| 词条 | Al-Masjid an-Nabawi | ||||
| 释义 |
|name = Al-Masjid an-Nabawi |native_name = {{lang|ar|ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـدُ ٱلـنَّـبَـويّ}} |image = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg |image_size = 265px |map_type = Saudi Arabia |map_size = 250 |map_caption = Location in present-day Saudi Arabia |coordinates = {{coord|24.468333|39.610833|display=inline,title}} |religious_affiliation = Islam |location = Medina, Hejaz, {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}[1] |established = c. 622 |administration = Saudi Arabian government |leadership = Imam(s): {{plainlist|
|architecture_type = Mosque |architecture_style = Classical and contemporary Islamic; Ottoman; Mamluk revivalist |capacity = {{citation needed span|600,000 (increased to 1,000,000 during the Hajj period)|date=February 2019}} |minaret_quantity = 10 |minaret_height = {{convert|105|m|ft|sp=us}} |website = }} Al-Masjid an-Nabawī ({{lang-ar|ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـدُ ٱلـنَّـبَـوِيّ}}, "The Prophet's Mosque") is a mosque established and originally built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, situated in the city of Medina in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia. It was the third mosque built in the history of Islam,{{efn|Assuming that Islam started with Muhammad. Muslims believe that Islam did not start with him, but that it represents even previous Prophets, such as Jesus, David, Moses, Abraham, Noah and Adam.[2][3][4] In addition, the Quran treats the Masjidayn ({{lang-ar|مَـسْـجِـدَيْـن}}, literally "two places of prostration") of Al-Haram[5][6] and Al-Aqsa[7] as being no less old.}} and is now one of the largest mosques in the world. It is the second-holiest site in Islam, after the Great Mosque in Mecca.[8] It is always open, regardless of date or time. The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his migration from Mecca to Medina in 622. He shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights.[9] The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque, due to its connection to Muhammad. After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar.[10] One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south-east corner of the mosque,[11] originally Aisha's house,[10] where the tomb of Muhammad is located. In 1279, a wooden cupola was built over the tomb which was later rebuilt and renovated multiple times in late 15th century and once in 1817. The current dome was added in 1818 by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II,[11] and it was first painted green in 1837, hence becoming known as the "Green Dome".[10] HistoryEarly days{{Muhammad|related}}The mosque was built by Prophet Muhammad in 622, after his arrival in the city of Medina.[12] Riding on a camel called Qaswa he arrived at the place where this mosque was built. The land was owned by Sahal and Suhayl, partly as a place for drying dates, and at one end had been previously used as a burial ground.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=49}} Refusing to "accept the land as a gift", he bought the land and it took seven months to complete the construction of the mosque. It measured {{convert|30.5|×|35.62|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=49}} The roof which was supported by palm trunks was made of beaten clay and palm leaves. It was at a height of {{convert|3.60|m|abbr=on}}. The three doors of the mosque were Bab-al-Rahmah to the south, Bab-al-Jibril to the west and Babal-Nisa to the east.[13]{{sfn|Ariffin|p=49}} After the Battle of Khaybar, the mosque was "enlarged".{{sfn|Ariffin|p=50}} The mosque extended for {{convert|47.32|m|abbr=on}} on each side and three rows of columns were built beside the west wall, which became the place of praying.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=51}} The mosque remained unaltered during the reign of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=51}} The second caliph Umar demolished all the houses around the mosque except that of Muhammad's wives to expand it.[14] The new mosque's dimensions became {{convert|57.49|×|66.14|m|abbr=on}}. Sun-dried mud bricks were used to construct the walls of the enclosure. Besides strewing pebbles on the floor, the roof's height was increased to {{convert|5.6|m|abbr=on}}. Umar moreover constructed three more gates for entrance. He also added the Al-Butayha for people to recite poetry.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=54}} The third caliph Uthman demolished the mosque in 649. Ten months were spent in building the new rectangular shaped mosque whose face was turned towards the Kaaba in Mecca. The new mosque measured {{convert|81.40|×|62.58|m|abbr=on}}. The number of gates as well as their names remained the same.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=55}} The enclosure walls were made of stones laid in mortar. The palm trunk columns were replaced by stone columns which were joined by iron clamps. Teakwood was used in reconstructing the ceiling.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=56}} Middle yearsIn 707, Umayyad caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik renovated the mosque. It took three years for the work to be completed. Raw materials were procured from the Byzantine Empire.