| 词条 | Japanese cruiser Nachi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
BackgroundThe Myōkō class was approved under the 1922–1929 Fleet Modernization Program as the first heavy cruisers to be built by Japan within the design constraints imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty, and was the first of the "10,000-ton" cruisers built by any nation.[4] Naval architect Vice admiral Yuzuru Hiraga was able to keep the design from becoming dangerously top-heavy in its early years by continually rejecting demands from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff for additional equipment to the upper decks. However, during modifications and rebuildings in the 1930s, the final displacement rose to 15,933 tons, well over the treaty limits.[5] DesignThe Myōkō class displaced {{convert|13500|t|LT|abbr=on}}, with a hull design based on an enlarged version of the {{sclass-|Aoba|cruiser}}. Nachi was {{convert|203.8|m|ft}} long, with a beam of {{convert|19.5|m|ft}}, draft of {{convert|6.36|m|ft}} and was capable of 35.5 knots.[5] Propulsion was by 12 Kampon boilers driving four sets of single-impulse geared turbine engines, with four shafts turning three-bladed propellers. The ship was armored with a {{convert|102|mm|in|abbr=on}} side belt, and {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} armored deck; however, the bridge was not armored.[5] Nachi’s main battery was ten 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns, the heaviest armament of any heavy cruiser in the world at the time, mounted in five twin turrets.[5] Her secondary armament included eight 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval guns in four twin mounts on each side, and 12 Type 93 Long Lance torpedoes in four triple launchers positioned below the aircraft deck. Nachi was also equipped with an aircraft catapult and carried up to three floatplanes for scouting purposes.[5]Nachi was repeatedly modernized and upgraded throughout her career in order to counter the growing threat of air strikes. She eventually mounted 52 Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun guns and two Type 93 13 mm AA guns after her final upgrade.[4]Nachi was laid down at Kure Naval Arsenal on 26 November 1924, launched and named on 15 June 1927, and was commissioned on 26 November 1928.[5] Although commissioned on 26 November, the ship was far from completed. Due to a political decision, the partially completed cruiser was sent to Yokosuka for the Coronation Naval Review for Emperor Hirohito on 4 December. Afterwards, she was returned to Kure for the remaining work to be accomplished, and was only ready for service in April 1929. Emperor Hirohito visited the completed vessel at Kobe for a cruise on the Inland Sea on 28–29 May as part of his tour of the Kansai region of Japan to encourage domestic industrial production.[12]Operational historyEarly serviceAll of the Myōkō-class were assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, forming Sentai-4 of the IJN 3rd Fleet, and trained as a unit during the 1930s. During a naval review off Kobe on 26 October 1930 stack gases caused problems on the bridge, resulting in a lengthening of the forward smokestack by two meters.[5] During the First Shanghai Incident of February 1932, the cruisers escorted the transports conveying elements of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) to the continent. In December 1932, the cruisers were placed in reserve as the new {{sclass-|Takao|cruiser|4}} was commissioned, becoming the new Sentai-4, whereas the Myōkō class was shifted to Sentai-5.[5] Between 1933 and 1935, all Myōkō-class cruisers were retrofitted with their fixed triple torpedo launchers replaced by two quadruple rotatable launchers, and their secondary guns upgraded from 12 cm/45 10th Year Type naval guns to 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun.[4] Nachi was commanded by Captain Teruhisa Komatsu from November 1934 to December 1935, followed by Captain Michitaro Totsuka to November 1936. In 1936, Nachi underwent her first modernization program at Sasebo Naval Arsenal. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Nachi transported the headquarters elements of the Imperial Japanese Army’s IJA 3rd Division and IJA 6th Infantry Regiment from Nagoya to China on 20 August, as part of a large combat force consisting of six cruisers and eight destroyers.[6] In December 1937, Nachi underwent her second modernization program at Sasebo Naval Arsenal, doubling the number of torpedoes to 16, adding another eight Type 96 25-mm anti-aircraft guns and bulges to the hull to improve stability.