdf/E8-29704.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2008}}
10. ^{{cite web |title = A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |publisher = PEN American Center |url = http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |accessdate = 15 December 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archivedate = 9 December 2006 |df = dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite press release | title = On the occasion of Human Rights Day, the UN, Inter-American and African protection mechanisms call on governments to protect human rights defenders. | publisher = Inter-American Commission on Human Rights | date = 10 December 2004 | url = http://www.cidh.org/Comunicados/English/2004/27.04.htm | accessdate = 15 December 2006}}
12. ^{{cite web | title = Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 | publisher = The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program | date = 16 June 2006 | url = http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ | accessdate =15 December 2006}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2498310,00.html|title=General Pinochet, 91, dies awaiting trial for murder|author1=Catan, Thomas |author2=Crooks, Nathan|accessdate=11 December 2006|work=The Times | location=London| date=11 December 2006}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |title=" Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |accessdate=9 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archivedate=29 June 2011 }}
15. ^"Chinese police detain protesters", BBC, 10 December 2008.
16. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |title = Write4Rights |accessdate = 9 December 2008 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archivedate = 9 February 2009 |df = dmy-all}}
17. ^[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jkc7RghMDnMqx9zZBo-Rx46pF3IQ "Abuses persist as UN rights declaration turns 60"], AFP, 10 December 2008.
18. ^"Inequality is fuelling rights violations, UN warns govt", 10 December 2008.
19. ^"International Human Rights Day marked in Russia" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115114004/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13366636&PageNum=0 |date=15 January 2009 }}, ITAR-TASS, 10 December 2008.
20. ^"Students celebrate Human Rights Day", Times of India, 10 December 2008.
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/International-Human-Rights-Day-Marks-Progress-and-Setbacks-78959132.html|title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks|work=VOA}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=6 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archivedate=5 December 2011 }} "Human Rights Day 2011"
23. ^{{cite web|last1=United Nations|title=Human Rights Day, 10 December|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml| |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|accessdate=25 March 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web|last1=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)|title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013|url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html|website=United Nations Human Rights|accessdate=28 March 2015}}
25. ^{{cite web|last1=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)|title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx|website=United Nations Human Rights|publisher=OHCHR|accessdate=29 March 2015}}
26. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2016/Pages/StandUp4HumanRights.aspx|title = Stand up for someone's rights today|last =|first = |date = |work = ohchr.org|access-date = 10 December 2015|via = }}
27. ^Human Rights Day 2017
28. ^{{cite web | title = Human Rights Day | publisher = South African Human Rights Commission | url = http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |accessdate=15 December 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archivedate = 23 September 2006}}
29. ^{{Cite web|title = Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa|url = http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day|dead-url = yes|archive-date = 7 November 2015|website = www.mypublicholidays.co.za|access-date = 19 February 2016}}
30. ^{{Cite web|title = Human Rights Day|url = http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481|website = www.parliament.gov.za|access-date = 19 February 2016}}

External links

{{Portal bar|Human rights|Holidays}}
  • {{Official website|http://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/}}
  • Vice Chancellor Sangam University Bhilwara Speaks on Human Rights Day at JMA Pilani Rajasthan
{{United Nations}}

4 : Human rights|Civil awareness days|United Nations days|December observances
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