[15] The area of the mosque was increased from 5094 sq. metre of Uthman's time to 8672 sq metre. A wall was built to segregate the mosque and the houses of the wives of Prophet Muhammad. The mosque was reconstructed in a trapezoid shape with a length of {{convert|101.76|m|ft}}. For the first time, porticoes were built in the mosque connecting the northern part of the structure to the sanctuary. For the first time, minarets were built in Medina as he constructed four minarets around it.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=62}} Abbasid caliph Al-Mahdi extended the mosque to the north by {{convert|50|m|ft}}. His name was also inscribed on the walls of the mosque. He also planned to remove six steps to the minbar, but abandoned this idea, owing to this causing damage of the woods on which they were built.{{sfn|Munt|p=116}} According to an inscription of Ibn Qutaybah, the third caliph Al-Mamun did "unspecified work" on the mosque. Al-Mutawakkil lined the enclosure of Prophet Muhammad's tomb with marble.{{sfn|Munt|p=118}} Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri built a dome of stone over his grave in 1476.[16]The Rawdah (referred to as al-Rawdah al-Mutaharah), covered by the dome over the south-east corner of the mosque,[11] was constructed in 1817C.E. during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II. The dome was painted green in 1837 C.E. and came to be known as the "Green Dome".[10] The Sultan Abdul Majid I took thirteen years to rebuild the mosque, which started in 1849.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=64}} Red stone bricks were used as the main material in reconstruction of the mosque. The floor area of the mosque was increased by 1293 square metre. On the walls, verses from the Quran were inscribed in Islamic calligraphy. In the northern side of the mosque, a madrasah was built for "teaching Quranic lessons".{{sfn|Ariffin|p=65}} SaudisWhen Saud bin Abdul-Aziz took Medina in 1805, his followers, the Wahhabis, demolished nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration,[17] and the Green Dome is said to have narrowly escaped the same fate.[18] They considered the veneration of tombs and places thought to possess supernatural powers as an offence against tawhid.[19]Prophet Muhammad's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornaments, but the dome was preserved either because of an unsuccessful attempt to demolish its hardened structure, or because some time ago Ibn Abd al-Wahhab wrote that he did not wish to see the dome destroyed despite his aversion to people praying at the tomb.[17] Similar events took place in 1925 when the Saudi ikhwans retook—and this time managed to keep—the city.[20][21][22][23] After the foundation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, the mosque underwent several major modifications. In 1951 King Ibn Saud (1932–1953) ordered demolitions around the mosque to make way for new wings to the east and west of the prayer hall, which consisted of concrete columns with pointed arches. Older columns were reinforced with concrete and braced with copper rings at the top. The Suleymaniyya and Majidiyya minarets were replaced by two minarets in Mamluk revival style. Two additional minarets were erected to the northeast and northwest of the mosque. A library was built along the western wall to house historic Qurans and other religious texts.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=65}}[24] In 1974, King Faisal added 40,440 square metres to the mosque.[25] The area of the mosque was also expanded during the reign of King Fahd in 1985. Bulldozers were used to demolish buildings around the mosque.[26] In 1992, when it was completed, the area of the mosque became 1.7 million square feet. Escalators and 27 courtyards were among the additions to the mosque.[27] A $6 billion project for increasing the area of the mosque was announced in September 2012. After completion, it could accommodate between 1.6 million[28] to 2 million worshippers.[25] In March of the following year, Saudi Gazette reported that demolition work had been mostly complete, including the demolition of ten hotels on the eastern side, in addition to houses and other utilities.[29] ArchitectureThe two tiered mosque has a rectangular plan. The Ottoman prayer hall lies towards the south.[30] It has a flat paved roof topped with 27 sliding domes on square bases.[31] Holes pierced into the base of each dome illuminate the interior. The roof is also used for prayer during peak times, when the domes slide out on metal tracks to shade areas of the roof, creating light wells for the prayer hall. At these times, the courtyard of the Ottoman mosque is also shaded with umbrellas affixed to freestanding columns.[32] The roof is accessed by stairs and escalators. The paved area around the mosque is also used for prayer, equipped with umbrella tents.[33] Sliding domes and retractable umbrella-like canopies were designed by the German architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch, his firm SL Rasch GmbH, and Buro Happold.[34] RawdahThe Rawḍah ({{lang-ar|رَوْضَـة}}, literally "Garden") is an area between the minbar and burial chamber of Muhammad. It is regarded as one of the riyāḍ al-Jannah ({{lang-ar|رِيَـاض الْـجَـنَّـة}}, gardens of Paradise).