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词条 Interneuron
释义

  1. Structure

      Spinal cord    Cortex    Cerebellum   Striatum 

  2. Function

  3. References

{{Infobox neuron
| name = Interneuron
| Latin =
| image = Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_A_reflex_arc.jpg
| caption = A spinal interneuron (relay neuron) forms part of a reflex arc
| location = Nervous system
}}

An interneuron (also called internuncial neuron, relay neuron, association neuron, connector neuron, intermediate neuron or local circuit neuron) is a broad class of neurons found in the human body.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Interneurons create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS).{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} They have been found to function in reflexes, neuronal oscillations,[1] and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.

Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons.[2]{{Request quotation|date=January 2017}} Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information.[3] Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions.[3] The interaction between interneurons allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning, and decision-making.

Structure

Unlike the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the central nervous system, including the brain, contains many interneurons. In the neocortex (making up about 80% of the human brain), approximately 20-30% of neurons are interneurons.[4] Investigations into the molecular diversity of neurons is impeded by the inability to isolate cell populations born at different times for gene expression analysis. An effective means of identifying coetaneous interneurons is neuronal birthdating.[5] This can be achieved using nucleoside analogs such as EdU.[6][5]

In 2008, a nomenclature for the features of GABAergic cortical interneurons was proposed, called Petilla terminology.[7]

Spinal cord

  • 1a Inhibitory Neuron: Found in Lamina VII. Responsible for inhibiting antagonist motor neuron. 1a spindle afferents activate 1a inhibitory neuron.
  • 1b Inhibitory Neuron: Found in Lamina V, VI, VII. afferent or Golgi tendon organ activates it.

Cortex

  • Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons
  • CCK-expressing interneurons
  • VIP-expressing interneurons
  • SOM-expressing interneurons[8]

Cerebellum

  • Molecular layer (basket cells, stellate cells)
  • Golgi cells
  • Granule cells
  • Lugaro cells
  • Unipolar brush cells

Striatum

  • Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons[9]
  • Cholinergic interneurons[10][11]
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons[12]
  • Calretinin-expressing interneurons[13]
  • Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons[13]

Function

Interneurons in the CNS are primarily inhibitory, and use the neurotransmitter GABA or glycine. However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like acetylcholine. Interneurons main function is to provide a neural circuit, conducting flow of signals or information between a sensory neuron and or motor neuron{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}.

