| 词条 | Johann Joachim Becher |
| 释义 |
| name = Johann Becher | image =Jjbecher.jpg | image_size = 150px | caption = | birth_date = 6 May 1635 | birth_place = Speyer, Holy Roman Empire | death_date = {{d-da|October 1682|May 1635}} | death_place = London, England | nationality = | field = Chemistry, alchemy | work_institution = | alma_mater = | doctoral_adviser = | doctoral_students = | known_for = Phlogiston theory | influences = | influenced = Georg Ernst Stahl }} Johann Joachim Becher ({{IPA-de|ˈbɛçɐ|lang}}; 6 May 1635 – October 1682) was a German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar and adventurer, best known for his development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian cameralism. BiographyEarly yearsHe was born in Speyer. His father, a Lutheran minister, died while he was a child, leaving a widow and three children. At the age of thirteen Becher found himself responsible not only for his own support but also for that of his mother and brothers. He learned and practiced several small handicrafts, and devoting his nights to study of the most miscellaneous description and earned a pittance by teaching. In 1654, at the age of nineteen, he published the Discurs von der Großmächtigen Philosophischen Universal-Artzney / von den Philosophis genannt Lapis Philosophorum Trismegistus (discours about the allmighty philosophical and universal medicine by the philosopher called Lapis Philosophorum Trismegistus) under the pseudonym 'Solinus Salzthal of Regiomontus.'[1] It was published in Latin in 1659 as Discursus Solini Saltztal Regiomontani De potentissima philosophorum medicina universali, lapis philosophorum trismegistus dicta (translated by Johannes Jacobus Heilmann) in vol. VI of the Theatrum Chemicum. AppointmentsIn 1657, he was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Mainz and physician to the archbishop-elector. His Metallurgia was published in 1660; and the next year appeared his Character pro notitia linguarum universali, in which he gives 10,000 words for use as a universal language. In 1663, he published his Oedipum Chemicum and a book on animals, plants and minerals (Thier- Kräuter- und Bergbuch). In 1666, he was made councillor of commerce ({{lang-de|Commerzienrat}}) at Vienna, where he had gained the powerful support of the prime minister of Emperor Leopold I. Sent by the emperor on a mission to the Netherlands, he wrote there in ten days his Methodus Didactica, which was followed by the Regeln der Christlichen Bundesgenossenschaft and the Politischer Discurs von den eigentlichen Ursachen des Auf- und Abnehmens der Städte, Länder und Republiken. In 1669, he published his Physica subterranea; the same year, he was engaged with the count of Hanau in a scheme to acquire Guiana from the Dutch West India Company. Meanwhile, he had been appointed physician to the elector of Bavaria; but in 1670 he was again in Vienna advising on the establishment of a silk factory and propounding schemes for a great company to trade with the Low Countries and for a canal to unite the Rhine and Danube. Wandering scholarIn 1678, he crossed to England. He travelled to Scotland where he visited the mines at the request of Prince Rupert. He afterwards went for the same purpose to Cornwall, where he spent a year. At the beginning of 1680, he presented a paper to the Royal Society in which he attempted to deprive Huygens of the honour of applying the pendulum to the measurement of time. In 1682, he returned to London, where he wrote the Chymischer Glücks-Hafen, Oder Grosse Chymische Concordantz Und Collection, Von funffzehen hundert Chymischen Processen and died in October of the same year. Austrian CameralistJohann Joachim Becher was also the most original and influential theorist of Austrian cameralism. Like the cameralists in general, Becher sought to balance between the need to reinstate postwar levels of population and production both in the countryside and the towns.[2] Yet, by leaning more seriously on trade and commerce Austrian cameralism helped to transfer attention to the troubles of the monarchy’s urban economies. Before his death Ferdinand II had already taken some corrective steps by attempting to ease the debts of the Bohemian towns and to put limits on some of the land-holding nobility’s commercial rights.[2] Even though preceding Habsburgs had held the guilds responsible for their restrictiveness, wastefulness, and the poor value of the merchandise they created, Ferdinand II ramped up the pressure by extending rights to private artisans who usually then earned the fortification of powerful local leaders such as seigneurs, military commanders, churches, and universities.[2] An edict by Leopold I in 1689 had granted the government the right to monitor and control the number of masters and cut down on the monopoly effect of guild operations.[2] Even previous to this, Becher, who was against all forms of monopoly, surmised that a third of the Austrian lands’ 150,000 artisans were "Schwarzarbeiter" who were not in a guild.[2]
CommentaryBill Bryson, in his A Short History of Nearly Everything, notes: Chemistry as an earnest and respectable science is often said to date from 1661, when Robert Boyle of Oxford published The Sceptical Chymist — the first work to distinguish between chemists and alchemists — but it was a slow and often erratic transition. Into the eighteenth century scholars could feel oddly comfortable in both camps — like the German Johann Becher, who produced sober and unexceptionable work on mineralogy called Physica Subterranea, but who also was certain that, given the right materials, he could make himself invisible.[3] Notes1. ^{{Aut|Smith, Pamela H.}} (2016). The Business of Alchemy: Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|9780691173238}}, p. 40/41; see also: 'The Emperor's Mercantile Alchemist' in: {{Aut|Greenberg, Arthur}} (2006) - From Alchemy to Chemistry in Picture and Story. Hoboken N.J. : John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|978 0 470 08523 3}}. p. 231f. Chisholm writes in the 11th. ed. of the Encyclopædia Britannica that Becher “published an edition of Salzthal’s Tractatus de lapide trismegisto.” 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Charles W. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy: 1618-1815, New York: Cambridge University Press, Second edition. {{ISBN|0-521-78505-7}}; p. 92-93. 3. ^Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, London: Black Swan, 2003 edition. {{ISBN|0-552-99704-8}}; p. 130. Sources
Further reading
External links
}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Becher, Johann Joachim}} 12 : 1635 births|1682 deaths|German alchemists|German chemists|17th-century German physicians|17th-century German writers|17th-century alchemists|German scholars|People from Speyer|University of Mainz faculty|German male writers|17th-century male writers |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。