| 词条 | Ivan Cooper |
| 释义 |
Ivan Averill Cooper (born January 1944) is a former politician from Northern Ireland who was a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, and a founding member of the SDLP. He is best known for leading an anti-internment march which developed into the Bloody Sunday massacre on 30 January 1972, in Derry, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Early yearsCooper was born to a working-class Protestant family in Killaloo, County Londonderry, and later moved to the "Bogside" area of Derry city. He was briefly a member of the Claudy Young Unionist Association until April 1965 when he joined the Northern Ireland Labour Party. As the Labour candidate in the Stormont general election that year, he attracted a moderate amount of cross-community support, but was not elected.[1] Committed to non-violence, he became a major figure in the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, which campaigned for equality during the late 1960s. In 1968, Cooper resigned from the Labour Party and founded the Londonderry Citizens' Action Committee.[2] In the summer of that year, at a protest meeting in the Guildhall foyer, he suggested that Catholics and Protestants alike should fight for their rights "as the blacks in America were fighting".[3] Attempting to rise above sectarian politics, he remained hopeful that both Catholics and Protestants could work together, particularly the working classes of both groups, who he believed shared the same greater interests. His nationalist stance, however, led many fellow Protestants to view him as a traitor.[4] Civil rights campaignCooper continued his civil rights campaigning, ignoring a month-long ban imposed on marches in Derry in November 1968 by organising a march two days later with the LCAC in which up to 15,000 people took part.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Following violence resulting from numerous illegal marches in the city, Cooper called for a halt to spontaneous marches.[5] After escalation of street disturbances at the start of the year, following a march by the People's Democracy movement, which resulted in residents of the Bogside cordoning off areas with impromptu barricades, Cooper managed to persuade locals to remove the barricades. The damage seemed irreparable, however, after a march in Newry got out of control. Most Protestants and many Catholics who had remained supportive of the civil rights actions now withdrew their support.[6] ParliamentIn the 1969 general election, Cooper was elected as an independent Member for Mid-Londonderry, defeating the sitting Nationalist Party MP, Paddy Gormley. On 12 August – the start of the few intense days of violence which have become known as the Battle of the Bogside – Cooper tried to restrain Catholics protesting an Apprentice Boys of Derry parade by linking arms with John Hume and Eddie McAteer. However, they were swept aside and Cooper was knocked unconscious by a brick.[7] Cooper was suspended from Stormont for a week on 20 March after a protest in the Chamber over a Public Order Bill.[8] SDLPOn 21 August 1970 Cooper co-founded the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) with Hume, Paddy Devlin and Gerry Fitt.[4][9][10] Cooper organised a civil rights and anti-internment march for 30 January 1972 which was to develop into Bloody Sunday, whereupon fourteen unarmed civilians were murdered by soldiers from the Parachute Regiment on duty in Derry. After the prorogation of the Stormont Parliament, Cooper was elected as one of the representatives of Mid Ulster to the Northern Ireland Assembly, 1973 and the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in 1975. He was also the SDLP's candidate in the constituency in both the February 1974 and October 1974 Westminster elections. By standing in the first of these, he split the nationalist vote and in effect ensured the defeat of independent MP Bernadette McAliskey.{{CN|date=October 2018}} In 1983 Cooper stood aside after the boundary changes for the new Foyle constituency to let his colleague and friend John Hume contest the seat. The increase in levels of violence intertwined with the politics made Cooper slowly move away from politics. He is now an insolvency consultant.[4] LegacyAt the height of his political career, Ivan Cooper commanded the largest support of any nationalist Stormont MP. A film was released in 2002, called Bloody Sunday, in which Cooper is portrayed by actor James Nesbitt.[4] He is the husband of Frances Cooper, and has two daughters; Sinead and Bronagh Cooper.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} References1. ^{{cite book |last=Bardon |first=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan Bardon |title=A History of Ulster |date=December 1992 |publisher=Blackstaff Press |location=Dundonald, Belfast |isbn=0-85640-476-4 |chapter=The O'Neill Era, 1963–1972 |page=648 }} {{s-start}}{{s-par|ni}}{{s-bef | before = Patrick Gormley }}{{s-ttl2. ^{{cite book |last=Bew |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Bew, Baron Bew |author2=Gordon Gillespie |title=Northern Ireland : A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1993 |year=1993 |publisher= Gill & MacMillan |location= Dublin |isbn= 0-7171-2081-3 |chapter=1968 |page=6 }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Bardon |first=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan Bardon |title=A History of Ulster |date=December 1992 |publisher=Blackstaff Press |location=Dundonald, Belfast |isbn=0-85640-476-4 |chapter=The O'Neill Era, 1963–1972 |page=650 }} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1791090.stm |title=Bloody Sunday leader finds faith in film |accessdate=5 July 2007 |date=30 January 2002 |publisher=BBC News }} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Bew |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Bew, Baron Bew |author2=Gordon Gillespie |title=Northern Ireland : A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1993 |year=1993 |publisher= Gill & MacMillan |location= Dublin |isbn= 0-7171-2081-3 |chapter=1968 |page=7 }} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Bardon |first=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan Bardon |title=A History of Ulster |date=December 1992 |publisher=Blackstaff Press |location=Dundonald, Belfast |isbn=0-85640-476-4 |chapter=The O'Neill Era, 1963–1972 |page=662 }} 7. ^Ibid pp. 666 8. ^{{cite book |last=Bew |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Bew, Baron Bew |author2=Gordon Gillespie |title=Northern Ireland : A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1993 |year=1993 |publisher= Gill & MacMillan |location= Dublin |isbn= 0-7171-2081-3 |chapter=1968 |page=14 }} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Bardon |first=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan Bardon |title=A History of Ulster |date=December 1992 |publisher=Blackstaff Press |location=Dundonald, Belfast |isbn=0-85640-476-4 |chapter=The O'Neill Era, 1963–1972 |page=679 }} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/biographies.html |title=Biographies of Members of the Northern Ireland House of Commons |accessdate=5 July 2007 |last=Boothroyd |first=David }} | title = Member of Parliament for Mid Londonderry | years = 1969–1973 }}{{s-non|reason=Parliament abolished}}{{s-par|ni/ass73}}{{s-new | assembly}}{{s-ttl | title = Assembly Member for Mid-Ulster | years = 1973–1974 }}{{s-non | reason = Assembly abolished }}{{s-par|ni/cc}}{{s-new | Convention}}{{s-ttl | title = Member for Mid-Ulster | years = 1975–1976 }}{{s-non | reason = Convention dissolved }}{{s-end}}{{Northern Ireland Executive 1974}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Ivan}} 11 : 1944 births|Living people|Members of the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention|Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1969–73|Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–74|Socialists from Northern Ireland|Politicians from County Londonderry|Protestant Irish nationalists|Social Democratic and Labour Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland|Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for County Londonderry constituencies|Junior ministers of the 1974 Northern Ireland Assembly |
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