[4] Pacific WarJapanese invasionsIn late 1941, Nachi was based at Mako Guard District in the Pescadores Islands, and at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor Myōkō and Nachi formed Sentai-5 of the IJN 3rd Fleet. Sentai-5 was commanded by Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, and deployed from Palau to provide cover for the landings of Japanese forces under "Operation M" — the invasion of the southern Philippine Islands. After covering the landings of Japanese forces at Legaspi on 11 December 1941, Myōkō and Nachi returned to Palau and were then reassigned to Rear Admiral Raizō Tanaka, whose attack force covered landings at Davao on 19 December and Jolo on 24 December.[6] On 4 January 1942 Nachi and the other vessels of Admiral Tanaka’s invasion force were attacked by U.S. Army Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress bombers while at anchor at Davao. Myōkō was hit by one {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on|0}} bomb, causing only superficial damage, but Admiral Tanaka transferred his flag to Nachi, sending Myōkō back to Sasebo for repairs.[6] Battle of the Java SeaIn January 1942, Nachi and Haguro covered the landings of Japanese troops in the invasion of the Celebes in the Netherlands East Indies, followed by the invasion of Ambon. In the Battle of the Java Sea, Nachi, Haguro and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Jintsū||2}} participated in the destruction of the last remaining Allied fleet units in the Netherlands East Indies. On 27 February, the reconnaissance floatplanes from Nachi spotted the Allied fleet, enabling Haguro to sink the destroyer {{HNLMS|Kortenaer|1927|6}} and the cruisers {{HNLMS|De Ruyter|1935|6}} and {{HNLMS|Java|1921|2}}, and damage {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}, and for the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Asagumo|1938|2}} to sink the destroyer {{HMS|Electra|H27|6}}.[6] On 1 March, Nachi and Haguro and their accompanying destroyers spotted the damaged Exeter and sank her, together with destroyers {{HMS|Encounter|H10|6}} and {{USS|Pope|DD-225|6}}. Nachi recovered over 90 Allied survivors, who were later transferred to the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Yamakaze|1936|2}}, and landed in Makassar. Operations in northern watersLater in March, Nachi received a refit at Sasebo for operations in northern waters, and patrolled the Kurile Islands in April and May. On 26 May, Nachi departed from Ōminato Guard District as flagship of Vice Admiral Boshiro Hosogaya’s force for the invasion of the Aleutian islands, and patrolled south of Attu, returning to Ōminato on 23 June. She departed Ōminato to escort another convoy to Kiska from 28 June, remaining in the Aleutian Islands until 7 July. After a refit at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal from 14–30 July, Nachi was reassigned to the IJN 5th Fleet with {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Kiso||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Tama||2}}. She continued patrols of the Kurile Islands though March 1943, and was sent as an escort for a reinforcement convoy to Attu from 7–10 March.[6] While escorting another convoy towards Attu on 26 March, Nachi spotted an American force consisting of the cruisers {{USS|Richmond|CL-9|6}} and {{USS|Salt Lake City|CA-25|2}} and destroyers {{USS|Bailey|DD-492|2}}, {{USS|Dale|DD-353|2}}, {{USS|Monaghan|DD-354|2}} and {{USS|Coghlan|DD-606|2}}. Vice Admiral Hosogaya had the cruisers {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Maya||2}}, Tama, and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Abukuma||2}}, in addition to two destroyers. However, Maya was not carrying any aircraft, and Nachi had left one of her three planes behind for repairs. Hosogaya ordered Nachi’s aircraft to launch, but before they did so, he also ordered that the cruiser’s main battery open fire. The aircraft on the starboard catapult was damaged by the blast and had to be jettisoned. The remaining aircraft launched and provided reconnaissance during the subsequent Battle of the Komandorski Islands. Nachi launched her Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes at the American task force, but failed to hit. In a four-hour gun battle, the Japanese fleet damaged Salt Lake City and Bailey, but five shells hit Nachi, killed fourteen crewmen, and Maya suffered damage to her No.1 gun turret. Hosogaya abandoned the attempt to reinforce Attu, and was relieved of command in disgrace. Nachi was then repaired at Yokosuka, with eight Type 96 AA guns installed, returning to Paramushiro on 15 May, and then returning to Kiska from 10–15 July to evacuate the Japanese garrison. On 6 October, after departing Ōminato, Nachi was attacked by the submarine {{USS|Halibut|SS-232|6}}, which fired four torpedoes, one of which struck Nachi in her starboard side. However, the torpedo was a dud and damage was minimal. Nachi remained based at Ōminato through July 1944.