| 释义 |
- Archaeology
- Astronomy
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Exploration
- Meteorology
- Paleontology
- Physics
- Technology
- Awards
- Births
- Deaths
- References
{{Year nav topic5|1856|science}}The year 1856 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Archaeology- First remains of Neanderthal Man found in the Neandertal Valley of Germany.
Astronomy- N. R. Pogson proposes that the ratio used in Hipparchus' stellar apparent magnitude system should be adopted as a standard.
- NGC 6539 is discovered by Theodor Brorsen.
Biology- Paul Du Chaillu becomes the first European to observe gorillas in the wild.[1]
- Gregor Mendel starts his research on genetics.
- Lev Tsenkovsky introduces the concept that the lower algae and other infusoria are unicellular organisms.[2]
Chemistry- March – William Perkin first discovers an aniline dye, mauveine.[3]
- Alexander Parkes patents the first thermoplastic, Parkesine.[4]
- Louis Pasteur crystallizes galactose.[5]
- Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovers the glycols.
Exploration- May 20 – Dr David Livingstone arrives at Quelimane on the Indian Ocean having completed a 2-year transcontinental journey across Africa from Luanda.[6]
- Thomas Montgomerie of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India makes the first survey of the Karakoram Range, from Mount Haramukh, {{convert|130|mi|km|disp=flip|abbr=in}} to the south, and designates the two most prominent peaks as K1 and K2.[7]
Meteorology- American meteorologist William Ferrel demonstrates the tendency of rising and rotating warm air to pull in air from more southerly, warmer regions and transport it poleward.[8]
Paleontology- American paleontologist Joseph Leidy describes the new tyrannosaurid dinosaur genus and species Deinodon horridus.[9]
Physics- Henry Darcy formulates Darcy's law on fluid flow.[10]
Technology- September 22 – British metallurgist Robert Mushet patents improvements to the Bessemer process for the production of steel.[11]
- English agricultural engineer John Fowler first demonstrates his steam-driven agricultural ploughing system.[12]
- English engineer John Ramsbottom invents a tamper-proof spring safety valve for steam locomotives.[13]
- French chemist Alphonse Louis Poitevin invents the collotype photographic process.
- Tinsmith Ralph Collier of Baltimore, Maryland, patents the first egg beater with rotating parts.[14]
- Sarrusophone patented.
- Approximate date – Bandoneon invented.
Awards- Copley Medal: Henri Milne-Edwards
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Edmond Logan
Births- February 15 – Emil Kraepelin (died 1926), German psychiatrist.
- May 6
- Sigmund Freud (died 1939), Austrian psychoanalyst.
- Robert Peary (died 1920), American polar explorer.
- July 10 – Nikola Tesla (died 1943), Serb inventor.
- September 14 – Sergei Winogradsky (died 1953), Russian microbiologist.
- December 18 – J. J. Thomson (died 1940), English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.
Deaths- February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Nikolai Lobachevsky (born 1792), Russian mathematician and geometer.
- February 25 – George Don (born 1797), Scottish botanist.
- July 9 – Amedeo Avogadro (born 1776), Italian chemist.
- August 24 – William Buckland (born 1784), English geologist and paleontologist.
- November 20 – Farkas Bolyai (born 1775), Hungarian mathematician.
- November 21 – James Meadows Rendel (born 1799), English civil engineer.
- December 23/24 – Hugh Miller (born 1802), Scottish geologist (suicide).
- date unknown – Enriqueta Favez (born 1791), Swiss physician and surgeon.
References1. ^Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, with Accounts of the Manners and Customs of the People, and of the Chace of the Gorilla, Crocodile, and other Animals (1861).
2. ^{{cite journal|first=Alexander|last=Petrunkevitch|title=Russia's Contribution to Science|journal=Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences|volume=23|year=1920|page=233}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Garfield|first=Simon|authorlink=Simon Garfield|title=Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour that Changed the World|location=London|publisher=Faber|isbn=0-571-20197-0|year=2000}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=UK Patent office|title=Patents for inventions|year=1857|publisher=UK Patent office|pages=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nCoU-2tAx8C&pg=PA255}}
5. ^Pasteur (1856). [https://archive.org/stream/ComptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0042/ComptesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome042-Janvier-juin1856#page/n350/mode/1up "Note sur le sucre de lait"] (Note on milk sugar), Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, 42:347-351.
6. ^{{cite web|title=Central Africa, explored|url=http://unimaps.com/cafrica-explored/print.html|work=Unimaps.com|year=2005|accessdate=2011-08-26}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=K2: the Story of the Savage Mountain|last=Curran|first=Jim|year=1995|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=London|isbn=978-0-340-66007-2|page=25}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Ferrel|first=W.|title=An essay on the winds and the currents of the Oceans|journal=Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery|year=1856|volume=11|pages=287-301|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_essay_on_the_winds_and_the_currents_of_the_ocean}}
9. ^{{cite_book|last=Holtz|first=Thomas R.|authorlink=Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.|year=2004|chapter=Tyrannosauroidea|editor= Weishampel, David B.|editor2=Dodson, Peter|editor3=Osmólska, Halszka|title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=114|isbn=0-520-24209-2}}
10. ^{{cite book|first=H.|last=Darcy|title=Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon|publisher=Dalmont|location=Paris|year=1856}}
11. ^{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=van Dulken|title=Inventing the 19th Century: the great age of Victorian inventions|location=London|publisher=British Library|year=2001|isbn=0-7123-0881-4|page=30}}
12. ^{{cite book|first=Harold|last=Bonnett|title=Saga of the Steam Plough|location=Newton Abbot|publisher=David & Charles|year=1972|isbn=0715357425}}
13. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=1908|title=Safety Valve, Ramsbottom Valves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0cwAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA15|encyclopedia=Henley's Encyclopedia of Practical Engineering|publisher=The N. W. Henley Publishing Co|location=New York|accessdate=2009-06-13}}
14. ^{{US patent|16267}}.
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