References

1. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00173-2 |pmid=11102670 |title=Inhibition-based rhythms: Experimental and mathematical observations on network dynamics |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=315–36 |year=2000 |last1=Whittington |first1=M.A |last2=Traub |first2=R.D |last3=Kopell |first3=N |last4=Ermentrout |first4=B |last5=Buhl |first5=E.H |citeseerx=10.1.1.16.6410 }}
2. ^{{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Neil R. |title=Physiology of Behavior |publisher=Pearson Higher Education |year=2013 |page=28 |isbn=978-0-205-23939-9 |edition=11th}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |editor1-first=Eric |editor1-last=Kandel |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Schwartz |editor3-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Jessell |year=2000 |title=Principles of Neural Science |edition=4th |location=New York City, New York |publisher=McGraw Hill Companies |page=25 |isbn=978-0-8385-7701-1}}
4. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Markram | first1 = Henry |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 | title = Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system | url = | journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue = 10| pages = 793–807 | doi=10.1038/nrn1519 | pmid=15378039}}
5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Ng|first=Hui Xuan|last2=Lee|first2=Ean Phing|last3=Cavanagh|first3=Brenton L.|last4=Britto|first4=Joanne M.|last5=Tan|first5=Seong-Seng|title=A method for isolating cortical interneurons sharing the same birthdays for gene expression studies|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014488617301231|journal=Experimental Neurology|volume=295|pages=36–45|doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.006|pmid=28511841|year=2017}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Endaya|first=Berwini|last2=Cavanagh|first2=Brenton|last3=Alowaidi|first3=Faisal|last4=Walker|first4=Tom|last5=Pennington|first5=Nicholas de|last6=Ng|first6=Jin-Ming A.|last7=Lam|first7=Paula Y.P.|last8=Mackay-Sim|first8=Alan|last9=Neuzil|first9=Jiri|title=Isolating dividing neural and brain tumour cells for gene expression profiling|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165027015003532|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Methods|volume=257|pages=121–133|doi=10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.020|pmid=26432933|year=2016}}
7. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrn2402 |pmid=18568015 |pmc=2868386 |title=Petilla terminology: Nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=557–68 |year=2008 |last1=Ascoli |first1=Giorgio A. |last2=Alonso-Nanclares |first2=Lidia |last3=Anderson |first3=Stewart A. |last4=Barrionuevo |first4=German |last5=Benavides-Piccione |first5=Ruth |last6=Burkhalter |first6=Andreas |last7=Buzsáki |first7=György |last8=Cauli |first8=Bruno |last9=Defelipe |first9=Javier |last10=Fairén |first10=Alfonso |last11=Feldmeyer |first11=Dirk |last12=Fishell |first12=Gord |last13=Fregnac |first13=Yves |last14=Freund |first14=Tamas F. |last15=Gardner |first15=Daniel |last16=Gardner |first16=Esther P. |last17=Goldberg |first17=Jesse H. |last18=Helmstaedter |first18=Moritz |last19=Hestrin |first19=Shaul |last20=Karube |first20=Fuyuki |last21=Kisvárday |first21=Zoltán F. |last22=Lambolez |first22=Bertrand |last23=Lewis |first23=David A. |last24=Marin |first24=Oscar |last25=Markram |first25=Henry |last26=Muñoz |first26=Alberto |last27=Packer |first27=Adam |last28=Petersen |first28=Carl C. H. |last29=Rockland |first29=Kathleen S. |last30=Rossier |first30=Jean |display-authors=29 }}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Muñoz|first1=W|last2=Tremblay|first2=R|last3=Levenstein|first3=D|last4=Rudy|first4=B|title=Layer-specific modulation of neocortical dendritic inhibition during active wakefulness.|journal=Science|date=3 March 2017|volume=355|issue=6328|pages=954–959|pmid=28254942|doi=10.1126/science.aag2599}}
9. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/8138 |pmid=10321252 |year=1999 |last1=Tepper |first1=James M. |title=Inhibitory control of neostriatal projection neurons by GABAergic interneurons |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=467–72 |last2=Koós |first2=Tibor }}
10. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/neu.10150 |pmid=12436423 |title=Cholinergic interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum |journal=Journal of Neurobiology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=590–605 |year=2002 |last1=Zhou |first1=Fu-Ming |last2=Wilson |first2=Charles J. |last3=Dani |first3=John A. }}
11. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nn.2984 |pmid=22158514 |pmc=3245803 |title=GABAergic circuits mediate the reinforcement-related signals of striatal cholinergic interneurons |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=123–30 |year=2011 |last1=English |first1=Daniel F |last2=Ibanez-Sandoval |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Stark |first3=Eran |last4=Tecuapetla |first4=Fatuel |last5=Buzsáki |first5=György |last6=Deisseroth |first6=Karl |last7=Tepper |first7=James M |last8=Koos |first8=Tibor }}
12. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5996-09.2010 |pmid=20484642 |title=Electrophysiological and Morphological Characteristics and Synaptic Connectivity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Expressing Neurons in Adult Mouse Striatum |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=30 |issue=20 |pages=6999–7016 |year=2010 |last1=Ibanez-Sandoval |first1=O. |last2=Tecuapetla |first2=F. |last3=Unal |first3=B. |last4=Shah |first4=F. |last5=Koos |first5=T. |last6=Tepper |first6=J. M. |pmc=4447206}}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.3389/fnana.2010.00150 |title=Heterogeneity and Diversity of Striatal GABAergic Interneurons |journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy |volume=4 |year=2010 |last1=Ibáñez-Sandoval |first1=Osvaldo |last2=Koós |first2=Tibor |last3=Tecuapetla |first3=Fatuel |last4=Tepper |first4=James M. |pmid=21228905 |pages=150 |pmc=3016690}}
{{Spinal cord}}{{Nervous tissue}}{{Authority control}}

1 : Neurons
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