词条 | James Lawrence |
释义 |
|name=James Lawrence |image=JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg |caption=Captain James Lawrence, United States Navy |birth_date={{birth date|1781|10|1}} |death_date={{death date and age|1813|6|4|1781|10|1}} |birth_place=Burlington, New Jersey |death_place=at sea en route to Halifax, Nova Scotia |placeofburial=Trinity Church Cemetery, New York, New York |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |nickname= |allegiance=United States of America |branch=United States Navy |serviceyears=1798–1813 |rank=Captain |unit= |commands={{plainlist|
}} |battles= Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 |awards= |relations= |laterwork= }}James Lawrence (October 1, 1781 – June 4, 1813) was an American naval officer. During the War of 1812, he commanded {{USS|Chesapeake|1799|6}} in a single-ship action against {{HMS|Shannon|1806|6}} commanded by Philip Broke. He is probably best known today for his last words or "dying command" "Don't give up the ship!", which is still a popular naval battle cry, and which was invoked by Oliver Hazard Perry's personal battle flag, adopted to commemorate his dead friend.[1][2] BiographyLawrence was born on October 1, 1781, in Burlington, New Jersey but raised in Woodbury, New Jersey, the son of John and Martha (Tallman) Lawrence. His mother died when he was an infant and his Loyalist father fled to Canada during the American Revolution, leaving his half-sister to care for the infant. Though Lawrence studied law, he entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1798. During the Quasi-War with France, he served on {{USS|Ganges|1794|6}} and the frigate {{USS|Adams|1799|6}} in the Caribbean. He was commissioned a lieutenant on April 6, 1802, and served aboard {{USS|Enterprise|1799|6}} in the Mediterranean, taking part in a successful attack on enemy craft on 2 June 1803. In February 1804, he was second in command during the expedition to destroy the captured frigate {{USS|Philadelphia|1799|6}}. Later in the conflict he commanded Enterprise and a gunboat in battles with the Tripolitans. He was also First Lieutenant of the frigate Adams and, in 1805, commanded the small Gunboat No. 6 during a voyage across the Atlantic to North Africa. Although Gunboats No. 2 through 10 (minus No. 7) arrived in the Mediterranean too late to see action, they remained there with Commodore Rodgers's squadron until summer 1806, at which time they sailed back to the United States. On 12 June 1805, Gunboat No. 6 encountered a Royal Navy vessel that impressed three seamen.[3][4] Subsequently, Lieutenant Lawrence commanded the warships {{USS|Vixen|1803|6}}, {{USS|Wasp|1807|6}} and {{USS|Argus|1803|6}}. In 1810, he also took part in trials of an experimental spar torpedo.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Promoted to the rank of Master Commandant in November 1810, he took command of the sloop of war {{USS|Hornet|1805 brig|6}} a year later and sailed her to Europe on a diplomatic mission. From the beginning of the War of 1812, Lawrence and Hornet cruised actively, capturing the privateer Dolphin in July 1812. Later in the year Hornet blockaded the British sloop {{HMS|Bonne Citoyenne}} at Bahia, Brazil, and on 24 February 1813 captured {{HMS|Peacock|1806|6}}. Upon his return to the United States in March, Lawrence learned of his promotion to Captain. Two months later he took command of the frigate Chesapeake, then preparing for sea at Boston. He left port on 1 June 1813 and immediately engaged the blockading Royal Navy frigate Shannon in a fierce battle. Although slightly smaller, the British ship disabled Chesapeake with gunfire within the first few minutes. Captain Lawrence, mortally wounded by small arms fire, ordered his officers, "Don't give up the ship. Fight her till she sinks."[5] Or "Tell them to fire faster; don't give up the ship."[1] Men carried him below, and his crew was overwhelmed by a British boarding party shortly afterward. James Lawrence died of his wounds on 4 June 1813, while his captors directed Chesapeake to Halifax, Nova Scotia. After Lawrence's death was reported to his friend and fellow officer Oliver Hazard Perry, he ordered a large blue battle ensign, stitched with the phrase "DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP" {{sic}} in bold white letters. The Perry Flag was displayed on his flagship during a victorious engagement against the British on Lake Erie in September 1813. The original flag is displayed in the Naval Academy Museum and a replica is displayed in Memorial Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. A replica is also on view at Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial, on South Bass Island, Ohio.[1] Lawrence was buried with military honors at present-day CFB Halifax, Nova Scotia, but reinterred at Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City. He was survived by his wife, Julia (Montaudevert) Lawrence, who lived until 1865, and their two-year-old daughter, Mary Neill Lawrence. In 1838 Mary married a Navy officer, Lt. William Preston Griffin. On July 4, 1813, Lawrence was posthumously elected to membership in the New York Society of the Cincinnati.[6] Namesakes and honorsHe was honored with a Congressional Gold Medal[7] and the Thanks of Congress. Many places are named for Captain Lawrence, including:
His birthplace of Burlington, New Jersey, has a Captain James Lawrence Elementary School.[12]
In addition, the U.S. Navy has named five ships {{USS|Lawrence}}.
Notes1. ^1 2 Famous Navy Quotes: Who Said Them and When. 2. ^Dudley, William S., ed. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. vol.2 (Washington, DC.: US Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 559. 3. ^Smith (1995), pp. 95–86. 4. ^Tucker (1993), pp. 77–9. 5. ^{{cite book|last=Crocker III|first=H. W.|title=Don't Tread on Me|publisher=Crown Forum|year=2006|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6|page=98}} 6. ^http://www.nycincinnati.org/HonoraryMembers.htm 7. ^J. F. Loubat, LL.D. (1831-1927), Jaquemart, Jules Fredinand (1837-1880), illustrator. (1888) THE MEDALLIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1776—1876. Volume II Project Gutenberg or [https://archive.org/stream/medallichistoryo02loub/medallichistoryo02loub_djvu.txt here for text] at Internet archive. 8. ^City of Lawrence website: History 9. ^{{cite book|last=Hempstead|first=Fay|title=A Pictorial History of Arkansas: From Earliest Times to the Year 1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFD_49lddgAC&pg=PA833|year=1890|publisher=Southern Historical Press|page=833}} 10. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luoxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1 | publisher=Kentucky State Historical Society | year=1903 | pages=35}} 11. ^{{cite book | url=http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/l.pdf| title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins | publisher=Winship Press | author=Krakow, Kenneth K. | year=1975 | location=Macon, GA | pages=130 | isbn=0-915430-00-2}} 12. ^The City of Burlington School District {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120723063615/http://www.burlington-nj.net/ |date=2012-07-23 }}. URL accessed 5 January 2005; verified 12 September 2006. References{{DANFS}}
External links
10 : 1781 births|1813 deaths|American people of the War of 1812|American military personnel of the First Barbary War|Congressional Gold Medal recipients|People from Woodbury, New Jersey|American military personnel killed in the War of 1812|19th-century American naval officers|Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery|Military personnel from New Jersey |
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