“Hungarian Democratic Forum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Hungarian Democratic Forum ({{lang-hu|Magyar Demokrata Fórum}}, MDF) was a centre-right political party in Hungary. It had a Hungarian nationalist, national-conservative and christian democratic ideology. The party was represented continuously in the National Assembly from the restoration of democracy in 1990 until 2010. It was dissolved on 8 April 2011.

The MDF was the largest party on Hungary's emergence as a democratic country under the leadership of József Antall, Prime Minister between 1990 and 1993. Since then, its representation has receded, with the party playing the role of junior coalition partner to Fidesz from 1998 to 2002, and in opposition otherwise.

It was a member of the Centrist Democrat International, and was a member of the European People's Party until 2009, when it joined the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists. The MDF's one MEP, Lajos Bokros, sat with the European Conservatives and Reformists in the European Parliament.

History

Foundation

The Hungarian Democratic Forum was founded in autumn of 1987, during the one-party rule of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSzMP). Its first meeting was in the village of Lakitelek in southern Hungary on 27 September 1987.^[10] Initially it was rather a loose political movement than a party.

Its founders were mostly nationally minded intellectuals, including Sándor Csoóri, Zoltán Bíró, István Csurka and Sándor Lezsák. They stood in the ideologic tradition of the népi-nemzeti ("populist-" or "rural-national") movement, which has been opposed to the urbánus ("urbanist") school of thought since the end of the 19th century. The Forum focussed on national and cultural traditions, aimed at radically democratic grassroots politics and a "third way" between capitalism and communism.^[11] One of the issues that bothered them was the menacing situation of the ethnic Hungarian minority in neighbouring Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu.^[12]

Its opposition against the communist rule was more moderate than the mostly urban and pro-Western liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz) and Alliance of Young Democrats (FiDeSz), that were created shortly after. Unlike them, the MDF sought an alliance with reform-oriented elements within the MSzMP, namely the politburo-member Imre Pozsgay,^[11] who had participated in the Lakitelek meeting and who was then secretary-general of the Patriotic People's Front (HNF), the umbrella organisation of the communist-aligned mass organisations.^[13] The Forum was seen as a "constructive" opposition and not as great a danger as the Free Democrats around János Kis.^[12]

Time of upheaval (1988–1989)

At a second meeting in Lakitelek, one year after the first, the Hungarian Democratic Forum announced its foundation. This was made possible by the Association and Assembly Act of September 1988.^[14] In order not to be diminished by a "divide and rule" tactic, the different oppositional groups joined in the "Opposition Round Table talks" in March 1989. They participated in the tripartite National Round Table with MSzMP and mass organisations beginning in June 1989.^[15]

The Round Table could not solve all contentious points. In particular, there was discord among the oppositional parties if direct presidential elections should be held before the end of the year. The MSzMP had transformed into the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) in October 1989 and Imre Pozsgay was considered a strong contender in direct presidential elections. Given its good relations with Pozsgay, the MDF did not oppose this possibility. Free Democrats and Fidesz, on the other hand, wanted to prevent a directly elected, Socialist president at any rate and therefore called for a referendum, that was held in November 1989. The SzDSz heavily attacked the MDF as "the Communists' friends" or "collaborators". While the proponents of the referendum suggested that parliamentary elections should be held first, the MDF supported direct presidential elections and therefore called for a "no" in this question. Eventually, the "yes" campaign won by a narrow margin.^[16]

In October 1989 the party voted József Antall to be its president. With Antall's taking over from founding president Zoltán Bíró, the MDF shifted gradually away from the népi-nemzeti principles in their pure form. Antall represented a broadly national-liberal or liberal-conservative tendency, opening the party for a wider political spectrum and social base, especially the national-minded and Christian middle class. It transformed into a right-of-centre "omnibus" party, or even a "catch-all party".^[17]

Government period (1990–1994)

In March and April 1990, the MDF won the first free parliamentary elections after the end of Communism in Hungary with 24.7% of the votes and 164 of 386 seats. It formed a centre-right government coalition with the ideologically close Independent Smallholders Party (FKgP) and Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP). József Antall became Prime Minister.^[18]

The MDF was now divided in two major internal tendencies. The dominant one was Antall's government circle, characterised by pragmatic, liberal conservatism, constitutionalism and legalism. The Antall government carried important reforms through that completed Hungary's transition from communist rule, e.g. laws on local administration, the status of civil servants and redemption of the old regime's wrongs. Still, traditional and religious values and national ideas played a greater role in the MDF's rhetorics than in its conservative and Christian democratic counterparts in Western European countries.

