| 词条 | Hypostomus plecostomus |
| 释义 |
| image = Hypostomus plecostomus - Raphaël Covain.png | image_caption = Picture of an individual from the Commewijne River Basin, published along with the 2012 revision of the Hypostomus plecostomus type series[1] | taxon = Hypostomus plecostomus | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | display_parents = 3 | synonyms =Acipenser plecostomus Linnaeus, 1758[1] Hypostomus guacari Lacepède, 1803[2] Loricaria flava Shaw, 1804[3] Plecostomus bicirrosus Gronow, 1854[4] Plecostomus brasiliensis Bleeker, 1864[5] Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)[6] Pterygoplichthys plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)[6] }}Hypostomus plecostomus, the suckermouth catfish or common pleco, ('hypo' = under, 'stoma' = mouth, 'pleco'= pleated) is a tropical fish belonging to the armored catfish family (Loricariidae), named for the armor-like longitudinal rows of scutes that cover the upper parts of the head and body (the lower surface of head and abdomen is naked). Although the name Hypostomus plecostomus is often used to refer to common plecostomus sold in aquarium shops, most are actually members of other genera.[7][8] Suckermouth catfish are of little or no value as a food fish, although they are at least occasionally consumed over their native range.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011|reason=could be part of the staple food source in original habitat: found plenty of mention that they are a popular because can survive out of water for over a day when there is no refrigeration, but no reliable sources}} A demand exists for them, however, in the aquarium trade.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Distribution and habitatThis species' native range is tropical northeastern South America; it naturally occurs in northeastern Brazil, the Guianas, and Trinidad and Tobago.[9] Confusingly, the name Hypostomus plecostomus (or Plecostomus plecostomus) has sometimes been incorrectly used for several more-or-less similar loricariid catfishes, both in the popular and scientific literature. For example, it has sometimes been suggested that it occurs in southern Central America, but this is an entirely separate species, Hemiancistrus aspidolepis (also known under another synonym, Hypostomus panamensis).[10][11] Some Loricariidae species have been widely introduced to several countries around the world and reported as H. plecostomus.[9] It is erroneous,[8] and the concerned species belong to the genus Pterygoplichthys (either P. pardalis,[12] P. disjunctivus,[13] P. anisitsi[14] or P. multiradiatus[15]). In the United States, a Pterygoplichthys species has been introduced to some regions in the South, most likely released by aquarists into the local waters. For example, they are present in a lake in the neighborhood of Hammock Trace Preserve in Melbourne, Florida. In Texas, reproducing populations occur in spring-influenced habitats of the San Antonio River (Bexar County), Comal Springs (Comal County), San Marcos River (Hays County), and San Felipe Creek (Val Verde County), as well as in drainage canals in Houston.[16][17] The same identification issues have spread in the literature regarding the invasive catfishes in Taiwan, with H. plecostomus being one of the numerous names used to designate the species: DNA studies showed the alien fishes were actually P. pardalis and P. disjunctivus (that hybridise extensively).[18] DietHypostomus plecostomus is named for its sucker-like mouth, which allows it to adhere to a surface, as well as to hold and rasp at food.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}This omnivorous species feeds on algae, aquatic plants, and small crustaceans.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} In the aquariumH. plecostomus is one of a number of species commonly referred to as "plecostomus" or "common pleco" by aquarists. These fish are sold when they are young and small, but they can grow to be a maximum size of {{Convert|50|cm}}. In the aquarium, this dark-colored, bottom-feeding, nocturnal catfish is often purchased for its ability to clean algae from fish tanks. NamingCommon namesA large variety of common names are used to describe H. plecostomus, where plecostomus and the shortened "pleco" are interchangeable in all common names. The names include:
