| 词条 | Huế | ||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Huế | official_name = Huế City | other_name = | native_name = Thành Phố Huế | nickname = City of Romance, Festival City | settlement_type = City (Class-1) | total_type = | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Images top, left to right: Ngo Mon Gate of the Imperial City, Thiên Mụ Pagoda, Perfume River, Tomb of Tự Đức, Thế Miếu, Tomb of Minh Mạng | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Thuathien Province.svg | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Vietnam | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Huế | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{VIE}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Thừa Thiên–Huế | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = | seat = | parts_type = | parts_style = | p1 = | p2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 70.67 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | elevation_footnotes = CuisineThe cuisine of Huế forms the heart of Central Vietnamese cuisine, but one of the most striking differences is the prominence of vegetarianism in the city. Several all-vegetarian restaurants are scattered in various corners of the city to serve the locals who have a strong tradition of eating a vegetarian meal twice a month, as part of their Buddhist beliefs. Another feature of Huế dishes that sets them apart from other regional cuisines in Vietnam is the relatively small serving size with refined presentation, a vestige of its royal cuisine. Huế cuisine is notable for often being very spicy.[27] Hue cuisine has both luxurious and popular rustic dishes. With such a rich history, Hue's royal cuisine combines both taste and aesthetics. It consists of several distinctive dishes from small and delicate creations, originally made to please the appetites of Nguyen feudal lords, emperors, and their hundreds of concubines and wives.[28] ReligionThe imperial court practiced various religions such as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. The most important altar was the Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth, where the monarch would offer each year prayers to the Heaven and Earth. In Huế, Buddhism enjoyed stronger support than elsewhere in Vietnam, with more monasteries than anywhere else in the country serving as home to the nation's most famous monks. In 1963, Thích Quảng Đức drove from Hue to Saigon to protest anti-Buddhist policies of the South Vietnamese government, setting himself on fire on a Saigon street. Photos of the self-immolation became some of the enduring images of the Vietnam War.[29] Thich Nhat Hanh, world-famous Zen master who originates from Huế and has lived for years in exile including France and the United States, has returned to his home town in October 2018 and been residing there since.[30]Tourism{{main article|Tourism in Vietnam}}{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site| WHS = Complex of Huế Monuments | Image = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg | Caption = Meridian Gate of the Imperial City | Criteria = Cultural: iv | ID = 678 | Year = 1993 | Area = 315.47 ha | Buffer_zone = 71.93 ha }} Huế is well known for its historic monuments, which have earned it a place in UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.[31] The seat of the Nguyễn emperors was the Imperial City, which occupies a large, walled area on the north side of the Perfume River. Inside the citadel was a forbidden city where only the emperors, concubines, and those close enough to them were granted access; the punishment for trespassing was death. Today, little of the forbidden city remains, though reconstruction efforts are in progress to maintain it as a historic tourist attraction. Roughly along the Perfume River from Huế lie myriad other monuments, including the tombs of several emperors, including Minh Mạng, Khải Định, and Tự Đức. Also notable is the Thiên Mụ Pagoda, the largest pagoda in Huế and the official symbol of the city.[32] A number of French-style buildings lie along the south bank of the Perfume River. Among them are Quốc Học High School, the oldest high school in Vietnam, and Hai Ba Trung High School. The Huế Museum of Royal Fine Arts on 3 Le Truc Street also maintains a collection of various artifacts from the city. In addition to the various touristic attractions in Hué itself, the city also offers day-trips to the Demilitarized Zone lying approximately {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} north, showing various war settings like The Rockpile, Khe Sanh Combat Base or the Vinh Moc tunnels. In the first 11 months of 2012, Huế received 2.4 million visitors, an increase of 24.6% from the same period of 2011. 803,000 of those 2.4 million visitors were foreign guests, an increase of 25.7%. Although tourism plays a key role in the city's socioeconomic development, it also has negative impacts on the environment and natural resource base.