The right-wing, radically populist and national faction within the party was characterised by vocal anti-communism as well as anti-liberalism. Its proponents called for a systematic "cleansing" of public positions from former communists, demanded the sacking of supposedly "un-national" responsibles at TV and radio stations, and also attacked the liberal SzDSz, which they viewed as "cosmopolitan", "liberal-bolshevik" and "Jewish" and therefore incompatible with the ordinary Hungarians' mindset. After 1992, the distance of the national radicals to the moderate governmental wing grew progressively, and in 1993 most of them led by István Csurka left the party to found far-right parties, most notably the Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP).^[19]

After Antall's death in December 1993, he was succeeded by his party colleague Péter Boross, who led the government until the parliamentary election of May 1994.

Alliance with Fidesz (1994–2006)

The 1994 poll brought a devastating defeat for the MDF which dropped to 12.0% of the votes and 38 seats, putting it on a distant third place behind the resurged Socialists and the liberal SzDSz. While in opposition, internal quarrels continued and intensified between conservatives, like Boross and Sándor Lezsák, and centrists around Iván Szabó. After Lezsák won the leadership vote in 1996, Szabó and most of the governmental figures of the Antall period left the party and founded the Hungarian Democratic People's Party (MDNP). In the 1998 parliamentary election, both parties performed very disappointingly (MDF: 2.8%; MDNP: 1,3%). However, the MDF had fielded joint candidates with Fidesz – that had turned from liberal to conservative after 1994 – in some constituencies and thus secured 17 seats in parliament. The party joined a Fidesz-led coalition government under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán which also included the Smallholders Party.^[20]

The MDF was admitted to the European People's Party (EPP) as an observer in 1998, becoming an associate member in 2001 and a full member in 2004.^[21] From 1999 to 2010, the party was led by Ibolya Dávid.

The MDF had 24 seats in the National Assembly between 2002 and 2006, due to an electoral alliance with Fidesz.

In the 2004 European Parliamentary Elections it gained 5.3% (164,025 votes) of the vote and one of its members, Péter Olajos, was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), sitting with the EPP-ED Group.

The party received 5.04% (272,831 votes) of the votes in the 2006 parliamentary elections, thus securing its place in the next Parliament.

Decline (2006–2010)

MDF had essentially split, with the majority of its parliamentary representatives ousted from the party. Ibolya Dávid regularly accused Fidesz, the largest conservative force in Hungary of trying to annex her party. The two parties had a bitter quarrel following the first round of the 2006 parliamentary elections on the possible withdrawal of MDF candidates to support the Fidesz: the presidency of the party decided not to do this. However, a number of MDF candidates decided to withdraw at their own discretion.

In 2008, the presidential election turned into a scandal, where Ibolya Dávid said that people associated with UD Ltd. had attempted to interfere with internal affairs of her party, and released secretly recorded telephone conversations as evidence. Dávid and his supporters forced MDF politician Kornél Almássy to withdraw from running for party chairman at a party congress to re-elect officials.^[22]

MDF was a member of the EPP, but on 22 June 2009 its newly elected MEP Lajos Bokros joined the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament instead of the EPP Group. This led to the party's suspension from the EPP. Instead, it joined the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR), that was founded in October 2009. On 8 October 2009, Ibolya Dávid was a guest speaker at the annual conference of the British Conservative Party, to confirm a long term strategic alliance between the two parties in Europe.

Bokros' nomination indicated a change of political position from conservative to liberal ideology. As a result, several prominent members left the party, including Péter Olajos, Kálmán Katona and former Prime Minister Péter Boross.^[23] With MP András Csáky's quit, the Hungarian Democratic Forum's parliamentary group defunct according to the house rules in March 2009.^[24]

In 2010, Lajos Bokros became the party's candidate for the position of Prime Minister in the 2010 parliamentary election, and several other former left-wing politicians were placed on the national list, for instance writer József Debreczeni and Zoltán Somogyi, a political analysist of the Political Capital. Furthermore, MDF entered into an electoral alliance with SzDSz, which suffered a crushing defeat during the 2009 European Parliament election. Its chairman Attila Retkes received a place on the national list and there were also joint candidates in some constituencies. After the decision, the quits became a mass phenomenon, whole local party organizations ceased to exist.^[25] On the national election, MDF came to the fifth place and received only 2.67% of the votes, thus shut out of the legislature altogether for the first time since the transition to democracy, after twenty years. Ibolya Dávid immediately resigned from her position and retired from the politics.^[26]

Dissolution

Upon the resignation of Dávid, her deputy Károly Herényi was elected interim president of the now extra-parliamentary party. In June 2010, Zsolt Makay became the new president. The newly elected leadership decided to transform the party and adopted a new name, Welfare and Freedom (JESZ) on 12 December 2010.^[27] The party's congress approved the change of name in March 2011, as a result Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom (JESZ) was formed officially on 8 April 2011.^[28]

The leadership of the JESZ called Bokros several times to give back his MEP mandate, but all relationship has been lost between Bokros and his former party.

