“Inwood, Manhattan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Inwood is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, at the northern tip of Manhattan Island, in the U.S. state of New York. It is bounded by the Hudson River to the west, Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Marble Hill to the north, the Harlem River to the east, and Washington Heights to the south.

Inwood is part of Manhattan Community District 12 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10034 and 10040.^[1] It is patrolled by the 34th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History

On May 24, 1626, according to legend,^[3] Peter Minuit, the director general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, bought the island from the Lenape Indians for 60 Dutch guilders and, the story goes, some trinkets.^[4] On the southern tip of the island Minuit founded New Amsterdam. A plaque (on a rock) marking what is believed to be the spot of the sale is in Inwood Hill Park, the only natural forest left in Manhattan.

During the British occupation of Manhattan in the American Revolutionary War, there was an encampment containing more than sixty huts occupied by Hessian troops between 201st and 204th Streets along Payson Avenue. The camp was discovered in 1914 by local archeologist and historian Reginald Bolton after a series of digs around the neighborhood.^[5]

Inwood was a very rural section of Manhattan well into the early 20th century. Once the New York City Subway's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, the modern {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}, reached Inwood in 1906, speculative developers constructed numerous apartment buildings on the east side of Broadway. Construction continued into the 1930s, when the IND Eighth Avenue Line, the modern {{NYCS trains|Eighth far north}}, reached Dyckman and 207th Streets along Broadway and the large estates west of Broadway (Seaman, Dyckman, Isham, etc.) were sold off and developed. Many of Inwood's impressive Art Deco apartment buildings were constructed during this period. The area around Dyckman Street and 10th Avenue formerly contained a stadium called the Dyckman Oval, with a capacity of 4,500 spectators, which hosted football games, boxing matches, and Negro League baseball games until it was replaced by public housing in the 1950s.

Demographics

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Inwood as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Inwood and Marble Hill.^[6] Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Inwood and Marble Hill was 46,746, a change of -2,341 (-5%) from the 49,087 counted in 2000. Covering an area of {{convert|405.79|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|115.2|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.^[7] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 15.1% (7,060) White, 9.1% (4,239) African American, 0.1% (64) Native American, 1.9% (884) Asian, 0% (5) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (179) from other races, and 1% (458) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 72.4% (33,857) of the population.^[8]

The entirety of Community District 12, which comprises Inwood and Washington Heights, had 195,830 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years.^[9]{{Rp|2, 20}} This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.^[10]{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}}^[11] Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 33% are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45–64, and 19% are between 0–17. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 13% respectively.^[9]{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 12 was $56,382,^[12] though the median income in Inwood individually was $49,131.^[2] In 2018, an estimated 20% of Inwood and Washington Heights residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 53% in Inwood and Washington Heights, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Inwood and Washington Heights are considered to be gentrifying.^[9]{{Rp|7}}

Trends

The residents of Inwood were substantially of Irish descent for much of the 20th century. The neighborhood exhibited a strong Irish identity with many Irish shops, pubs, and even a Gaelic football field in Inwood Hill Park. The second-largest group during this time was the Jewish population, an extension of the large Jewish population of Washington Heights. However, in the 1960s through the 1980s, many Irish and Jewish residents moved out of Inwood to the outer boroughs (for example, Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil in the Bronx) and the suburbs, in a pattern consistent with overall trends in the city at that time. During the same period that the Irish were leaving Inwood, there was a rise in the number of Dominican immigrants to the area.

Today, Inwood has a predominantly Dominican population, especially in the areas east of Broadway. Hispanic residents make up 74 percent of Inwood's population as a whole, according to census data.^[13] A few Irish remain in the blocks near the Church of the Good Shepherd at Isham Street, though even its Mass services are now offered in Spanish nearly as often as in English. The YMHA remains, but the former synagogues have now been converted to churches and other uses.

