| 词条 | Kelani River | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Kelani River | name_native = {{lang|si|කැළණි ගඟ}} (Kelani Ganga) {{lang|ta|களனி கங்கை}} (Kelani Gangai) | name_native_lang = si | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Kelani River.jpg | image_size = 280px | image_caption = Kelani River, near Kitulgala | image_alt = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Sri Lanka | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = Kitulgala, Avissawella, Malabe, Colombo | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{Convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|20|-|25|m3/s|abbr=on}} (dry season) | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = {{convert|800|-|1500|m3/s|abbr=on}} (monsoon) | source1 = Horton Plains National Park[1] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Indian Ocean | mouth_location = Colombo | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|06|58|44|N|79|52|12|E|display=inline,title|region:LK_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The Kelani River ({{lang-si|කැළණි ගඟ}}) is a {{convert|145|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|0}} river in Sri Lanka. Ranking as the fourth-longest river in the country, it stretches from the Sri Pada Mountain Range to Colombo. It flows through or bordering the Sri Lankan districts of Nuwara Eliya, Ratnapura, Kegalle, Gampaha and Colombo.The kelani river also flows through the capital of Sri Lanka,Colombo and provides 80%of its drinking water. HydrologyKelani River has two main tributaries in its upper reaches. These are; (1) Kehelgamu Oya and (2) Maskeli Oya. These two contribute to part of hydro-electric production in Sri Lanka, by housing several major reservoirs, ponds and power stations. Castlereigh Reservoir and Norton Reservoir are constructed across Kehelgamu Oya, while Maskeliya Reservoir, Canyon Reservoir and Laxapana Reservoir are constructed across Maskeli Oya. In its lower reaches, some more tributaries connect to Kelani River out of which the most famous are We Oya at Yatiyanthota, Gurugoda Oya at Ruwanwella and Seethawaka Ganga at Avissawella. Hydrometry and usageIt supplies approximately 80% of the water used in Colombo. In addition, the river is used for transport, fisheries, sewage disposal, sand mining and for production of hydroelectricity. Through these factors, many people depend on the river for their daily routine in life. Depending on the operation of three reservoirs, the river flow varies from {{convert|20|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|25|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} in the dry seasons, and {{convert|800|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1500|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} during the monsoons. The annual sand extraction from the river is approximately {{convert|600000|m2|ft2|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800000|m2|ft2|0|abbr=on}}. From a barge, people dive to the river bed, from where the sand is lifted to the barge in a bucket, and when the barge is full, it is taken to the river bank and unloaded by a separate team. The sand mining causes the river bed to sink by approximately {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year. At present, two main concerns in connection with the river are flooding during the monsoon and saline intrusion in the dry season. In addition, Kelani River water levels affect the flood risk to Colombo, capital of Sri Lanka, to a considerable extent. One reason is that part of the city and suburbs of Colombo lie on the lower flood plain of the river. Exposure of Colombo and upper catchments of Kelani River to the same monsoon, i.e. South West Monsoon, is another reason. The problems are related: the saline intrusion is enhanced by the deepening of the river caused by the sand mining. Regulation in order to prevent the saline intrusion can reduce the water quality in other ways, and can increase the flood risk. Sand mining is economically important nationally and to the many involved people. The Kelani stream flow was investigated just upstream of Ambatale at Hanwella, analyzing the river discharges from 1973 to 2004 (in million m³/month).[2] Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:400 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:50 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= bar:Jan from:0 till: 94 bar:Fév from:0 till: 68 bar:Mar from:0 till: 98 bar:Avr from:0 till: 162 bar:Mai from:0 till: 286 bar:Jun from:0 till: 373 bar:Jul from:0 till: 275 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 211 bar:Sep from:0 till: 233 bar:Oct from:0 till: 345 bar:Nov from:0 till: 297 bar:Déc from:0 till: 156 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 94 fontsize:S text: 94 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 68 fontsize:S text: 68 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 98 fontsize:S text: 98 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 162 fontsize:S text: 162 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 286 fontsize:S text: 286 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 373 fontsize:S text: 373 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 275 fontsize:S text: 275 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 211 fontsize:S text: 211 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 233 fontsize:S text: 233 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 345 fontsize:S text: 345 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 297 fontsize:S text: 297 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 156 fontsize:S text: 156 shift:(-10,5) Cultural referencesKelani River is connected closely with the Sinhala Buddhist culture of Sri Lanka, especially with the people living on the area identified as Kelani Valley. This is primarily caused by the fact that Kelani River is associated with two of the most venerated Buddhist shrines and pilgrimages, i.e. Sri Pada Mountain and Kelani Raja Maha Viharaya. There are a number of folk poetry that mention Kelani River such as the following: 1. මලේ මලේ ඔය නා මල නෙළා වරෙන් අත්ත බිඳෙයි පය බුරුලෙන් තබා වරෙන් කැලණි ගඟේ ඔරු යනවා බලා වරෙන් සාදුකාර දී ඔරුවක නැගී වරෙන් 2. මහවැලි කැලණි කලු වලවේ යන ගංගා සමනොළ කන්ද මුදුනේ සිට පැන නැංගා බෑවුම් තැනිතලා හෙල් අතරින් රිංගා මේවා ගලයි මිණි කැට දිය යට හංගා 3. හංස සන්දේශ කරුවා කැළණි ගඟ දුටු අයුරු සමනොළ මුදුන සිරිපද ඔබන මගුලට නිකසල මහ සඟන ගෙන වඩින මුනිඳුට පැහැදුල සුනිල් මිණියෙන් කළ මග ලෙසට මනදොළ පිරෙයි ගඟ සිරිසර දුටු තොපට Special featuresThe Academy Award-winning The Bridge on the River Kwai was filmed on the Kelani River near Kitulgala, although nothing remains now except the concrete foundations for the bridge (and, supposedly, the submerged train cars that plunged into the river in the climactic scene).[3] Bridges over Kelani RiverThe following table shows the major bridges over Kelani River:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://dw.iwmi.org/wetland_profile/Horton.asp |title=Horton Plains National Park |publisher=International Water Management Institute |accessdate= 23 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805010613/http://dw.iwmi.org/wetland_profile/Horton.asp |archivedate=August 5, 2010 }} {{Inland waters of Sri Lanka}}2. ^{{cite web| url= http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/981/attach/08_chapter3-5srilanka.pdf|title=The Study of the Management of Groundwater Resources in Sri Lanka|format= PDF; 1,8 MB}} 3. ^Sri Lanka für Fortgeschrittene 4. ^http://iesl.ceylonhost.com/IESL_publications/Civil%20Engineering/Highway,%20Railway,%20Air%20field%20&%20Bridge%20Engineering/The%20Kelani%20Bridge%20by%20M.%20Chandrasena%20&%20K.%20Rasaratnam%201960.pdf 5. ^http://www.asiantribune.com/node/11487 4 : Bodies of water of Colombo District|Bodies of water of Gampaha District|Geography of Colombo|Rivers of Sri Lanka |
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