“John Dowland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Dowland^[1] (1563 – buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, lutenist, and singer. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as "Come, heavy sleep", "Come again", "Flow my tears", "I saw my Lady weepe" and "In darkness let me dwell", but his instrumental music has undergone a major revival, and with the 20th century's early music revival, has been a continuing source of repertoire for lutenists and classical guitarists.

Career and compositions

Very little is known of John Dowland's early life, but it is generally thought he was born in London. Irish historian W. H. Grattan Flood claimed that he was born in Dalkey, near Dublin,^[2] but no corroborating evidence has ever been found either for that statement or for Thomas Fuller's claim that he was born in Westminster.^[3] There is however one very clear piece of evidence pointing to Dublin as his place of origin: he dedicated the song "From Silent Night" to 'my loving countryman Mr. John Forster the younger, merchant of Dublin in Ireland'. The Forsters were a prominent Dublin family at the time, providing several Lord Mayors to the city.^[4] In 1580 Dowland went to Paris, where he was in service to Sir Henry Cobham, the ambassador to the French court, and his successor, Sir Edward Stafford.^[5] He became a Roman Catholic at this time.^[6] In 1584, Dowland moved back to England where he was married. In 1588 he was admitted Mus. Bac. from Christ Church, Oxford.^[7] In 1594 a vacancy for a lutenist came up at the English court, but Dowland's application was unsuccessful – he claimed his religion led to his not being offered a post at Elizabeth I's Protestant court. However, his conversion was not publicised, and being Catholic did not prevent some other important musicians (such as William Byrd) from having a court career in England.^[5]

From 1598 Dowland worked at the court of Christian IV of Denmark,^[8] though he continued to publish in London.^[9] King Christian was very interested in music^[10] and paid Dowland astronomical sums; his salary was 500 daler a year, making him one of the highest-paid servants of the Danish court.^[11] Though Dowland was highly regarded by King Christian, he was not the ideal servant, often overstaying his leave when he went to England on publishing business or for other reasons.^[10] Dowland was dismissed in 1606^[10] and returned to England;^[11] in early 1612 he secured a post as one of James I's lutenists.^[12] There are few compositions dating from the moment of his royal appointment until his death in London in 1626.^[13] While the date of his death is not known, "Dowland's last payment from the court was on 20 January 1626, and he was buried at St Ann's, Blackfriars, London, on 20 February 1626."^[14]

Two major influences on Dowland's music were the popular consort songs, and the dance music of the day.^[15] Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute.^[16] It includes several books of solo lute works, lute songs (for one voice and lute), part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute.^[17] The poet Richard Barnfield wrote that Dowland's "heavenly touch upon the lute doth ravish human sense."

One of his better known works is the lute song "Flow my tears", the first verse of which runs:{{quote|Flow my tears, fall from your springs,

He later wrote what is probably his best known instrumental work, Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares, Figured in Seaven Passionate Pavans, a set of seven pavanes for five viols and lute, each based on the theme derived from the lute song "Flow my tears".^[19] It became one of the best known collections of consort music in his time. His pavane, "Lachrymae antiquae", was also popular in the seventeenth century, and was arranged and used as a theme for variations by many composers. He wrote a lute version of the popular ballad "My Lord Willoughby's Welcome Home".

Dowland's music often displays the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time.^[20] He wrote a consort piece with the punning title "Semper Dowland, semper dolens" (always Dowland, always doleful), which may be said to sum up much of his work.^[21]

Dowland's song, "Come Heavy Sleepe, the Image of True Death", was the inspiration for Benjamin Britten's Nocturnal after John Dowland, written in 1963 for the guitarist Julian Bream. This work consists of eight variations, all based on musical themes drawn from the song or its lute accompaniment, finally resolving into a guitar setting of the song itself.^[22]

Richard Barnfield, Dowland's contemporary, refers to him in poem VIII of The Passionate Pilgrim (1598), a Shakespearean sonnet:{{quote|If music and sweet poetry agree,

One knight loves both, and both in thee remain.|Richard Barnfield|The Passionate Pilgrim ^[23] }}

Published works

There is no complete catalogue of Dowland's works{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}. The fullest list is that compiled by Diana Poulton in her The collected Lute Music of John Dowland. P numbers are therefore sometimes used to designate individual pieces.

