词条 | LGBT rights in Paraguay | ||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| location_header = Paraguay | image = PRY orthographic.svg | caption = Paraguay | legal_status = Legal since 1880, age of consent not equal | gender_identity_expression = None | recognition_of_relationships = None | recognition_of_relationships_restrictions = Constitution limits marriage and de facto unions to one man and one woman | adoption = Single persons not restricted | military = Gay, lesbian and bisexual people allowed to serve openly | discrimination_protections = None }} Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Paraguay may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Paraguay, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for all of the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples. Paraguay remains one of the few conservative countries in South America regarding LGBT rights.
In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. The ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and sets a binding precedent for other Latin American and Caribbean countries including Paraguay.[1] There is currently a pending lawsuit to recognize same-sex marriage that relies on the IACHR ruling.[2] Law regarding same-sex sexual activitySame-sex sexual activity has been legal in Paraguay since 1880.[2] The age of consent in Paraguay is 16 for homosexuals and 14 for heterosexuals.[3] During the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner from 1954 to 1989, LGBT people faced heavy persecution and were forced to maintain secret lives. On 1 September 1959, a fire broke out in the capital city of Asunción. Bernardo Aranda, a well-loved radio announcer, died in the fire. Police intervened and blamed 108 gay men for the fire. The case is known today as the "Case 108" ("Caso 108"). The men were arrested, tortured and their names made public. The press then blamed homosexuality as the cause of Aranda's death, with the Government of Stroessner publicly encouraging hatred and violence against LGBT people, calling them "evil", "vicious" and "abnormal". It is still unknown today if the men had any connection with the death of Aranda.[4] LGBT groups have sought to honour the victims of Case 108, and in 2010 filmmaker Renate Costa, whose uncle was one of the 108, released a documentary, named "108 Cuchillo de Palo", consisting of interviews of survivors of Case 108 and reveals the persecution they faced.[5] Recognition of same-sex relationshipsThere is no legal recognition of same-sex couples. Since 1992, the Constitution of Paraguay has limited marriage, de facto unions and the family to "one man and one woman".[6]
In addition, Article 140 of the Paraguayan Civil Code expressly prohibits marriage between persons of the same sex.[7] In July 2010, organization "SOMOSGAY" announced their intention to submit a same-sex marriage bill to Parliament.[8][9] Though, no vote happened. In May 2017, presidential candidate Santiago Peña of the ruling Colorado Party announced his support for same-sex marriage.[10][11] He was quickly criticised by many deputies as well as President Horacio Cartes, who months prior had unsuccessfully tried to amend the Constitution to allow him to be re-elected, a move considered anti-democratic by Opposition parties.[12] In 2013, Cartes said that he would "shoot myself in the b*****ks" if he were to have a gay son.[13] On 12 January 2018, SOMOSGAY announced its intention to file a petition with the Supreme Court of Justice, asking the court to legalize same-sex marriage in the country,[14] citing the 9 January 2018 ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) that signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights (of which Paraguay is one) are required to allow same-sex couples to marry.[15][16] Government officials reacted negatively to the IACHR ruling. In March 2018, presidential candidate Mario Abdo Benítez (Colorado Party) stated he would veto any same-sex marriage bill that passes Congress.[17] He won the election. Other opponents of the IACHR ruling have falsely claimed that it does not apply to Paraguay.[18][19] In March 2019, with 24 votes in favor, the Senate of Paraguay approved a draft declaration declaring itself "pro-life and pro-family", expressing opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion. The move was criticised by many lawmakers who maintained that the state is secular and cannot impose moral principles or values linked to a religion.[20] Adoption and parentingSince 1997, the Adoption Law states that single persons, of any sex, may adopt regardless of their marital status. Marriages and de facto unions between persons of the opposite sex, and single women have equal preference in adoption.[21][22][23] Discrimination protectionsIn Paraguay, there is no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. In November 2015, a bill to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity was introduced to the Congress.[24][25] Article 28 of the Internal Rules and Regulations of the Ministry of Public Defense ({{lang-es|Reglamento Interno del Ministerio de la Defensa Pública}}) prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation against employees of the Defense Ministry.