Land use and terrain

Geography

Inwood is physically bounded by the Harlem River to the north and east, and the Hudson River to the west. It extends southward to Fort Tryon Park and alternatively Dyckman Street or Fairview Avenue farther south, depending on the source.^[14]^[15]

(While Inwood is the northernmost neighborhood on the island of Manhattan, it is not the northernmost neighborhood of the entire borough of Manhattan. That distinction is held by Marble Hill, a neighborhood situated just north of Inwood, on what is properly the North American mainland bordering the Bronx. Marble Hill was isolated from Inwood and the rest of Manhattan in 1895 when the route of the Harlem River was altered by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal.)

Because of its water boundary on three sides, its hilly geography, and its limited local street connections (only Broadway and Fort George Hill connect to the rest of the Manhattan street grid), the neighborhood can feel somewhat physically detached from the rest of the borough. The W.P.A. Guide to New York City, published in the 1930s, described Inwood with "rivers and hills insulate a suburban community that is as separate an entity as any in Manhattan."^[16]

Geology

Inwood marble, a soft, white, metamorphic rock found in northern Manhattan, takes its name after the neighborhood. From the mid-17th to the late 18th century, commercial quarries dotted the area as the material was used for building construction. However, due to its susceptibility to erosion, builders eventually used alternate construction materials.^[17] Inwood marble was quarried for government buildings in lower Manhattan and Washington, D.C. Small pieces of marble can still be seen in the stone retaining walls around Isham Park.

The seismologically active Dyckman Street Fault runs east-west beneath the Dyckman Valley. As recently as 1989, activity of this fault caused a magnitude 2 earthquake.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Land use

Commercial retail uses are mainly located along Broadway, Dyckman Street and West 207th Street. In recent years Dyckman Street west of Broadway has become a popular entertainment district with many restaurants and lounges. Offices are typically located on second floors over retail, or in the neighborhood's sole office building (a converted telephone building) at Broadway and West 215th Street. Inwood also contains one of Manhattan's few remaining C-8 zoning districts, which concentrates automotive uses on the northern stretches of Broadway.

Industrial uses, including depots for subway (207th Street Yard), bus (Kingsbridge Bus Depot), and sanitation (Manhattan North), exist primarily along Sherman Creek, an inlet of the Harlem River. The creek and surrounding industrial area is bounded by Dyckman Street to the south, Tenth Avenue to the west, and 207th Street to the north. There has been an initiative among politicians over the last few years to re-zone this area for residential and commercial use, and to create public access to the waterfront.^[21] Utility company Consolidated Edison and the City of New York own some of the property in this area.

The major residential land use in Inwood is multifamily five- to eight-story prewar apartment buildings. New construction is rare. Most of the remaining detached and semi-detached houses on Manhattan Island are located in Inwood, nestled between apartment buildings. Adjacent to Sherman Creek is Inwood's public housing development, known as the Dyckman Houses and constructed in 1951.

Real estate

Inwood's real estate rents and values are sharply bifurcated between east and west. According to Manhattan Community Board 12, the districts east of Broadway are predominantly lower-income. This area is also more industrial and commercial and has fewer parks and street trees. Real estate values and rents are correspondingly lower than the area west of Broadway. Almost all of Inwood's co-ops and all of the private houses are located on the west side of Broadway.^[22]

In 2015, New York City began soliciting community comments on a major rezoning proposal for Inwood. The New York City Economic Development Corporation proposed to alter the area's 50-year-old current zoning plan by dividing Inwood into five sub-districts called "the tip of Manhattan", "Upland Wedge", "Upland Core", "Commercial U" and "Sherman Creek". Some of these sub-districts would be rezoned to encourage the construction of new commercial space and housing. The rezoning proposal has triggered much feedback from the community.^[23] In August 2018, the New York City Council approved a measure to rezone the neighborhood.^[24]

Institutions and landmarks

The area's best known cultural attraction is The Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park. This branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art is devoted to Medieval art and culture, and is located in a medieval-style building, portions of which were purchased in Europe, brought to the United States, and reassembled. Whether the museum itself is actually located in Inwood depends on one's definition of the neighborhood boundaries but its tower dominates the skyline of the area and the museum can be easily accessed via steep pathways leading up from Dyckman Street.

