| 词条 | Jazz scale | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 6/4 c4^\\markup { "C whole tone scale" } d e fis gis ais \\time 4/4 c1 \\bar "||" \\time 4/4 } } |width=310|caption=One chord-scale option for an augmented dominant seventh chord (+7th) is the whole tone scale.[1] }} A jazz scale is any musical scale used in jazz. Many "jazz scales" are common scales drawn from Western European classical music, including the diatonic, whole-tone, octatonic (or diminished), and the modes of the ascending melodic minor. All of these scales were commonly used by late nineteenth and early twentieth-century composers such as Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy, Ravel and Stravinsky, often in ways that directly anticipate jazz practice.[2] Some jazz scales, such as the bebop scales, add additional chromatic passing tones to the familiar diatonic scales. Theory{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c { \\clef treble \\time 6/4 g4^\\markup { "G whole tone scale" } a b cis dis f \\time 4/4 g1 \\bar "||" \\time 4/4 } } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c { \\clef treble \\time 8/4 g4^\\markup { "G octatonic scale" } gis ais b cis d e f \\time 4/4 g1 \\bar "||" \\time 4/4 } } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c { \\clef treble \\time 7/4 g4^\\markup { "4th mode of D melodic minor scale" } a b cis d e f \\time 4/4 g1 \\bar "||" \\time 4/4 } } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c { \\clef treble \\time 7/4 g4^\\markup { "7th mode of A♭ melodic minor scale" } aes bes ces des es f \\time 4/4 g1 \\bar "||" \\time 4/4 } } |width=340|caption=Four scales compatible with G7{{music|flat}}5}} One important feature of jazz is what theorists call "the principles of chord-scale compatibility": the idea that a sequence of chords will generate a sequence of compatible scales. In classical major-mode harmony, chords typically belong to the same scale. For example, a ii-V-I progression in C major will typically use only the notes of the C diatonic collection. In jazz, a four-chord progression may use four different scales, often as the result of chordal alterations. For instance, in C major, a jazz musician may alter the V chord, G7 (G–B–D–F), with a flattened fifth, producing the chord G7{{music|flat}}5 (G–B–D{{music|flat}}–F). An improviser might then choose a scale containing these four notes, such as the G whole tone scale, the G octatonic scale, or a mode of either D or A{{music|flat}} melodic minor ascending. In each case, the scale contains the chord tones G–B–D{{music|flat}}–F and is said to be compatible with it. This notion of "chord scale compatibility" marks a fundamental difference between jazz harmony and traditional classical practice. An avoid note is a note in a jazz scale that is considered, in jazz theory and practice, too dissonant to be played against the underlying chord, and so is either avoided or chromatically altered.[3] For example, in major-key harmony the 4th, and thus the 11th, is an avoid note and is therefore either treated as a passing tone or is augmented (raised a semitone).[4] Avoid notes are often a minor second (or a minor ninth) above a chord tone[5] or a perfect fourth above the root of the chord.[6] [One] can get a good sense of the difference between classical and non-classical harmony from looking at how they deal with dissonances. Classical treats all notes that don't belong to the chord (i.e., the triad) as potential dissonances to be resolved. ... Non-classical harmony just tells you which note in the scale to avoid ["what is sometimes called an avoid-note"] (because it's really dissonant), meaning that all the others are okay.[6] Modes of the major scale{{Main|Mode (music)#Modern modes}}The number of scales available to improvising musicians continues to expand. As modern techniques and musical constructions appear, jazz players find the ones they can put into compositions or use as material for melodic exploration. Prominent examples are the seven modes of the diatonic major scale and added-note scales.
Compare each of the modes to the major scale for clues as to the subtle differences between them. Ionian is based on the 1st degree of the major scale, Dorian on the 2nd, Phrygian on the 3rd, etc.