Whole Book of Psalms (1592)

Published by Thomas Est in 1592, The Whole Booke of Psalmes contained works by 10 composers, including 6 pieces by Dowland.

New Book of Tablature (1596)

The New Booke of Tabliture was published by William Barley in 1596. It contains seven solo lute pieces by Dowland.

Lamentatio Henrici Noel (1596)

First Book of Songs (1597)

Dowland published his The First Booke of Songes or Ayres in London in 1597. It was one of the most influential and important musical publications of the history of the lute.^[5] This collection of lute-songs was set out in a way that allows performance by a soloist with lute accompaniment or various combinations of singers and instrumentalists.^[25]

At the end of the book, Dowland included My Lord Chamberlain, His Galliard, a piece for two people to play on one lute.^[27]

Second Book of Songs (1600)

Third Book of Songs (1603)

Lachrimae (1604)

The Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares was published in 1604.^[19] It contains the seven pavans of Lachrimae itself and 14 others, including the famous Semper Dowland semper Dolens.

Micrologus (1609)

Dowland published a translation of the Micrologus of Andreas Ornithoparcus in 1609, originally printed in Leipzig in 1517.

Varietie of Lute-Lessons (1610)

The Varietie of Lute-Lessons was published by Dowland's son, Robert Dowland, in 1610. It contains solo lute works by Dowland.

Musicall Banquet (1611)

A Musicall Banquet was published by Dowland's son, Robert Dowland, in 1610. It contains three songs by John Dowland.

A Pilgrimes Solace (1612)

Dowland's last work A Pilgrimes Solace, was published in 1612,^[29] and seems to have been conceived more as a collection of contrapuntal music than as solo works.^[30]

Unpublished works

Many of Dowland's works only survive in manuscript form.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Suspicions of treason

Dowland performed a number of espionage assignments for Sir Robert Cecil in France and Denmark; despite his high rate of pay, Dowland seems to have been only a court musician.^[10] However, we have in his own words the fact that he was for a time embroiled in treasonous Catholic intrigue in Italy,^[31]

whither he had travelled in the hopes of meeting and studying with Luca Marenzio, a famed madrigal composer.^[5] Whatever his religion, however, he was still intensely loyal to the Queen, though he seems to have had something of a grudge against her for her remark that he, Dowland, "was a man to serve any prince in the world, but [he] was an obstinate Papist."^[32] But in spite of this, and though the plotters offered him a large sum of money from the Pope, as well as safe passage for his wife and children to come to him from England,^[33] in the end he declined to have anything further to do with their plans and begged pardon from Sir Robert Cecil and from the Queen.^[34]

Private life

John Dowland was married and had children, as referenced in his letter to Sir Robert Cecil.^[35] However, he had long periods of separation from his family, as his wife stayed in England while he worked on the Continent.^[36]

His son Robert Dowland was also a musician, working for some time in the service of the first Earl of Devonshire,^[13] and taking over his father's position of lutenist at court when John died.^[37]

Dowland's melancholic lyrics and music have often been described as his attempts to develop an "artistic persona" in spite of actually being a cheerful person,^[38] but many of his own personal complaints, and the tone of bitterness in many of his comments, suggest that much of his music and his melancholy truly did come from his own personality and frustration.^[39]

Modern interpretations

One of the first 20th-century musicians who successfully helped reclaim Dowland from the history books was the singer-songwriter Frederick Keel.^[40] Keel included fifteen Dowland pieces in his two sets of Elizabethan love songs published in 1909 and 1913,^[41] which achieved popularity in their day. These free arrangements for piano and low or high voice were intended to fit the tastes and musical practices associated with art songs of the time.