From Inwood Hill Park, one can view a {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall Columbia "C" painted on the face of a rock cut across the Harlem River on the Bronx shore. This collegiate logo has been in place for approximately a half-century, though it is not clear who exactly maintains the painted letter in the present day. Looking west from Inwood Hill Park across the Hudson River, one can view the New Jersey Palisades. Looking east from Inwood, the former NYU campus in University Heights, Bronx, now Bronx Community College, towers above the east end of the University Heights Bridge.

Bridges spanning Spuyten Duyvil Creek include the Henry Hudson Bridge, the longest fixed arch bridge in the world when built in 1936, and the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, a railroad swing bridge reconstructed numerous times since originally opening in 1849. Road bridges are the Broadway Bridge and the University Heights Bridge, both important local structures.

The local hospital in Inwood is the Allen Hospital, a satellite facility of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.

The oldest building in Inwood is the Dyckman House, the oldest farmhouse in Manhattan, on Broadway at 204th Street. It is a designated New York City landmark. Inwood has one small historic district, designated in 2018, clustered around the Park Terrace West-West 217th Street area.

The Seaman-Drake Arch, located on Broadway at 216th Street, is one of only two free-standing arches in Manhattan, the other being the Washington Square Arch. The Seaman-Drake Arch was built in 1855 of local Inwood marble. It is the last remaining structure of the mansion that formerly stood there.^[25]

At the North Cove at 207th Street and the Harlem River, both the shoreline and the water just off it have been rehabilitated from their former derelict polluted state by James Cataldi (also known as the "Birdman of Inwood") into a flourishing wetland teeming with geese, ducks, and other varities of fowl.^[26]

Parks

Inwood Hill Park, on the Hudson River, is a very large and old-growth forested city park. It is known for its caves that were used by the Lenape before Europeans arrived, and the last salt marsh in Manhattan. Birdwatchers come to the Park to see waterbirds, raptors, and a wide variety of migratory birds. The wooded section, consisting mostly of abandoned former summer estates, features the last natural forest standing on Manhattan Island. A busy ballfield complex, tennis courts, three playgrounds, a waterfront promenade and extensive hiking trails are also prominent components of the Park.

Other parks in or adjoining Inwood are Isham Park, Sherman Creek Park (Swindler Cove), Fort Washington Park, Fort Tryon Park, and Highbridge Park. The Lt. William Tighe Triangle, aka the Riverside-Inwood Neighborhood Garden (RING), is the northernmost piece of Ft. Tryon Park and lies at the confluence of Riverside Drive, Dyckman Street, Broadway, and Seaman Avenue.^[31] It is Inwood's oldest community garden, having been founded in 1984. Bruce's Garden is another notable community garden, located in the northeast corner of Isham Park.

Police and crime

Inwood, along with northern Washington Heights, is patrolled by the 34th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 4295 Broadway.^[32] The 34th Precinct ranked 23rd safest out of 69 city precincts for per-capita crime in 2010. At one time, it was among New York City's most dangerous police precincts. However, since the 1990s, increased gang arrests have led to steep declines in car thefts, burglaries, shooting incidents and murders. Certain types of crimes have increased: for example, muggings and other attacks near Isham Park and area subway stations increased from 2009 to 2010.^[33] With a non-fatal assault rate of 43 per 100,000 people, Washington Heights and Inwood's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 482 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.^[9]{{Rp|8}}

The 34th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 86.3% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct saw 1 murder, 27 rapes, 200 robberies, 315 felony assaults, 155 burglaries, 592 grand larcenies, and 87 grand larcenies auto in 2018.^[34]

Fire safety

Inwood is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 95/Ladder Co. 36/Foam 95, located at 29 Vermilyea Avenue.^[35]^[36]