Bebop scales{{Main|Bebop scale}}Bebop scales add a single chromatic passing tone to the seven-note major scale (Ionian and Mixolydian modes). The added passing tone creates an eight-note scale that fits rhythmically evenly within a {{music|time|4|4}} measure of 8 eighth notes, thus making it useful in practicing. When an eighth note bebop scale run starts on the beat from a chord tone (i.e. the root, third, fifth or seventh) the other chord notes will also fall on the beat. As a result, all of the nonchord tones will fall on upbeats. There are two commonly used types of bebop scales:
\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 8/4 c4^\\markup { Bebop dominant scale on C } d e f g a bes b! c} }
\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 8/4 c4^\\markup { Bebop major scale on C } d e f g gis a b c} } Modes of the melodic minor scale{{Main|Jazz minor scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 7/4 a4 b c d e fis gis a } } |width=300|caption=The ascending melodic minor scale built on A}} A great deal of modern jazz harmony arises from the modes of the ascending form of the melodic minor scale, also known as the jazz melodic minor scale.[7] This scale is essentially a diatonic major scale with a lowered third, for example C–D–E{{music|flat}}–F–G–A–B–C. As with any other scale, the modes are derived from playing the scale from different root notes, causing a series of jazz scales to emerge.[7] {{Clear}}
It should be noted that the names of these scales are variations of the names used for some of the modes of the diatonic major scale, for example the Phrygian {{music|natural}}6, the second mode of the melodic minor, is named so because it is the same as the Phrygian mode of the major scale with a major sixth. Diminished scale{{Main|Octatonic scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 8/4 es4 f fis gis a b c d es2 } } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 8/4 d4 e f g gis ais b cis d2 } } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 8/4 cis4 dis e fis g a bes c cis2 } } Because of the repetition of the interval pattern after only two notes, each note in the scale can be the root in another symmetric diminished scale. For example, the C diminished scale of the half-step-first type, has the same notes as the half-step-first E{{music|flat}} diminished scale as well as the whole-step-first D{{music|flat}} diminished scale. All three are composed of the same eight pitches: C–D{{music|flat}}–E{{music|flat}}–E{{music|natural}}–F{{music|sharp}}–G–A–B{{music|flat}}–C. Because of the symmetry of the diminished scale, there are only three distinct diminished scales (shown to the right). The others are all modes of these three. Whole tone scale{{Main|Whole tone scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 6/4 c4 d e fis gis ais c2 } } |width=300|caption=The whole tone scale built on C}}The whole tone scale, consisting exclusively of whole steps, is often used on V7 +6 chords.{{Clear}} Pentatonic scales{{Main article|Pentatonic scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 5/4 c4^\\markup { "C major pentatonic scale" } d e g a c2} } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 5/4 a4^\\markup { "A minor pentatonic scale" } c d e g a2} } The major pentatonic scale begins with a major scale and omits the fourth and the seventh scale degrees. The minor pentatonic scale uses the same notes as the major pentatonic scale, but begins on the sixth scale degree of the corresponding major scale. In this nomenclature, minor is employed in the sense of relative key, as the diatonic A minor scale is the relative minor of the diatonic C major scale. Jazz improvisers, particularly bassist and guitarist, use these scales in a number of interesting ways. For example, over B{{Music|flat}}maj7{{music|sharp}}11, one can use a major pentatonic based on the 2nd scale degree of B{{Music|flat}} (C–D–E–G–A) to imply 9–3–{{music|#}}11–13–7, respectively. Similarly, over a fully altered F{{Music|sharp}}7 chord, one can use the same major pentatonic, this time based on the tritone (C–D–E–G–A) to imply {{music|b}}5–{{music|b}}13–{{music|b}}7–{{music|b}}9–{{music|#}}9, respectively. Blues scale{{Main|Blues scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 