“Alfred Lawson”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alfred William Lawson (March 24, 1869 – November 29, 1954) was a professional baseball player, manager, and league promoter from 1887 through 1916 and went on to play a pioneering role in the U.S. aircraft industry. He published two early aviation trade journals.

He is frequently cited as the inventor of the airliner and was awarded several of the first air mail contracts, which he ultimately could not fulfill. He founded the Lawson Aircraft Company in Green Bay, Wisconsin, to build military training aircraft and later the Lawson Airplane Company in South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to build airliners.

The crash of his ambitious Lawson L-4 "Midnight Liner" during its trial flight takeoff on May 8, 1921, ended his best chance for commercial aviation success.

In 1904 he wrote a novel, Born Again,^[2] in which he developed the philosophy which later became Lawsonomy.^[3]

Baseball career (1888–1907)

He made one start for the Boston Beaneaters and two for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys during the 1890 season. His minor league playing career lasted through 1895. He later managed in the minors from 1905 to 1907.

Union Professional League

In 1908 he started a new professional baseball league known as the Union Professional League. The league took the field in April but folded one month later owing to financial difficulties.^[4]

Aviation career (1908–1928)

An early advocate or rather evangelist of aviation, in October 1908 Mr. Lawson started the magazine Fly to stimulate public interest and educate readers in the fundamentals of the new science of aviation. It sold for 10 cents a copy from newsstands across the country. In 1910, moving to New York City, he renamed the magazine "Aircraft" and published it until 1914. The magazine chronicled the technical developments of the early aviation pioneers. He was the first advocate for commercial air travel, coining the term "airline." He also advocated for a strong American flying force, lobbying Congress in 1913 to expand its appropriations for Army aircraft.

In early 1913, he learned to fly the Sloan-Deperdussin and the Moisant-Bleriot monoplanes, becoming an accomplished pilot. Later that year he bought a Thomas flying boat and became the first air commuter regularly flying from his country house in Seidler's Beach NJ to the foot of 75th Street in NYC (about 35 miles). In 1917, utilizing the knowledge gained from 10 years advocating aviation, he built his first airplane, the Lawson Military Tractor 1 (MT-1) trainer, and founded the Lawson Aircraft Corporation. The company's plant was sited at Green Bay, Wisconsin. There he secured a contract and built the Lawson MT-2. He also designed the steel fuselage Lawson Armored Battler, which never got beyond the drafting board, given doubts within the Army aviation community and the signing of the armistice.

After the war, in 1919 Lawson started a project to build America's first airline. He secured financial backing, and in five months he had built and demonstrated in flight his biplane airliner, the 18-passenger Lawson L-2. He demonstrated its capabilities in a 2000-mile multi-city tour from Milwaukee to Chicago-Toledo-Cleveland-Buffalo-Syracuse-New york City-Washington, D.C.-Collinsville-Dayton-Chicago and back to Milwaukee, creating a buzz of positive press.^[5] The publicity allowed him to secure an additional $1 million to build the 26-passenger Midnight Liner. The aircraft crashed on takeoff on its maiden flight. In late 1920, he secured government contracts for three airmail routes and to deliver 10 war planes, but owing to the fall 1920 recession, he could not secure the necessary $100,000 in cash reserves called for in the contracts and had to decline them. In 1926 he started his last airliner, the 56-seat, two-tier Lawson super airliner.^[6]

In this phase of his life, he was considered one of the leading thinkers in the budding American commercial aviation community, but his troubles with getting financial backing for his ideas led him to turn to economics, philosophy, and organization.

Lawsonomy (1929–1954)

In the 1920s, he promoted health practices, including vegetarianism, and claimed to have found the secret of living to 200. He also developed his own highly unusual theories of physics, according to which such concepts as "penetrability", "suction and pressure" and "zig-zag-and-swirl" were discoveries on par with Einstein's Theory of Relativity.^[7] He published numerous books on these concepts, all set in a distinctive typography. Lawson repeatedly predicted the worldwide adoption of Lawsonian principles by the year 2000.

He later propounded his own philosophy, Lawsonomy, and the Lawsonian religion. He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of "Direct Credits", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woes, the oppressors of both capital and labour. Lawson believed that the government should replace banks as the provider of loans to business and workers. His rallies and lectures attracted thousands of listeners in the early 1930s, mainly in the upper Midwest, but by the late 1930s the crowds had dwindled.

In 1943, he founded the University of Lawsonomy in Des Moines to spread his teachings and offer the degree of "Knowledgian", but after various IRS and other investigations it was closed and finally sold in 1954, the year of Lawson's death. Lawson's financial arrangements remain mysterious to this day, and in later years he seems to have owned little property, moving from city to city as a guest of his farflung acolytes. In 1952, he was brought before a United States Senate investigative committee on allegations that his organization had bought war surplus machines and then sold them for a profit, despite claiming non-profit status. His attempt to explain Lawsonomy to the senators ended in mutual frustration and bafflement.^[8]^[9]

A farm near Racine, Wisconsin, is the only remaining university facility, although a tiny handful of churches may yet survive in places such as Wichita, Kansas. The large sign, formerly reading "University of Lawsonomy", was a familiar landmark for motorists in the region for many years and was visible from Interstate 94 about {{convert|13|mi|km}} north of the Illinois state line, on the east side of the highway. Although the sign still exists, the "of" has now been replaced by the URL of the Lawsonomy website. A storm in the spring of 2009 destroyed the sign, although the supporting posts are still visible. On the northbound side of Interstate 94, a sign on the roof of the building nearest the freeway said "Study Natural Law" until being shingled over in October 2014.

Personal

Lawson's brother, George H. Lawson, founded the United States League in 1910. The new professional baseball league had the intent to racially integrate. The league lasted less than a season, but it was revived for one season by George Lawson's associates in 1912.^[10]

See also

References

1. ^Wisconsin Aviation Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame Inductee: Alfred W. Lawson.
2. ^Alfred Lawson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 Born Again]. Wox & Conrad: New York, 1904. ([https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19459 Online at Project Gutenberg])
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233892|title=Fads and fallacies in the name of science|last=1914-2010.|first=Gardner, Martin,|date=1957|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0486203948|location=New York|oclc=233892}}
4. ^{{cite news |last=Wagner |first=William |title=D.C. Had Baseball Times Two; One Spring, 2 Leagues Played With Senators |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1181828.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611124332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1181828.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 11, 2014 |accessdate=January 19, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 26, 1989|subscription=y|via=HighBeam Research}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Alfred|first=Lawson|title=200 Mile Trip in First Airliner|year=1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb1BAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA146&ots=LLFq3DGaME&dq=%222000%20mile%20trip%20in%20first%22%20alfred%20lawson&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q=%222000%20mile%20trip%20in%20first%22%20alfred%20lawson&f=false}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Lawson – Aircraft Industry Builder|year=1930|publisher=Humanity publishing company}}
7. ^{{cite book | title = Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science | author = Martin Gardner | pages = 69–79 | isbn = 978-0-486-20394-2 | publisher = Dover Publications | year = 1957}}
8. ^Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, p. 77
9. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816203,00.html | work=Time | title=Education: Zigzag & Swirl | date=March 24, 1952}}
10. ^{{cite news|last=Kuntz|first=Jerry|title=George H. Lawson: The Rogue Who Tried to Reform Baseball|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-193140688.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713185205/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-193140688.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=January 19, 2013|newspaper=The Baseball Research Journal|date=January 1, 2008|subscription=y|via=HighBeam Research}}