Health

Preterm births in Inwood and Washington Heights are lower than the city average, though teenage births are higher. In Inwood and Washington Heights, there were 73 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 23.3 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).^[9]{{Rp|11}} Inwood and Washington Heights have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 14%, more than the citywide rate of 12%.^[9]{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Inwood and Washington Heights is {{convert|0.0078|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, more than the city average.^[9]{{Rp|9}} Thirteen percent of Inwood and Washington Heights residents are smokers, which is slightly less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.^[9]{{Rp|13}} In Inwood and Washington Heights, 26% of residents are obese, 13% are diabetic, and 28% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.^[9]{{Rp|16}} In addition, 24% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.^[9]{{Rp|12}}

Eighty-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 68% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," less than the city's average of 78%.^[9]{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Inwood and Washington Heights, there are 13 bodegas.^[9]{{Rp|10}}

Post offices and ZIP codes

Inwood is located in two ZIP Codes. The area south of Dyckman Street is in 10040 while the area north of Dyckman Street is in 10034.^[39] The United States Postal Service operates two post offices near Inwood: the Inwood Station at 90 Vermilyea Avenue^[40] and the Ft George Station at 4558 Broadway.^[41]

Education

Inwood and Washington Heights generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. While 38% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 29% have less than a high school education and 33% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.^[9]{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Inwood and Washington Heights students excelling in math rose from 27% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, though reading achievement decreased from 34% to 31% during the same time period.^[42]

Inwood and Washington Heights's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is similar to the rest of New York City. In Inwood and Washington Heights, 19% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, about the same as the citywide average of 20%.^[10]{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}^[9]{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 68% of high school students in Inwood and Washington Heights graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.^[9]{{Rp|6}}

Schools

Inwood (and Fort George, depending on how one considers neighborhood boundaries) hosts various public schools:

Library

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Inwood branch at 4790 Broadway. The first library in Inwood opened in 1902 as a partnership between NYPL and the Dyckman Library, and the NYPL opened several small branches in Inwood in 1923. These branches were consolidated with the opening of the current three-story branch in 1952. The Inwood branch was renovated in 2001.^[43] In 2017, it was announced that a 14-story, 175-unit residential structure with a larger library would be built on the site of the Inwood branch.^[44]

Transportation

Inwood's main local thoroughfare is Broadway, which is co-designated US 9 at this point. Highway access to the area is via the Henry Hudson Parkway to the west, the Harlem River Drive to the southeast (ending at Dyckman Street), and the Alexander Hamilton Bridge over the Harlem River from the Trans-Manhattan Expressway to the Cross Bronx Expressway (both of which carry I-95 and U.S. 1). Other bridges to the area include the Washington Bridge at 181st Street, crossing the Harlem River to the Bronx; the University Heights Bridge, from 207th Street in Manhattan across the Harlem River to Fordham Road in the Bronx; the Broadway Bridge, across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek north to Marble Hill; and the Henry Hudson Bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the Bronx. Inwood's main commercial shopping streets are Broadway, Dyckman Street, and West 207th Street. Manhattan's first Slow Zone was installed on the side streets west of Broadway in 2012; it is similar to other Slow Zones citywide installed as part of Vision Zero, which commenced under Mayor Bill de Blasio in 2014.^[45]

The majority of neighborhood residents commute via the subway using either the {{NYCS trains|Eighth far north}} at the 207th Street or Dyckman Street stations along Broadway, the latter of which was a subway terminus since it opened in 1932 and was renovated in 1999 to be ADA accessible.^[46]^[47] The neighborhood also is served by the {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}} at the Dyckman Street, 207th Street, or 215th Street stations along Tenth Avenue.

The Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line has a station just over the Broadway Bridge at Marble Hill as well as across the University Heights Bridge in University Heights, providing an additional commuting options (discounted on weekends using CityTicket).