TaxonomyMost of these common names are used for other species, as well, which only serves to augment the confusion surrounding H. plecostomus and other Loricariidae such as H. punctatus, Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus and P. pardalis. In 2012, Weber, Covain and Fisch-Muller showed the type series of Carl Linnaeus was heterogenous and comprised two species: H. plecostomus (for which the authors designate a lectotype) and H. watwata.[8] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|year=1758|publisher=Laurence Salvius (Laurentii Salvii)|location=Stolkholm (Holmiae)|pages=238}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1768403}}2. ^{{cite book|last=Lacepède|first=B. G. E.|title=Histoire naturelle des poissons, volume 5|year=1803|publisher=Hureau & Monod|pages=144–145, plate 4 (fig. 2)|url=}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=George|title=General zoology or systematic natural history, volume 5, part 1|year=1804|publisher=G. Kearsley|location=London|pages=38, plate 101}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Gronow|first=Laurence Theodore|title=Catalogue of fish|year=1854|publisher=Woodfall and Kinder|location=London|pages=158}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Bleeker|first=Pieter|title=Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem, series 2, volume 20: Description des espèces de Silures de Suriname, conservées aux Musées de Leide et d'Amsterdam|year=1864|publisher=De Erven Loosjes|location=Haarlem|pages=7}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|last=Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, (eds.)|title=Synonyms of Hypostomus plecostomus|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=3057&SynCode=24692&GenusName=Hypostomus&SpeciesName=plecostomus|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=9 November 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Hypostomus plecostomus|url=http://www.planetcatfish.com/catelog/_species.php?species_id=580#2|work=Cat-eLog|publisher=PlanetCatfish|accessdate=28 October 2011}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last1=Weber |first1=Claude |first2=Raphaël |last2=Covain |first3=Sonia |last3=Fisch-Muller |title=Identity of Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758), with an overview of Hypostomus species from the Guianas (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) |journal=Cybium |volume=36 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=195–227 |url=http://sfi.mnhn.fr/cybium/numeros/2012/361/12-Weber[Guianas]%20colour.pdf}} 9. ^1 {{FishBase|genus=Hypostomus|species=plecostomus|year=2011|month=December}} 10. ^Bussing, W.A. (1998). Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica. Pp. 160-162. {{ISBN|978-9977-67-489-6}}. 11. ^Angulo; Garita-Alvarado; Bussing; and López (2013). Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions. Check List 9(5): 987–1019. 12. ^[https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=769 Amazon Sailfin Catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) - FactSheet], Nonindigenous Aquatic Species 13. ^[https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=767 Vermiculated Sailfin Catfish(Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) - FactSheet], Nonindigenous Aquatic Species 14. ^[https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=766 Paraná Sailfin Catfish (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi) - FactSheet], Nonindigenous Aquatic Species 15. ^[https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=768 Orinoco Sailfin Catfish (Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus) - FactSheet], Nonindigenous Aquatic Species 16. ^{{cite journal|last=Pound|first=Katrina L.|author2=Nowlin, Weston H. |author3=Huffman, David G. |author4=Bonner, Timothy H. |title=Trophic ecology of a nonnative population of suckermouth catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus) in a central Texas spring-fed stream|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|date=18 November 2010|volume=90|issue=3|pages=277–285|doi=10.1007/s10641-010-9741-7|url=http://www.allnaturalpetcare.com/Animal_Nutrition_Research/H_plecostomus-Nonnative_Population_Diet.pdf|accessdate=31 October 2011}} 17. ^{{cite journal|last=Shafland |first=P. L. |title=The Continuing Problem of Non-Native Fishes in Florida |journal=Fisheries |year=1976 |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=24 |url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=7900591&q=Hypostomus+plecostomus+florida&uid=791197143&setcookie=yes |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130120024133/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=7900591&q=Hypostomus+plecostomus+florida&uid=791197143&setcookie=yes |dead-url=yes |archive-date=20 January 2013 |accessdate=31 October 2011 }} 18. ^{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Li-Wei |last2=Chien-Chin |first2=Liu |last3=Si-Min |first3=Lin |title=Identification of exotic sailfin catfish species (Pterygoplichthys, Loricariidae) in Taiwan based on morphology and mtDNA sequences |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=50 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=235–246}} 19. ^1 {{cite web|title=Common names of Hypostomus plecostomus|author=Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, (eds.)|url=http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=3057&GenusName=Hypostomus&SpeciesName=plecostomus&StockCode=3253|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=28 October 2011}} 6 : Hypostominae|Fish described in 1758|Fish of Brazil|Fish of Guyana|Fish of Suriname|Fish of Trinidad and Tobago |
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