[6]Operations in the PhilippinesNachi was reassigned to Kure Naval District from 31 July 1944 and spent the month of August in training. Her anti-aircraft defenses were updated with an additional two twin-mount and twenty single mount Type 96 25-mm autocannon, bringing her final total to 48 barrels in September. In October 1944, she was sent to the Philippines as part of a cruiser force under the command of Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima. During the Battle of Leyte Gulf from 24 October, Nachi and Ashigara were part of Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura’s force, which included the battleships {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamashiro||2}}, {{ship|Japanese battleship|Fuso||2}} and the cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Mogami|1934|2}}. On 25 October, after the Battle of Surigao Strait, Nachi and Mogami collided, resulting in severe damage to both vessels. Nachi was forced to retire to Manila to repair damage to her bow.[6]While under repair at Manila on 29 October, Nachi and Kumano were attacked by aircraft from USN Task Force 38. Nachi was hit by a single bomb to her aircraft deck, and this, as well as strafing attacks, killed 53 crewmen and further delayed repairs. On 5 November, again in Manila Bay, Nachi was attacked by three waves of U.S. planes from the aircraft carriers {{USS|Lexington|CV-16|6}} and {{USS|Ticonderoga|CV-14|2}}. She escaped the first wave undamaged, but was hit by five bombs and two or three torpedoes in the second wave while attempting to get underway. During the third wave, Nachi was hit by five torpedoes in her port side, which severed her bow and stern, and by an additional twenty bombs and 16 rockets. Nachi{{'}}s flag commander, Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima, was ashore for a conference at the time of the attack, but arrived at dockside in time to watch in horror as his flagship was blown apart. The central portion of the vessel sank in approximately {{convert|102|ft|m}} of water at ({{Coord|14|31|N|120|44|E |type:event_region:PH_dim:50000 |display=inline,title}}),[6] {{convert|12|nmi|km}} northeast of Corregidor. The original wartime caption of a picture taken of the sinking Nachi by Lexington aircraft reads, {{Cquote|Note by target coordinator: We circled down to 20 feet to make sure there were absolutely no survivors. Fifteen or twenty oily figures were served with .50-caliber just to make sure.[7]}} Of the crew, 807 were lost, including the captain, while 220 survived and were rescued by the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Kasumi|1937|2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Akebono|1930|2}}. Commanding OfficerChief Equipping Officer
Captain
WreckIn April and May 1945, divers from {{USS|Chanticleer|ASR-7|6}} made 296 dives on the wreck, salvaging radar equipment, code books, maps of Japanese fortifications on Luzon and other documents. John Prados, in his book, Combined Fleet Decoded, writes that this was a major intelligence coup. This is also verified by U.S. Navy Master Diver Joseph S. Karneke, who served as the master diver aboard Chanticleer while diving on the wreck of Nachi, in his book, Navy Diver. Notes1. ^Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, p. 808–809. 2. ^{{cite book | last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }} page 81 3. ^Nishida, Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 4. ^1 2 3 Chesneau, All the World’s Fighting Ships, p. 118. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patton, Japanese Heavy Cruisers of World War Two, pp. 20-36 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/nachi_t.htm | title= IJN Nachi: Tabular Record of Movement | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp | year= 2010 | work= Junyokan! | publisher= www.combinedfleet.com | accessdate= 2010-07-05 }} 7. ^Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, p. 356. 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 http://www.combinedfleet.com/nachi.htm References
External links{{commons category|Nachi (ship, 1928)}}
9 : Myōkō-class cruisers|Ships built in Japan|1927 ships|World War II cruisers of Japan|Ships of the Aleutian Islands Campaign|World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea|Maritime incidents in November 1944|Cruisers sunk by aircraft|Ships sunk by US aircraft |
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