6/4 c4^\\markup { "Six-note blues scale, built on C" } es f fis g bes c2} } \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 9/4 c4^\\markup { "Nine-note blues scale, built on C" } d es( e) f g a bes( b) c2} } |width=300|caption=Two types of blues scales}}The term blues scale refers to several different scales with differing numbers of pitches and related characteristics. The six-note blues scale consists of the minor pentatonic scale plus a chromatic passing tone between the 4 and 5. This added note can be spelled as either {{music|b}}5 or {{music|#}}4. Guitarists often mix the major and minor pentatonics together along with the blues scale. Another common blues scale has nine notes (shown to the right). Winthrop Sargeant defines this scale as "a definite series of tones within an octave used as the basis of a musical composition," compiled instead from multiple compositions and improvisations (according to Stearns: "a great many jazz records") and is hypothesized as displaying the influence of African music.[8] The E{{music|flat}} and B{{music|flat}} are blue notes.[9] {{Clear}}Harmonic minor scale{{main article|Harmonic minor scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 7/4 a4 b c d e f gis a } } |width=300|caption=The harmonic minor scale built on A}}The harmonic minor scale is also of value to many improvisors, as it provides an alternative color for many common chords and chord progressions. The A harmonic minor scale can be used on the chords of a piece in A minor, especially on the minor ii-V-i chord progression. One of the most common uses of the harmonic minor scale is its fifth mode, which is a frequently heard sound over dominant chords. Altered dominant scale{{main article|Altered scale}}{{Image frame|content=\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 7/4 c4 des es fes ges aes bes c } } |width=300|caption=The altered dominant scale built on C}}The altered dominant scale, also loosely called the altered scale, is so named because all the scale members that can be altered relative to the basic dominant scale (the Mixolydian mode), without losing the dominant quality, are altered. The scale includes both altered fifth ({{music|b}}5 and {{music|#}}5) and both altered ninths ({{music|b}}9 and {{music|#}}9).
The altered fifths coincide enharmonically with the {{music|#}}11 and the {{music|b}}13 which would also be considered altered relative to their Mixolydian forms. The tonic, major third (as a diminished fourth), and dominant seventh are retained as essential to the dominant quality. The scale can also be understood as a mode of the ascending melodic minor scale starting from the 7th scale degree. For a C7 chord, the C{{music|sharp}} melodic minor scale starting from B{{music|sharp}} (C enharmonically) produces the C altered dominant scale enharmonically. This scale is also called the superlocrian scale, as it is indeed reminiscent of a Locrian scale with a {{music|b}}4, but it is usually regarded as that of major quality. Another name for this scale is the diminished-whole tone scale because the first tetrachord is that of a (half, whole) diminished scale and the second tetrachord is whole-tone. Sources1. ^Hatfield, Ken (2005). Jazz and the Classical Guitar Theory and Applications, p.121. {{ISBN|0-7866-7236-6}}. 2. ^Tymoczko, Dmitri (1997). "The Consecutive-Semitone Constraint on Scalar Structure: A Link Between Impressionism and Jazz", Integral 11:135–79. 3. ^Humphries, Carl (2002). The Piano Handbook, p.262. {{ISBN|0-87930-727-7}}.{{Full citation needed|date=July 2015}} 4. ^Humphries (2002), p.128. 5. ^{{cite book|last=Nettles|first=Barrie|title=Harmony 1|year=1987|publisher=Berklee College of Music|page=34}}{{Full citation needed|date=July 2015}} 6. ^1 Humphries (2002), p.126. 7. ^1 Baerman, Noah (1998). Complete Jazz Keyboard Method: Mastering Jazz Keyboard, p.34. {{ISBN|0-88284-913-1}}. 8. ^Sargeant, Winthrop (1946). Jazz: Hot and Hybrid. New York, Dutton. ISBN . cited in Marshall Winslow Stearns (1970). The Story of Jazz, {{Full citation needed|date=July 2015}} p.278. {{ISBN|0-19-501269-0}}. 9. ^Dr. Metfessel, Milton cited in Stearns (1970), p.278. Further reading
2 : Jazz techniques|Musical scales |
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