| 词条 | Hydrochoerus |
| 释义 |
| taxon = Hydrochoerus | fossil_range = Pliocene - Recent ~{{fossil range|3.6|0}} | image = Esteros Del Ibera, Corrientes, Argentina, 3rd. Jan. 2011 - Flickr - PhillipC (2).jpg | image_caption = H. hydrochaeris with a cattle tyrant on its back | authority = Brisson, 1762 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =† H. ballesterensis † H. gaylordi H. hydrochaeris H. isthmius | range_map = Capybara-ranges.png | range_map_upright = 0.9 | range_map_caption = Ranges of capybara (green) and lesser capybara (red) }} The genus Hydrochoerus contains two living and two extinct species of capybaras from South America, the Caribbean island of Grenada, and Panama.[1] Capybaras are the largest living rodents in the world. The genus name is derived from the Greek ὕδωρ (hýdor, water) plus χοίρος (choíros, pig). CharacteristicsCapybaras are semiaquatic, found in and near lakes, rivers, swamps, and flooded savanna. Their diets are dominated by grasses. Adults weigh up to {{convert|65|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The gestation period is 130–150 days, with two to eight (most commonly four) young born to females. BehaviorCapybaras are highly social, living in groups of up to 100 and communicating through a variety of vocalizations.[2] Breeding is polygynous, with males forming harems. Phylogeny and taxonomyMolecular results have consistently suggested Hydrochoerus is most closely related to Kerodon (the rock cavies), and the two evolved from within the Caviidae.[2] This led Woods and Kilpatrick to unite the two into the subfamily Hydrochoerinae within the Caviidae.[1] Based on use of a molecular clock approach, Hydrochoerus appears to have diverged from Kerodon in the late Middle Miocene (about 12 million years ago).[3]The extinct North American species formerly recognized as Hydrochoerus holmesi is now assigned to Neochoerus.[4] Species
DistributionPresently, capybaras live in northern South America and adjacent southern Central America (lesser capybara) and in the tropical to subtropical regions of South America (capybara). The fossil species inhabited Buenos Aires Province in Argentina (H. ballesterensis) and the Caribbean island of Grenada (H. gaylordi). Fossils of unspecified Hydrochoerus have been found in Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediments of Curití, Santander, at an altitude of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Fauna found at the same site included the South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Cryptotis sp., collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), and Mazama sp.[8][9] References1. ^1 {{MSW3 Woods|id=13400217}} 2. ^1 Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002 3. ^{{Cite journal | last = Opazo | first = J. C. | authorlink = | title = A molecular timescale for Caviomorph rodents (Mammalia, Hystricognathi) | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 932–937 | date = 2005-08-08 | language = | pmid = 16085429 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.002 }} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Neochoerus aesopi Leidy 1853 (caviomorph) |work=Fossilworks |url=http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=49013 |accessdate=2016-05-16}} 5. ^Hydrochoerus ballesterensis at Fossilworks.org 6. ^{{cite journal | last = MacPhee | first = R. D. E. | authorlink = |author2=Singer, R. |author3=Diamond, M. | title = Late Cenozoic land mammals from Grenada, Lesser Antillean island-arc | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3302 | issue = | pages = 1–20 | year = 2000 | doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2000)3302<0001:lclmfg>2.0.co;2| hdl = 2246/2960 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.526.7053 }} 7. ^Hydrochoerus gaylordi at Fossilworks.org 8. ^Curití, Santander at Fossilworks.org 9. ^Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54 Bibliography
Further reading
12 : Cavies|Rodent genera|Mammals of Central America|Mammals of South America|Pleistocene mammals of South America|Pliocene mammals of South America|Neogene Argentina|Fossils of Argentina|Neogene Colombia|Fossils of Colombia|Mammals described in 1762|Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson |
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