Inwood is also served by the {{NYC bus link|M100|Bx7|Bx12|Bx12 SBS|Bx20|prose=y}} local buses and the {{NYC bus link|BxM1}} express bus. All MTA Regional Bus Operations routes except the Bx7 terminate in the neighborhood.^[48] The median commute time for all residents is approximately 45 minutes, with 72.5% of Inwood's residents working within New York County.^[46]

Bike infrastructure in Inwood is limited. Painted lanes are located on Seaman Avenue and the far eastern portion of Dyckman Street. West 218th Street is marked with sharrows (shared lane markings). The Manhattan Waterfront Greenway can be accessed from Inwood on both the Hudson and Harlem River sides; in addition, a {{convert|0.75|mi|km|adj=mid}} dead-end stub along the Hudson waterfront below Dyckman Street was added in 2014. Technically, there is a ban on bicycles in Inwood Hill Park except for its western edge and the Henry Hudson Bridge. The Broadway Bridge requires cyclists to use the steel-grate roadway, making cycling connections to the Bronx difficult.

Notable residents

References

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2. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=Inwood neighborhood in New York|url=http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Inwood-New-York-NY.html|accessdate=March 18, 2019}}
3. ^"Where Did the Manhattan 'Purchase' Take Place?," New Netherland Institute
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052900/Peter-Minuit|title="Peter Minuit," Britannica Online|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://myinwood.net/who-were-the-hessians/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=March 21, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723215710/http://myinwood.net/who-were-the-hessians/ |archivedate=July 23, 2011 |df= }}
6. ^[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/ntas.pdf New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010], Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
7. ^Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
8. ^¹Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn12.pdf|title=Washington Heights and Inwood|last=|first=|date=2018|website=nyc.gov|publisher=NYC Health|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
10. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf|title=2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020|last=|first=|date=2016|website=nyc.gov|publisher=New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|access-date=September 8, 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web | title=New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives | website=New York Post | date=June 4, 2017 | url=https://nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/ | access-date=March 1, 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603801-nyc-manhattan-community-district-12-washington-heights-inwood-marble-hill-puma-ny/|title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 12--Washington Heights, Inwood & Marble Hill PUMA, NY|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}
13. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/realestate/01Living.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Gregory | last=Beyer | title=Northern Zone, South-of-the-Border Flavor | date=March 1, 2009}}
14. ^Jackson, Nancy Beth. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E2DD133AF936A25751C1A9649C8B63 "If You're Thinking of Living In/Inwood; Away From Manhattan Without Leaving"], The New York Times, December 15, 2002. Accessed October 23, 2008. "The neighborhood's southern boundary with Washington Heights depends on who's defining. Residents line up in two camps: Fairview Avenue as described in the Encyclopedia of New York City and Dyckman Street( Most Common), about a half-dozen blocks to the north, on Department of City Planning maps. Real estate agents seem to agree with the encyclopedia."
15. ^Russo, Francine. "Close Up On: Inwood", The Village Voice, October 15, 2002. Accessed October 23, 2008. "Boundaries: Fairview Avenue to the south, Dyckman Street to the west, and the Harlem River to the north and east (Inwood is bisected by Broadway)."
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38. ^{{cite web | title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. | website=US News & World Report | date=July 26, 2011 | url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny | access-date=March 20, 2019}}
39. ^{{cite web | title=Inwood, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) | website=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) | url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Inwood.htm | access-date=March 26, 2019}}
40. ^{{cite web | title=Location Details: Inwood | website=USPS.com | url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10040&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1367991&locationName=INWOOD&address2=&address1=90+VERMILYEA+AVE | access-date=March 7, 2019}}