[26] Gender identity and expressionIn Paraguay, transgender people are not allowed to legally change their name and gender on official documents. In December 2016, two transgender women – Yren Rotela and Mariana Sepúlveda – filed a lawsuit to change their names, based on article 25 of the Constitution on free expression and free construction of identity, and article 42 of the Civil Code that allows the change of first name.[27] In October 2016, the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare approved Resolution 695 establishing that all transgender people may use their social name on medical records, medical history and forms. It also states that officials working in Integrated Networks of Health Services (RIISS) will be required to provide assistance and obligatory treat transgender patients with the social name with which they identify themselves.[28][29] Military serviceThere is no official prohibition that prevents the entry of gays, lesbians and bisexuals into the Armed Forces of Paraguay and the National Police.[30] In June 2010, the Chamber of Deputies rejected, by 42 votes against and 4 in favor, a bill that would have prohibited the entry of homosexuals into the Public Force, which consists of the military and the police forces.[31] School curriculumIn October 2017, the Government of Paraguay implemented a ban on discussion of LGBT issues within public schools.[32] The Minister of Education added that it might even consider burning books that raise awareness about transgender people.[33] Living conditionsParaguay is considered to be one of South America's most conservative countries. Reports of violence and discrimination against members of the LGBT community are frequent, and are often ignored by the police. The Catholic Church retains a strong influence and presence in the country, and has strongly opposed measures to improve the lives of LGBT people. Attitudes among the general population towards same-sex marriage and LGBT rights more generally remain low compared to other South American countries, especially neighbouring Argentina and Brazil. Additionally, a recent rise in religious fundamentalism has caused concern among LGBT advocacy groups.[34] Pride marchesSince 2004, LGBT groups have organised pride parades in Asunción.[35] Public opinionAccording to a Pew Research Center survey, conducted between 26 November 2013 and 8 January 2014, 15% of Paraguayans supported same-sex marriage, 81% were opposed.[36][37] The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 26% of Paraguayans supported same-sex marriage.[38] Summary table
See also{{Portal|LGBT}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/38550305/inter-american-court-endorses-same-sex-marriage/|title=Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Yahoo7|date=9 January 2018|accessdate=9 January 2018}} {{commonscat|LGBT in Paraguay}}{{South America topic|LGBT rights in}}{{Paraguay topics}}2. ^State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6D4eYwvnq?url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf |date=21 December 2012 }} 3. ^{{es}} {{cite web|url= http://www.oas.org/juridico/MLA/sp/pry/sp_pry-int-text-cp.pdf |title=OAS (Organization of American States) – Paraguayan Penal Code (PDF) (Law 1160/1997) }} {{small|(1.04 MB)}} 4. ^108 NEVER AGAIN! Memory of a Dictatorship 5. ^{{es icon}} 108 Cuchillo de palo, El Mundo 6. ^{{cite web|title=Paraguay: Constitución de 1992|url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Paraguay/para1992.html|website=pdba.georgetown.edu|language=es-LA}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=ARTICULO 140 del Código Civil de Paraguay|url=http://www.notarfor.com.ar/codigo-civil-paraguay/articulo-140.php|website=www.notarfor.com.ar|accessdate=23 January 2017|language=es}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://somosgay.org/noticias/?p=557|title=SOMOSGAY|publisher=|accessdate=9 July 2015}} 9. ^{{es}}SOMOSGAY organiza el festival por la igualdad y la libertad en Paraguay 10. ^{{es icon}} Peña se retracta diciendo que promueve unión entre el hombre y la mujer 11. ^{{es icon}} “El matrimonio igualitario es inmoral” 12. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/30/paraguay-reelection-amend-constitution-horacio-cartes Paraguay fears dictatorship as president moves to amend constitution] 13. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/horacio-cartes-millionaire-criminal-business-titan-homophobe-the-next-president-of-paraguay-8580851.html Horacio Cartes: Millionaire. Criminal. Business titan. Homophobe. The next president of Paraguay?] 14. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.hoy.com.py/nacionales/lgtbi-anuncia-presin-a-corte-para-aceptar-unin-igualitaria-y-habr-guerra|title=LGTBI anuncia presión a Corte para aceptar unión igualitaria y habrá ‘guerra’|publisher=Hoy (Paraguay)|date=12 January 2018|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2018/01/10/costa-rica-reacts-inter-american-court-ruling-on-same-sex-marriage|title=Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage; Costa Rica reacts|accessdate=12 January 2018|publisher=Tico Times}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latinamerica-lgbt/latin-american-human-rights-court-urges-same-sex-marriage-legalization-idUSKBN1EZ020|title=Latin American human rights court urges same-sex marriage legalization|last1=Andres Pretel|first1=Enrique|accessdate=12 January 2018}} 17. ^{{es icon}} Marito avisa: defenderá la familia y vetará cualquier proyecto “progay” 18. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.ultimahora.com/paraguay-debe-adecuar-leyes-matrimonio-igualitario-segun-experto-n1128418.html Paraguay debe adecuar leyes para matrimonio igualitario, según experto] 19. ^{{es icon}} Opinión de Corte IDH sobre matrimonio igualitario "no afecta a Paraguay" 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomarandu.com.py/2019/03/22/camara-de-senadores-se-declara-provida-y-profamilia/|title=Cámara de Senadores se declara provida y profamilia|work=Radio Marandú|date=22 March 2019|language=Spanish}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Ley de Adopciones. Ley 1136 de 1997.|url=http://www.snna.gov.py/archivos/documentos/Ley_de_Adopciones,_Ley_1136_de_1997_2xkfw78s.pdf|language=es}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=Instan a anotarse en los registros para adopción|url=http://www.lanacion.com.py/2016/09/21/instan-anotarse-los-registros-adopcion/|website=La Nación|accessdate=26 January 2017|language=es|date=21 September 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web|last1=Color|first1=ABC|title=Gays pueden adoptar niños|url=http://www.abc.com.py/especiales/fin-de-semana/gays-pueden-adoptar-ninos-1598764.html|accessdate=15 June 2017|language=es-ES}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=Proyecto de ley "Julio Fretes" contra toda forma de discriminación|url=https://nodiscriminesparaguay.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/proyecto-de-ley-julio-fretes-contra-toda-forma-de-discriminacic3b3n.pdf|language=es-LA}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Expediente: Proyecto de Ley “Contra toda forma de discriminación”|url=http://sil2py.senado.gov.py/formulario/FichaTecnicaExpediente.pmf?q=FichaTecnicaExpediente%2F106146|website=sil2py.senado.gov.py|accessdate=22 January 2017}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Reglamento Interno|url=http://www.mdp.gov.py/application/files/7214/6056/4494/Reglamento_Interno_-_2016.pdf|publisher=Ministerio de la Defensa Pública|date=2016}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Mujeres trans inician trámite para cambiar de nombre|url=http://www.paraguay.com/nacionales/mujeres-trans-inician-tramite-para-cambiar-de-nombre-156091|website=www.paraguay.com|accessdate=20 January 2017|language=es-LA}} 28. ^{{cite web|last1=Color|first1=ABC|title=Trans podrán utilizar su nombre social en clínicas|url=http://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/trans-podran-utilizar-su-nombre-social-1535811.html|accessdate=20 January 2017|language=es-LA}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Las personas Trans podrán utilizar su nombre social en clínicas|url=http://www.panambi.org.py/noticias/detalle/132/Las+personas+Trans+podr%C3%A1n+utilizar+su+nombre+social+en+cl%C3%ADnicas.++|website=www.panambi.org.py|accessdate=20 January 2017|language=es-LA}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Gays en las FF.AA y en Policía: ¿No está prohibido pero no está permitido?|url=http://www.hoy.com.py/nacionales/gays-en-las-ff.aa-y-en-polica-no-est-prohibido-pero-no-est-permitido|accessdate=1 March 2017|language=es-ES}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=Diputados rechazan ley que prohíbe ingreso de homosexuales a FFAA|url=http://www.paraguay.com/nacionales/diputados-rechazan-ley-que-prohibe-ingreso-de-homosexuales-a-ffaa-30985|website=www.paraguay.com|accessdate=1 March 2017|language=es}} 32. ^Paraguay Just Instituted A Russia-Style Ban On “Gay Propaganda” 33. ^Paraguay will ‘burn books’ which don’t promote ‘traditional gender ideology’ 34. ^[https://wtop.com/education/2017/12/fears-rise-over-lgbt-discrimination-in-conservative-paraguay/ Fears rise over LGBT discrimination in conservative Paraguay] 35. ^Marcha del Orgullo LGBTI en Paraguay 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/chapter-5-social-attitudes/|title=Social Attitudes on Moral Issues in Latin America - Pew Research Center|date=13 November 2014|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=9 July 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/appendix-a-methodology/|title=Appendix A: Methodology|date=13 November 2014|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=9 July 2015}} 38. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/dr/AB2016-17_Dominican_Republic_Country_Report_W_12.11.17.pdf CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EN LAS AMÉRICAS, 2016/17] 4 : LGBT rights by country|Human rights in Paraguay|LGBT rights in South America|LGBT in Paraguay |
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