Election results

National Assembly

European Parliament

Party leaders

Footnotes

1. ^¹{{citation|first=Peter|last=Calvocoressi|title=World Politics, 1945-2000|edition=Eighth|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2001|page=323}}
2. ^¹{{citation|first=Lászlo|last=Szarvas|title=Parties and Party Factions in the Hungarian Parliament|work=Hungary|publisher=Frank Cass & Co.|year=1995|pages=121–122}}
3. ^{{citation|first=Maria|last=Spirova |title=Political Parties in Post-Communist Societies: Formation, Persistence, and Change|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2007|page=61}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Janusz Bugajski|title=Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC&pg=PA462|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1911-2|pages=462–}}
5. ^{{citation|first=Elisabeth|last=Bakke|title=Central and East European party systems since 1989|work=Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|page=80}}
6. ^{{citation|first1=Vít|last1=Hloušek|first2=Lubomír|last2=Kopeček|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|publisher=Ashgate|year=2010|page=115}}
7. ^¹{{citation|first1=Seán|last1=Hanley|title=Getting the Right Right: Redefining the Centre-Right in Post-Communist Europe|work=Centre-Right Parties in Post-Communist East-Central Europe|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=21}}
8. ^{{citation|first=Alan|last=Renwick|title=The Role of Non-Elite Forces in Hungary's Negotiated Revolution|work=The Roundtable Talks of 1989: The Genesis of Hungarian Democracy|publisher=Central European University Press|year=2002|page=195}}
9. ^{{citation|first=Ian|last=Jeffries|title=Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|page=212}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Tőkés|first1=Rudolf|title=Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 1957-1990|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521570441|page=xix}}
11. ^¹{{Citation |first=András |last=Körösényi |title=Government and Politics in Hungary |publisher=Central European University Press |year=1999 |page=35}}
12. ^¹{{Citation |first=Adam |last=Michnik |title=Notes from the Revolution |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 March 1990}}; printed in {{Cite book |author=Michnik |work=Letters from Freedom: Post-cold War Realities and Perspectives |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |page=145}}
13. ^{{Citation |first=Michael |last=Waller |title=The End of the Communist Power Monopoly |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1993 |pages=220–221}}
14. ^{{Citation |last=Waller |title=The End of the Communist Power Monopoly |year=1993 |pages=221}}
15. ^{{Citation |first=David L. |last=Bartlett |title=The Political Economy of Dual Transformations: Market Reform and Democratization in Hungary |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1997 |page=144}}
16. ^{{Citation |first=Dae Soon |last=Kim |title=The Transition to Democracy in Hungary: Árpád Göncz and the post-Communist Hungarian presidency |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |pages=93–94}}
17. ^{{Citation |author=Körösényi |title=Government and Politics in Hungary |year=1999 |page=36}}
18. ^{{Citation |last=Kim |title=The Transition to Democracy in Hungary |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |pages=95–96}}
19. ^{{Citation |author=Körösényi |title=Government and Politics in Hungary |year=1999 |page=37}}
20. ^{{Citation |author=Körösényi |title=Government and Politics in Hungary |year=1999 |pages=37–38}}
21. ^{{Citation |first1=Thomas |last1=Jansen |first2=Steven |last2=Van Hecke |title=At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |page=77}}
22. ^Dávid Ibolya: Almássy nem képviselheti az MDF-et, Origó, 14 September 2008
23. ^Boross Péter szakított a Dávid vezette MDF-fel, Heti Világgazdaság, 18 June 2009
24. ^Leépít az MDF, Index.hu, 19 March 2009
25. ^Már az őszre gondol az összeboruló MDF és SZDSZ, Origó, 3 February 2010
26. ^Dávid Ibolya lemond az MDF-elnökségről, Origó, 11 April 2010
27. ^Megváltoztatta nevét az MDF – Origó, 12 December 2010.
28. ^Jólét és Szabadság Demokrata Közösségre változik az MDF neve, Index.hu, 5 March 2011.