In 1935, Australian-born composer Percy Grainger, who also had a deep interest in music made before Bach, arranged Dowland's Now, O now I needs must part for piano. Some years later, in 1953, Grainger wrote a work titled Bell Piece (Ramble on John Dowland's 'Now, O now I needs must part'), which was a version scored for voice and wind band, based on his previously mentioned transcription.

In 1951 Alfred Deller, the famous counter-tenor (1912–1979), recorded songs by Dowland, Thomas Campion, and Philip Rosseter with the label HMV (His Master's Voice) HMV C.4178 and another HMV C.4236 of Dowland's "Flow my Tears". In 1977, Harmonia Mundi also published two records of Deller singing Dowland's Lute songs (HM 244&245-H244/246).^[42]

Dowland's music became part of the repertoire of the early music revival with lutenist Julian Bream and tenor Peter Pears, and later with Christopher Hogwood and David Munrow and the Early Music Consort in the late 1960s and later with the Academy of Ancient Music from the early 1970s.

Jan Akkerman, guitarist of the Dutch progressive rock band Focus, recorded "Tabernakel" in 1973 (though released in 1974), an album of John Dowland songs and some original material, performed on lute.

The complete works of John Dowland were recorded by the Consort of Musicke, and released on the L'Oiseau Lyre label, though they recorded some of the songs as vocal consort music; the Third Book of Songs and A Pilgrim's Solace have yet to be recorded in their entirety as collections of solo songs.

The 1999 ECM New Series recording In Darkness Let Me Dwell features new interpretations of Dowland songs performed by tenor John Potter, lutenist Stephen Stubbs, and baroque violinist Maya Homburger in collaboration with English jazz musicians John Surman and Barry Guy.

Nigel North recorded Dowland's complete works for solo lute on four CDs between 2004 and 2007, on Naxos records.

Paul O'Dette recorded the complete lute works for Harmonia Mundi on five CDs issued from 1995 to 1997.

Elvis Costello included a recording (with Fretwork and the Composers Ensemble) of Dowland's "Can she excuse my wrongs" as a bonus track on the 2006 re-release of his The Juliet Letters.

In October 2006, Sting, who says he has been fascinated by the music of John Dowland for 25 years,^[43] released an album featuring Dowland's songs titled Songs from the Labyrinth, on Deutsche Grammophon, in collaboration with Edin Karamazov on lute and archlute. They described their treatment of Dowland's work in a Great Performances appearance.^[44] To give some idea of the tone and intrigues of life in late Elizabethan England, Sting also recites throughout the album portions of a 1593 letter written by Dowland to Sir Robert Cecil.^[45] The letter describes Dowland's travels to various points of Western Europe, then breaks into a detailed account of his activities in Italy, along with a heartfelt denial of the charges of treason whispered against him by unknown persons. Dowland most likely was suspected of this for travelling to the courts of various Catholic monarchs and accepting payment from them greater than what a musician of the time would normally have received for performing.^[31]

Scores

The Collected Lute Music of John Dowland, with lute tablature and keyboard notation, was transcribed and edited by Diana Poulton and Basil Lam, Faber Music Limited, London 1974.