[33] For example, services associated with tourism, such as travel, the development of infrastructure and its operation, and the production and consumption of goods, are all energy-intensive.[34] Research by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network has identified traditional ‘garden houses’ as having the potential to increase tourist traffic and revenue. Apart from the environmental, economic and cultural benefits provided by garden houses, their promotion could pave the way for other low carbon development initiatives.[35] InfrastructureHealthThe Huế Central Hospital, established in 1894, was the first Western hospital in Vietnam. The hospital, providing 2078 beds and occupying 120,000 square meters (30 acres), is one of three largest in the country along with Bạch Mai Hospital in Hanoi and Chợ Rẫy Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, and is managed by the Ministry of Health.[36] TransportationHuế Railway Station provides a rail connection to major Vietnamese cities, via the North-South Railway. Phu Bai International Airport is just south of the city centre. Sister cities
GallerySee also
ReferencesNotes1. ^tags-->| elevation_m = 15| elevation_ft = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | population_as_of = 2018| population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 455,230| population_density_km2 = 5,010.9| population_density_sq_mi = | timezone = | utc_offset = | coor_type = | coordinates = {{coord|16|28|00|N|107|34|45|E|region:VN|display=inline}}| blank_name = Climate| blank_info = Am| postal_code_type = | postal_code = 53| area_code = | website = huecity.gov.vn| footnotes = }}Huế ({{IPA-vi|hwě|lang|Hue Northern.ogg}} is a city in central Vietnam that was the capital of Đàng Trong Kingdom from 1738 to 1775 and of the Nguyễn Dynasty from 1802 to 1945. A major attraction is its vast, 19th-century citadel, surrounded by a moat and thick stone walls. It encompasses the Imperial City, with palaces and shrines; the Forbidden Purple City, once the emperor's home; and a replica of the Royal Theater.The city was also the battleground for the Battle of Huế, which was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War.==History=={{main|Phú Xuân}} The oldest ruins in Huế belong to the Kingdom of Lâm Ấp, date back to the 4th century AD. The ruins of its capital, the ancient city of Kandapurpura is now located in Long Thọ Hill, 3 kilometers to the west of the city. Another Champa ruin, the ancient city of Hóa Châu is dated back to the 9th century. In 1306, the King of Champa Chế Mân offered Vietnam two Chăm prefectures, Ô and Lý, in exchange for marriage with a Vietnamese princess named Huyền Trân.Chapius, p.85. {{notelist}}References{{reflist}}2. ^Phan Khoang, p.85. 3. ^Chapius, p. 119. 4. ^1 Phan Khoang, pp.108-110. 5. ^Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 275-276. 6. ^Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 281-283. 7. ^1 2 3 4 Ring & Salkin & La Boda, pp.362-364. 8. ^1 Trần Trọng Kim, p. 326 9. ^Nhung Tuyet Tran, Anthony Reid Việt Nam: Borderless Histories 2006 Page 223 "He did not, however, leave Asia, traveling instead around the region collecting botanical species, before eventually returning to Phú Xuân in 1752. He then remained at the Nguyễn political center for the next quarter century, finally leaving at ..." 10. ^George Edson Dutton The Tây Sơn Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-century Vietnam 2006 "Phú Xuân" 11. ^Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 337-338. 12. ^Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 339-340 13. ^Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 348-349. 14. ^Largo, p.105. 15. ^Woodside, Alexander (1988). Vietnam and the Chinese model: a comparative study of Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 127. {{ISBN|978-0-674-93721-5}}. 16. ^Boobbyer, Claire; Spooner, Andrew; O'Tailan, Jock (2008). Vietnam, Cambodia & Laos. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 122. {{ISBN|978-1-906098-09-4}}. 17. ^Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1036. 18. ^Ishizawa, Yoshiaki; Kōno, Yasushi; Rojpojchanarat, Vira; Daigaku, Jōchi; Kenkyūjo, Ajia Bunka (1988). Study on Sukhothai: research report. Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University. p. 68. 19. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf| archivedate = 22 July 2018| url = http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf| title = Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction| publisher = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology| language = Vietnamese| accessdate = 23 July 2018}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Nguyễn|first=Đắc Xuân|title=700 năm Thuận Hóa-Phú Xuân-Huế|year=2009|publisher=Nhà xuất bản Trẻ|location=Việt Nam}} 21. ^vi:Minh Mạng{{Third-party-inline|date=May 2011}} 22. ^Đại Nam thực lục 23. ^{{Citation | last = Ellis | first = Claire | title = Ao Dai: The National Costume | newspaper = Things Asian | year = 1996 | url = http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1083 | accessdate = 2 July 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705105011/http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1083 | archivedate = 5 July 2008 | df = dmy-all }} 24. ^{{cite news|last=Bửu|first=Ý|title=Xứ Huế Người Huế|url=http://tuoitre.vn/Van-hoa-Giai-tri/38127/Xu-Hue-nguoi-Hue.html|accessdate=29 April 2011|newspaper=Tuổi Trẻ|date=19 June 2004}} 25. ^{{cite news|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/news/2004/06/162188/ |title=Ao dai – Hue's piquancy |accessdate=1 June 2011 |date=18 June 2004 |newspaper=VietnamNet |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204025846/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/news/2004/06/162188/ |archivedate=4 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 26. ^{{cite news|last=Bửu|first=Ý|title=Xứ Huế Người Huế|url=http://tuoitre.vn/Van-hoa-Giai-tri/38127/Xu-Hue-nguoi-Hue.html|accessdate=29 April 2011|newspaper=Tuoi Tre|date=19 June 2004}} 27. ^Ngoc, Huu; Borton, Lady (2006). Am Thuc Xu Hue: Hue Cuisine. Vietnam. 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://asiamarvels.com/hue-panoramic-view-ancient-capital-vietnam/#tab-con-10|title=Hue – A Panoramic View Of The Ancient Capital – Asia Travel Blog|date=30 November 2017|publisher=|accessdate=8 August 2018}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gonomad.com/1718-hue-vietnam-try-the-food |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703140806/http://www.gonomad.com/1718-hue-vietnam-try-the-food |dead-url=no |archive-date=2013-07-03 |title=Hue, Vietnam: Try The Food |author=rpcpost |work=gonomad.com – GoNOMAD Travel }} 30. ^https://plumvillage.org/news/thich-nhat-hanh-returns-to-vietnam/ 31. ^Vietnam's eight World Heritage Sites. Tuoi Tre News. 22 July 2014. 32. ^Pham, Sherrise; Emmons, Ron; Eveland, Jennifer; Lin-Liu, Jen (2009). Frommer's south-east Asia. Frommer's. p. 318. {{ISBN|978-0-470-44721-5}}. 33. ^{{cite web|title=Hue; Information & Statistics |url=http://travel-tourist-information-guide.com/vietnam-hue|website=Travel-Tourist-Information-Guide.com|accessdate=2016-10-08}} 34. ^Advancing green growth in the tourism sector: The case of Hue, Vietnam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165655/http://cdkn.org/2014/05/report-advancing-green-growth-in-the-tourism-sector%E2%80%A8-the-case-of-hue-vietnam/ |date=14 July 2014 }}, Kyoko Kusakabe, Pujan Shrestha, S. Kumar and Khanh Linh Nguyen, the Asian Institute of Technology, Chiang Mai Municipality and the Hue Centre for International Cooperation, 2014 35. ^Advancing green growth in the tourism sector: The case of Hue, Vietnam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165655/http://cdkn.org/2014/05/report-advancing-green-growth-in-the-tourism-sector%E2%80%A8-the-case-of-hue-vietnam/ |date=14 July 2014 }}, Kyoko Kusakabe, Pujan Shrestha, S. Kumar and Khanh Linh Nguyen, the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2014 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://project.jica.go.jp/vietnam/0601704/english/01/hospital.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070617003244/http://project.jica.go.jp/vietnam/0601704/english/01/hospital.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-06-17 |title=OutLine of Hue Central Hospital |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency |accessdate=2008-12-07 }} 37. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.aftabir.com/news/view/2004/jul/19/c2c1090232035.php/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87|language=Persian|title= شهرهای بندر انزلی و هوء در ویتنام خواهر خوانده شدند|publisher= aftabir|website= www.aftabir.com|date=19 July 2004}} 38. ^1 {{cite web|title=Hue, Vietnam|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Hue%20City,%20Vietnam|work=Sister Cities International|accessdate=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323014508/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Hue%20City,%20Vietnam|archive-date=23 March 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 39. ^{{cite web|title=Jumelages et coopérations|language=Fr|url=http://www.blois.fr/32-international.htm|accessdate=20 February 2017}} External links{{Commons category|Huế}}
|list ={{Buddhist temples in Hue}}{{World Heritage Sites in Vietnam}}{{Cities in Viet Nam}}{{Districts of North Central Coast}}{{Most populous cities in Vietnam}}{{Largest cities of Vietnam}} }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hue}} 6 : Huế|Provincial capitals in Vietnam|Populated places in Thua Thien-Hue Province|District capitals in Vietnam|World Heritage Sites in Vietnam|Former national capitals |
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