[35][10][36] A green carpet distinguishes the area from the rest of the mosque, which is covered in a red carpet. Pilgrims attempt to visit the confines of the area, for there is a tradition that supplications and prayers uttered here are never rejected. Access into the area is not always possible, especially during the Hajj season, as the space can only accommodate a few hundred people.[36] Green Dome{{main|Green Dome}}The chamber adjacent to the Rawdah holds the tombs of Prophet Muhammad and two of his companions, father-in-laws and caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. A fourth grave is reserved for ‘Īsā ({{lang-ar|عِـيـسَى}}, Jesus), as it is believed that he will return and will be buried at the site. The site is covered by the Green Dome. It was constructed in 1817 CE during the reign of the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II and painted green in 1837 CE.[10] MihrabThere are two mihrabs in the mosque, one was built by Muhammad and another was built by the third Rashidun caliph Uthman. The one built by the latter was larger than that of Muhammad's and act as the functional mihrab, whereas Muhammad's mihrab is a "commemorative" mihrab.{{sfn|Ariffin|p=57}} Besides the mihrab, the mosque also has other niches which act as indicators for praying. This includes the miḥrâb Fâṭimah ({{lang-ar|مِـحْـرَاب فَـاطِـمَـة}}) or miḥrāb aṫ-Ṫahajjud ({{lang-ar|مِـحْـرَاب الـتَّـهَـجُّـد}}), which was built by Muhammad for the Ṫahajjud ({{lang-ar|تَـهَـجُّـد}}).[47] MinbarThe original minbar ({{lang-ar|مِـنـۢبَـر}}) used by Muhammad was a "wood block of date tree". This was replaced by him with a tamarisk one, which had dimensions of {{convert|50|x|125|cm|abbr=on}}. Also in 629, a three staired ladder was added to it. The first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, did not use the third step "due to respect for the Prophet", but the third caliph Uthman placed a fabric dome over it and the rest of the stairs were covered with ebony. The minbar was replaced by Baybars I in 1395, and later by Shaykh al-Mahmudi in 1417. This was also replaced by a marble one by Qaitbay in the late fifteenth century, which as of August 2013, is still used in the mosque.[37] MinaretsThe first minarets (four in number) of {{convert|26|ft|m}} high were constructed by Umar. In 1307, a minaret titled Bab al-Salam was added by Muhammad ibn Kalavun which was renovated by Mehmed IV. After the renovation project of 1994, there were ten minarets which were {{convert|104|m|ft}} high. The minarets' upper, bottom and middle portion are cylindrical, octagonal and square shaped respectively.[37] See also{{Portal|Islam|Saudi Arabia|Architecture}}
References1. ^{{cite web|last=Google maps|title=Location of Masjid an Nabawi|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=masjid+an+nabawi&aq=&sll=36.287827,59.615014&sspn=0.010533,0.021136&vpsrc=0&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=&ll=24.46844,39.611807&spn=0.011894,0.021136&t=m&z=16&iwloc=A&cid=4164084360606748207|publisher=Google maps|accessdate=24 September 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title= Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |pages=9, 12}} 3. ^Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5. 4. ^{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11553-2 |page=9}} 5. ^{{Cite quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns}} 6. ^{{Cite quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns}} 7. ^{{cite quran|17|1|e=7|s=ns}} 8. ^{{Citation |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |place=New York |year=2008 |page=79 |pages= |language= |isbn=0-307-47290-6 }} 9. ^The History of Electrical lights in the Arabian Peninsula 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book| publisher = Penerbit UTM| isbn = 978-983-52-0373-2| last = Ariffin| first = Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed| title = Architectural Conservation in Islam : Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque| year = 2005| pages=88–89,109}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite book |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-20387-3 |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |date=2002-03-11 |page=183}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=The Prophet's Mosque [Al-Masjid An-Nabawi]|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/articles/154991/the-prophets-mosque-al-masjid-an-nabawi|publisher=Islam Web|accessdate=17 June 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Gates of Masjid al-Nabawi|url=http://madainproject.com/gates_of_masjid_al_nabawi|website=Madain Project|accessdate=18 March 2018}} 14. ^{{cite book|author1=Atiqur Rahman|title=Umar Bin Khattab: The Man of Distinction|publisher=Adam Publishers|isbn=978-81-7435-329-0|page=53}} 15. ^{{cite book|author1=NE McMillan|title=Fathers and Sons: The Rise and Fall of Political Dynasty in the Middle East|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-29789-1|page=33}} 16. ^{{cite book|author1=Wahbi Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless Hariri-Rifai|title=The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|publisher=GDG Exhibits Trust|isbn=978-0-9624483-0-0|page=161}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|author=Mark Weston|title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA102|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18257-4|pages=102–103}} 18. ^{{cite book|author1=Doris Behrens-Abouseif|author2=Stephen Vernoit|title=Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&pg=PA22|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14442-2|page=22}} 19. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 11| pages = 40, 42| last = Peskes| first = Esther | title = Wahhābiyya | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Islam| year = 2000 |isbn=90-04-12756-9}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/baqi.htm|title=History of the Cemetery Of Jannat Al-Baqi|work=Al-Islam.org}} 21. ^{{cite book|author=Mark Weston|title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&pg=PA136|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18257-4|page=136}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dNKFLJVvNkC&pg=PA84|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98734-3|page=84}} 23. ^{{cite book|author=Carl W. Ernst|title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA1173|year=2004|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-5577-5|pages=173–174}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=New expansion of Prophet's Mosque ordered by king|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/new-expansion-prophet%E2%80%99s-mosque-ordered-king|publisher=Arab News|accessdate=19 June 2015}} 25. ^1 {{cite news|title=Prophet’s Mosque to accommodate two million worshippers after expansion|url=http://www.arabnews.com/prophet%E2%80%99s-mosque-accommodate-two-million-worshippers-after-expansion|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=Arab News|date=26 September 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307071616/http://www.arabnews.com/prophet%E2%80%99s-mosque-accommodate-two-million-worshippers-after-expansion|archivedate=7 March 2017|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Expansion of the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah (3 of 8)|url=http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/h202.htm|publisher=King Fahd Abdulaziz|accessdate=19 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040815/http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/h202.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Expansion of the two Holy Mosques|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/2002-Winter/Expansion.htm|publisher=Saudi Embassy|accessdate=19 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114653/http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/2002-Winter/Expansion.htm|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia plans $6bln makeover for second holiest site in Islam|url=http://rt.com/news/saudi-arabia-prophet-mosque-615/|publisher=RT|accessdate=19 June 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Prophet's Mosque to house 1.6m after expansion|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/photos/prophet-mosque-house-1-6m-expansion-photo-093409538.html?nf=1|publisher=Saudi Gazette|accessdate=19 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115254/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/photos/prophet-mosque-house-1-6m-expansion-photo-093409538.html?nf=1|archivedate=22 December 2015|df=}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Holy places: The Prophet's Mosque, Medina|url=http://mobile.monitor.co.ug/-/691260/1305820/-/format/xhtml/-/8i7t6cz/-/index.html|publisher=Daily Monitor|accessdate=19 June 2015}} 31. ^Frei Otto, Bodo Rasch: Finding Form: Towards an Architecture of the Minimal, 1996, {{ISBN|3-930698-66-8}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/sites/3789|title=Archnet|work=archnet.org}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.makmax.com/news/2012/nw0214.html|title=Large scale umbrellas (250 units) completed, covering the pilgrims worldwide with membrane architecture : MakMax|author=MakMax (Taiyo Kogyo Group)|work=makmax.com}} 34. ^{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Derek |title=The Confidence to Build |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1998 |location=p 69 |page=176 |isbn=0-419-24060-8}} 35. ^{{cite book |title=Muwatta Imam Malik |chapter=14.5.11 |chapter-url=http://sunnah.com/urn/404650 |author=Malik ibn Anas}} 36. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/36863/prophets%20mosque |website=Islam-QA |title="Islamic Guidelines for Visitors to the Prophet's Mosque" |quote=It is prescribed for the one who visits the Prophet's Mosque to pray two rakats in the Rawdah or whatever he wants of supplementary prayers, because it is proven that there is virtue in doing so. It was narrated from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, "The area between my house and my mimbar is one of the gardens of Paradise, and my mimbar is on my cistern (hawd)." Narrated by al-Bukhari, 1196; Muslim, 1391.}} 37. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Prophet's Mosque|url=http://www.lastprophet.info/the-prophet-s-mosque-%E2%94%82-masjid-al-nabawi|publisher=Last Prophet|accessdate=19 June 2015}} Notes{{notelist}}
Bibliography and further reading
External links{{Commons|المسجد النبوي|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi}}{{Wikivoyage|Medina}}{{Wikinews|Annual Islamic pilgrimage takes place}}
8 : 8th-century mosques|Islamic holy places|Mausoleums in Saudi Arabia|Mosques in Medina|Umayyad architecture|Ziyarat|Mosques in Saudi Arabia|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi |
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