“Alicia Markova”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dame Alicia Markova DBE (1 December 1910 – 2 December 2004) was an English ballerina and a choreographer, director and teacher of classical ballet. Most noted for her career with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and touring internationally, she was widely considered to be one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of the twentieth century. She was the first British dancer to become the principal dancer of a ballet company and, with Dame Margot Fonteyn, is one of only two English dancers to be recognised as a prima ballerina assoluta.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Markova was a founder dancer of the Rambert Dance Company, The Royal Ballet and American Ballet Theatre, and was co-founder and director of the English National Ballet.

Biography

Early years

Markova was born as Lilian Alicia Marks^[5] on 1 December 1910. Her father, Alfred, was Jewish by birth; her mother, Eileen (nee Barry), converted to Judaism.^[6] The family lived in a two bedroom flat in Finsbury Park.^[6]^[7]

Markova began to dance on medical advice to strengthen her weak limbs. She made her stage debut at age ten, performing the role of Salome in the pantomime Dick Whittington and His Cat, for which she was billed as Little Alicia, the child Pavlova.^[7] She began studying ballet with Princess Serafina Astafieva, a Russian ballerina living in London. Astafieva was a retired dancer of the Ballets Russes, a renowned ballet company founded by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev. Astafieva established the Russian Dancing Academy at The Pheasantry, King's Road, Chelsea, and was responsible for teaching a number of notable British dancers including Margot Fonteyn and Anton Dolin. A blue plaque now marks the site of her former studio.^[10]

Diaghilev's Ballets Russes

At the age of 13, Markova was observed in class by Diaghilev, who was visiting London in search of new talent for his ballet company. He invited her to join the Ballets Russes in Monte Carlo, which she did in 1925, one month after her 14th birthday. Due to her age, she performed a number of roles which were specially choreographed for her, also performing in a varied repertoire of new and established ballets. Alongside the many notable dancers, during this period she encountered a number of leading 20th century figures who created work for the company including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Léonide Massine, George Balanchine, and Bronislava Nijinska.^[10]

After Diaghilev

Following the death of Diaghilev in 1929, Markova returned to England, where she became the founder Principal Ballerina of The Ballet Club, a company founded by Dame Marie Rambert. During this period, she was particularly noted for performing works by Frederick Ashton, who was unknown at the time, but would go on to become one of Britain's most celebrated choreographers. The Ballet Club was to be the first professional ballet company in the United Kingdom, later becoming known as the Ballet Rambert. Now known as the Rambert Dance Company, it remains the oldest established dance company in the UK.^[12]

In 1931, Ninette de Valois founded the Vic-Wells Ballet in premises at Sadler's Wells theatre in London. A former colleague from Diaghilev's company, she invited Markova to join the company as one of its founder dancers, which she did, forming a famous partnership with Anton Dolin. De Valois hired Frederick Ashton, who became the resident choreographer and later Artistic Director of the company. In 1933, de Valois appointed Markova as the first Prima Ballerina of the company, which is now the internationally renowned Royal Ballet.^[10]

It was after seeing the Camargo Society performance of Giselle with Olga Spessivtseva and Dolin in 1932 that Markova first realized the possibilities of the then-neglected ballet. In time it became her most treasured role and the one whose expressive possibilities she continued to develop throughout her career. Her premiere in the role was on New Year's Day 1934 at the Vic.^[8]^[12]

In 1935, Markova and Dolin left the Vic-Wells ballet to form their own touring company known as the Markova-Dolin Company. The company toured extensively for two seasons and in 1936 Prince Wolkonsky joined the company as ballet master. Later in 1938 Markova joined the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, touring the world as the company's star ballerina. The company was the first to tour ballet throughout the United States, taking the art form to audiences who had never seen ballet before. During this time, she was a key figure in the formation of the American Ballet Theatre, dancing with the company during its early years.^[8]

Markova appeared in ballets around the world, but is remembered mostly for her Giselle, as well as for The Dying Swan and Les Sylphides. During the Second World War she re-formed Les Ballets Russes in the United States and appeared as a dancer with Dolin in the Hollywood film, A Song for Miss Julie.^[8]

English National Ballet

In 1950, Markova and Dolin became the co-founders of the Festival Ballet, a company formed to celebrate the imminent Festival of Britain and backed by the Polish businessman Julian Brunsweg. Dolin was to be the company's first Artistic Director, with Markova as Prima Ballerina. The company was formed to tour ballets to audiences that would otherwise be unable to experience ballet, and went on to tour extensively to less conventional venues both in the United Kingdom and internationally. It also established a number of educational programmes designed to make ballet accessible to new audiences. She remained the Prima ballerina until 1952, after which she continued to appear regularly as a guest dancer until her retirement from professional dancing.^[9]^[8]^[10]

