| 词条 | Alsatian dialect | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Alsatian |states=France |region=Alsace |speakers=900,000 |date=2013 |ref=e19 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Germanic |fam3=West Germanic |fam4=High German |fam5=Upper German |fam6=Alemannic German |fam7=Low Alemannic German |fam8=Upper Rhenish |minority={{FRA|France}} |agency=No official regulation |iso2=gsw |iso3=gsw |iso3comment=(with Swiss German) |ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} |glotto=swis1247 |glottoname=Swiss German |notice=IPA }}{{Alsace sidebar}}Alsatian ({{lang-gsw|Elsässerditsch}} "Alsatian German"; Frankish: Elsässerdeitsch; {{lang-fr|Alsacien}}; {{lang-de|Elsässisch}} or {{lang|de|Elsässerdeutsch}}) is a Low Alemannic German dialect spoken in most of Alsace, a formerly disputed region in eastern France that has passed between French and German control five times since 1681. A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in the United States by the so-called Swiss Amish, whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana, with "daughter settlements"{{ref|a|[Note 1]}} elsewhere.[1]{{Line chart | caption = Percentage of the speakers of Alsatian in Alsace | color_background = white | width = 300 | height = 300 | padding_left = 40 | padding_right = 10 | padding_top = 10 | padding_bottom = 20 | number_of_series = 1 | number_of_x-values = 9 | label_x1 = 1900| label_x2 = 1946| label_x3 = 1962| label_x4 = 1979| label_x5 = 1986| label_x6 = 1991| label_x7 = 1997| label_x8 = 2001| label_x9 = 2012 | y_max = 100 | y_min = 0 | scale = yes | interval_primary_scale = 10 | interval_secondary_scale = 10 | color_series_1 = red| | thickness_series1 = 2| | S01V01 = 95 | S01V02 = 91 | S01V03 = 86.3 | S01V04 = 74.7 | S01V05 = 71.7 | S01V06 = 67 | S01V07 = 63 | S01V08 = 61 | S01V09 = 43 | points = no }}{{legend|Red|Percentage of Alsatian speakers in Alsace[2][3]}} Language familyAlsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects, such as Swiss German, Swabian, and Markgräflerisch as well as Kaiserstühlerisch. It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian, a more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine. Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German. For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near the border with Basel, Switzerland, will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland. Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse). Orthography
C, Q, and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words such as Dytschi ("German"), but is more common in loanwords. PhonologyConsonantsAlsatian has a set of 19 consonants:
Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: {{IPA|/kʰ/}} and {{IPA|/h/}} only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; {{IPA|/ŋ/}} never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but {{IPA|[k]}}. Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed {{IPA|/b̥/}}, {{IPA|/d̥/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ̊/}}. The phoneme {{IPA|/ç/}} has a velar allophone {{IPA|[x]}} after back vowels ({{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{IPA|/a/}} in those speakers who do not pronounce this as {{IPA|[æ]}}), and palatal {{IPA|[ç]}} elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it {{IPA|/x/}} in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. VowelsShort vowels: {{IPA|/ʊ/, /o/, /ɒ/, /a/}} ({{IPA|[æ]}} in Strasbourg), {{IPA|/ɛ/, /ɪ/, /i/, /y/}}. Long vowels: {{IPA|/ʊː/, /oː/, /ɒː/, /aː/, /ɛː/, /eː/, /iː/, /yː/}} Diphthongs{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}Comparative vocabulary list
Status of Alsatian in FranceSince 1992, the constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages the support that would be required by the charter. The policies of the Paris government have had the deliberate effect of greatly weakening the prevalence of native languages in France that are not "French."{{fact|date=July 2018}} As a result, the Alsatian dialect of German has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. See also
References1. ^Chad Thompson: The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence, in Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Spring, 1994), pp. 69-91 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.olcalsace.org/fr/observer-et-veiller/le-dialecte-en-chiffres|title=Le dialecte en chiffres {{!}} www.OLCAlsace.org|website=www.olcalsace.org|access-date=2019-02-03}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2003-3-page-363.htm#|title=Le dialecte alsacien : état des lieux|last=Denis|first=Marie-Noële|date=2003|website=Cairn.info|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://ontariomennonitehistory.org/2016/02/08/prince-edward-island-fever/|title=Prince Edward Island Fever|author=|date=8 February 2016|website=ontariomennonitehistory.org|accessdate=5 April 2018}} 5. ^http://thecommonlife.com.au/c/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Let-Us-Reason-Together.wps_.pdf{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
External links{{Commons category-inline}}
Notes
4 : Alemannic German language|German dialects|Languages of France|Alsatian |
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