Notes

1. ^While orthographic evidence from Dowland's time strongly suggests a pronunciation of {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|oʊ|l|ən|d}} for the last name, there is no consensus on the correct pronunciation. By analogy with the name Cowper and the Restoration poet Abraham Cowley, the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|u:|l|ən|d}} is suggested.
2. ^W. H. Grattan Flood, The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 301 (1906), pp. 287–91. See Diana Poulton, John Dowland, University of California Press (1982), pp. 21ff. for a full discussion of this claim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gM4ikvRR4Z0C]
3. ^Peter Holman/Paul O'Dette: "John Dowland", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 10 July 2007), (subscription access)
4. ^See A. L. Rowse, Discoveries and Reviews from Renaissance to Restoration (London, Macmillan, 1975), p.194: "'Countryman', in Elizabethan usage, refers to one's own county or locality. When Dowland refers to himself as 'born under her Highness', I think that phrase is more likely to imply birth in Ireland than in England." Dublin and the area around it were effectively governed from London, in contrast with the rest of Ireland which was nominally governed by England in a rule that was contested where applied. However, the English-speaking inhabitants of Dublin, pace Diana Poulton p.25, did commonly call themselves English, right up to the time of the Duke of Wellington.
5. ^¹²³Douglas Alton Smith, A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance (The Lute Society of America, Inc., 2002), p.275
6. ^Peter Warlock, The English Ayre (Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1970), 24. Excerpt from Dowland's letter of 1595 to Sir Robert Cecil.
7. ^Diana Poulton, John Dowland (Faber & Faber, 1982), 28.
8. ^Warlock 1970, p.32
9. ^Warlock 1970, p.34
10. ^¹²³Warlock 1970, p.33
11. ^¹Smith 2002, p.276
12. ^Matthew Spring, The Lute in Britain: a History of the Instrument and its Music (Oxford University Press, 2001), p.108
13. ^¹Spring 2001, p.109
14. ^David Greer, "John Dowland", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online.
15. ^Abraham 1968, p.204-5
16. ^Abraham 1968, p.201
17. ^Smith 2002, pp.274–83
18. ^Steven Stolen and Richard Walters, eds. English Songs Renaissance to Baroque (Hal Leonard Corporation, 1996), p.32
19. ^¹²³Smith 2002, p.276-7
20. ^Anthony Rooley, "New Light on John Dowland's Songs of Darkness," Early Music 11.1 (January 1983): p.6
21. ^http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/magazine/composers/2005/2/38613_print.php{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
22. ^Smith 2002, p.289
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/331/408.html|website=bartleby.com|title=If Music and Sweet Poetry Agree, By Richard Barnfield (1574{{ndash}}1627)|accessdate=30 April 2018 }}
24. ^
25. ^Gerald Abraham. ed. The New Oxford History of Music, Volume IV: The Age of Humanism 1540–1630 (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 203
26. ^
27. ^{{cite web|title=John Dowland, My Lord Chamberlain his Galliard, for 2 to play on 1 lute, P 37|url=https://www.allmusic.com/composition/my-lord-chamberlain-his-galliard-for-2-to-play-on-1-lute-p-37-mc0002372469|website=All Music|accessdate=22 May 2018}}
28. ^
29. ^Warlock 1970, p.41
30. ^Abraham 1968, p.207
31. ^¹Warlock 1970 – entire letter of John Dowland to Sir Robert Cecil
32. ^Warlock 1970, p.25
33. ^Warlock 1970, p.26
34. ^Warlock 1970, p.26-7
35. ^Warlock 1970, pp. 25, 26
36. ^Gerald M. Cooper, "John Dowland," The Musical Times, Vol. 68, No. 1013 (1 July 1927), p.642
37. ^Diana Poulton, "John Dowland," The Musical Times Vol. 105 No. 1451 (January 1964): p. 25.
38. ^Rooley 1983, p.6
39. ^Diana Poulton, "Dowland's Darkness," Early Music, Vol. 11, No. 4 (October 1983) p.519
40. ^'Mr J Frederick Keel' (unsigned obituary). The Times, 16 August 1954, p 8.
41. ^Keel, Frederick (1909, 1913). Elizabethan love songs, sets I and II. London: Boosey & Hawkes.
42. ^Alfred Deller (1912–1979) – A discography
43. ^Gift of a lute makes Sting party like it's 1599, June 6, 2006, The Guardian
44. ^{{cite episode | title = [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/sting/index.html Sting: Songs from the Labyrinth] | series = Great Performances | serieslink = Great Performances | network = PBS | airdate = 26 February 2007}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sting.com/news/interview.php?uid%3D4694 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-11-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135321/http://www.sting.com/news/interview.php?uid=4694 |archivedate=14 July 2009 |df= }}