In 1960, she collaborated with Indian classical dancer Ram Gopal to create a duet "Radha-Krishna" based on Hindu mythology, in which she danced as Radha, while he danced as Krishna. Today their collaboration is commemorated at the National Portrait Gallery, London where her bronze bust stands next to his portrait.^[11]^[12] In 1989, the Festival Ballet was renamed English National Ballet to reflect the company's role as Britain's only classical ballet company dedicated to touring ballets nationwide at an affordable price for audiences.^[7]

Retirement

Markova retired from professional dancing in January 1963 at the age of 52. Following her retirement, she continued to play an active role in the ballet and theatre industry as a teacher, director and choreographer. She was responsible for staging a number of ballets that she had performed with the Ballets Russes, also coaching dancers for roles she had created for choreographers such as Sir Frederick Ashton.^[24]

As a teacher she presented televised master classes and was also appointed Professor of Ballet and Performing Arts at the University of Cincinnati. In her later years, she continued to be a regular member of the teaching faculty for residential ballet courses such as the Yorkshire Ballet Seminars and the Abingdon Ballet Seminars, and was also President and a regular guest teacher at the Arts Educational Schools in London and Tring. She was also a governor and regular guest teacher at the Royal Ballet School.^[10]

She was the subject of This Is Your Life on two occasions, in January 1960 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the Royal Festival Hall, and in October 1995, when Michael Aspel surprised her at London's Royal Opera House. Markova was Patron/President for numerous dance organisations, including serving as President of English National Ballet, a Governor of The Royal Ballet and vice President of the Royal Academy of Dance.^[13]

Death

Some time after suffering a stroke, Markova died on 2 December 2004 in a hospital in Bath, one day after her 94th birthday. She never married. A funeral service was held at Bath's Haycombe Crematorium. A memorial service of thanksgiving for her life and work was held at Westminster Abbey on 8 March 2005.^[27]

As part of the service, dancers of the English National Ballet company performed extracts from the ballet Giselle (Daria Klimentová, Dmitri Gruzdyev, Erina Takahashi, Arionel Vargas) and Les Sylphides (Agnes Oakes and Simone Clarke).^[14]

Awards, titles and honours

Positions

See also

References

1. ^Royal Academy of Dance article {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615185604/http://www.rad.org.uk/DameAliciaMarkova.htm |date=15 June 2011 }}, rad.org.uk; accessed 17 May 2014.
2. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1478066/Dame-Alicia-Markova.html Obituary], The Telegraph, 3 December 2004; accessed 17 May 2014.
3. ^Mary Clarke and David Vaughan (eds, 1977). The Encyclopedia of Dance & Ballet. Pitmans: London, UK, p. 228
4. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/dec/03/arts.artsnews The Guardian], 3 December 2004
5. ^The UK's General Register Office confirms this as her name in its record of her birth (Name: MARKS, LILIAN ALICIA; Mother's Maiden Surname: BARRY; GRO Reference: 1910 D Quarter in HACKNEY Volume 01B Page 351); other sources incorrectly assert she was born Lilian Alice Marks
6. ^¹"Dame Alicia, the woman who brought ballet to the people, dies at 94" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504002026/http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1072 |date=4 May 2007 }}, jewish-theatre.com; accessed 17 May 2014.
7. ^¹²[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/dec/03/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries Obituary in The Guardian], 3 December 2004; accessed 17 May 2014.
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶"Alicia Markova and Anton Dolin: a legend of British ballet: a collection of portraits", with foreword by Peter Williams, nla.gov.au; accessed 17 May 2014.
9. ^{{cite news |title=MARKOVA DANCES IN 'FLEDERMAUS' / She Is First Major Ballerina to Appear in Regular Opera at 'Met' Performance|work=The New York Times|author=Martin, John|date=January 1, 1954|accessdate=February 17, 2019| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/01/01/83743621.html?pageNumber=16}}
10. ^¹²³Dame Alicia Markova obituary {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226132411/http://www.ballet.co.uk/magazines/yr_04/dec04/jp_obit_alicia_markova.htm |date=26 December 2005 }}, ballet.co.uk/magazines, 4 December 2004; accessed 17 May 2014.
11. ^{{cite news|title=Ram Gopal, Dancer Who Opened Western Eyes to India, Dies|author=Jack Anderson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/15/obituaries/15GOPA.html|publisher=New York Times|date=15 October 2003}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary for Ram Gopal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1444926/Ram-Gopal.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=24 October 2003}}
13. ^¹Markova profile {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025030535/http://www.ballet.co.uk/old/legend_js_alicia_markova.htm |date=25 October 2005 }}, Ballet.co.uk; accessed 17 May 2014.
14. ^¹"Markova Memorial - Westminster Abbey" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003121508/http://www.ballet.co.uk/gallery/jr_enb_markova_abbey_0305/jr_enb_abbey_klimentova_gruzdyev_500 |date=3 October 2012 }}, ballet.co.uk; accessed 17 May 2014.