41. ^{{cite web | title=Location Details: Fort George | website=USPS.com | url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10040&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1363775&locationName=FORT+GEORGE&address2=&address1=4558+BROADWAY | access-date=March 7, 2019}}
42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_09_11.pdf|title=Morningside Heights/Hamilton – MN 06|last=|first=|date=2011|website=|publisher=Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy|access-date=October 5, 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web | title=About the Inwood Library | website=The New York Public Library | url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/inwood | access-date=March 23, 2019}}
44. ^{{cite web | last=Warerkar | first=Tanay | title=Inwood Library redevelopment will create 175 affordable apartments | website=Curbed NY | date=March 7, 2018 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/3/7/17091996/inwood-library-redevelopment-affordable-housing-renderings | access-date=March 26, 2019}}
45. ^{{cite web | title=Inwood Traffic Could Put on the Brakes Under Neighborhood Slow Zone | url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120611/inwood/inwood-traffic-could-put-on-brakes-under-neighborhood-slow-zone | work=DNAInfo | author=Carla Zanoni | date=June 11, 2012 | accessdate=October 27, 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109114943/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120611/inwood/inwood-traffic-could-put-on-brakes-under-neighborhood-slow-zone | archivedate=November 9, 2014 | df= }}
46. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/zips/10034.html|title=10034 Zip Code (New York, New York) Profile - homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info|publisher=|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/stations?7:3170|title=www.nycsubway.org|work=www.nycsubway.org|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}
48. ^http://mta.info/nyct/maps/manbus.pdf
49. ^New York Magazine."Childhood in New York". Accessed June 16, 2015.
50. ^Entertainment Weekly. "Jim Carroll Cool Poet". Accessed March 24, 2008.
51. ^Ryzik, Melena. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/nyregion/20wynn.html "Nearly 60 Years and Counting, Working on the Art of Theater"], The New York Times, May 20, 2007. "He grew up in Inwood, on a dirt road, fishing for crabs off a dock on Dyckman Street. "I had a country boyhood in Upper Manhattan," he said."
52. ^"Reports Message of Houdini Decoded". The New York Times, January 9, 1929.
53. ^Ungar-Sargon, Batya. "Hello, Brian Lehrer? This Is All of New York On the Line.The longtime host of NPR flagship WNYC’s morning call-in show talks about being a radio mensch, Rush Limbaugh, and city politics", Tablet (magazine), July 5, 2013. Accessed January 28, 2017. "Born in Queens to parents from the South Bronx who met in high school, Lehrer, 60, now lives in Inwood with his wife and two kids."
54. ^Lionel S. Mapleson, Opera's Librarian; Served Metropolitan Nearly Half Century-Victim of Heart Attack. The New York Times. December 23, 1937.
55. ^NYPL. .
56. ^Melena Ryzik. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/theater/14heig.html "Heights before Broadway]". The New York Times. Accessed March 24, 2008.
57. ^Oliveri, Kristen. "KISS' Stanley, Simmons Unveil Restaurant Chain Expansion", The Daily Meal, January 20, 2005. Accessed January 28, 2017. "Stanley was born in the Inwood neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City to a German mother and a first-generation Polish father who made sure the family understood the value of a decent meal."
58. ^Bumiller, Elisabeth. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDF113FF930A15754C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3 "Guarding the Turf, Stepping on Toes; Henry Stern, Passionate and Blunt, Champions the City Parks"], The New York Times, July 23, 1995. Accessed October 28, 2007. "There are a few other key things that define Mr. Stern. He grew up in Inwood, a mixture of Jewish, Irish and Greek immigrants several generations ago but now a largely Dominican neighborhood."
59. ^Yarrow, Andrew L. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/01/arts/exploring-inwood-hill-s-urban-wilderness.html?pagewanted=all "EXPLORING INWOOD HILL'S URBAN WILDERNESS"], The New York Times, May 1, 1987. Accessed January 28, 2017. "Isidor Straus, the founder of Macy's who died on the Titanic, built a huge house some 200 feet above the Hudson; the site is now a meadow where lilacs and privets grow, and a few ruined walls from the estate are clad with vines. In the early 1900's, the area was dotted also with various hospitals, asylums and homes for 'wayward' girls."