“Live streaming”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Live-streaming refers to online streaming media simultaneously recorded and broadcast in real time. It is often referred to simply as streaming, however this abbreivated term is ambiguous due to the fact that "streaming" may refer to any media delivered and played back simultaneously without requiring a completely downloaded file. Non-live media such as video-on-demand and YouTube videos are technically streamed, but not live-streamed.

Live-stream services encompass a wide variety of topics, from social media to video games. Platforms such as Facebook Live, Periscope, Kuaishou, and 17 include the streaming of scheduled promotions and celebrity events as well as streaming between users, as in videotelephony. Sites such as Twitch.tv have become popular outlets for watching people play video games, such as in eSports, Let's Play-style gaming, or speedrunning.

User interaction via chat rooms forms a major component of live-streaming. Platforms often include the ability to talk to the broadcaster or participate in conversations in chat. An extreme example of viewer interfacing is the social experiment Twitch Plays Pokémon, where viewers collaborate to complete Pokémon games by typing in commands that correspond to controller inputs.

Social media

In the field of social media, the term "live media" refers to new media that use streaming media technologies for creating networks of live multimedia shared among people, companies and organizations. Social media marketer Bryan Kramer describes live streaming as an inexpensive "key marketing and communications tool that helps brands reach their online audience." Users can follow their friends' live video "shares" as well as "shares" related to specific content or items. Live media can be shared through any Internet website or application; thus, when people browse on a specific website, they may find live media streams relevant to the content they look for.^[1]

Live media can include coverage of various events such as concerts or live news coverage viewed using a web browser or apps such as Snapchat. James Harden and Trolli promoted an upcoming NBA All-Star Game through Snapchat. Many of LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner's performance art were live streamed, such as a stream of Shia LaBeouf in a theater viewing all his movies.^[2]

Periscope

In March 2015, Twitter launched a live streaming app called Periscope. Normally, users would see a hyperlink attached to their broadcast, directing people to a new tab. Using Periscope, videos appear live on the timeline. If the user has allowed the site to share information, others can see where the user is streaming from. During the broadcast, users can comment, talk to the broadcaster, or ask questions.^[3] Kayvon Beykpour, CEO of Periscope, and Dick Costolo and Jack Dorsey, CEOs of Twitter, all shared a common goal—to invent something that would merge both teams into one instead of as partners.^[4] The team wanted to give people more accessibility for both Twitter and Periscope. Their solution was a combination of live streaming and Twitter.

Facebook Watch

YouTube Live

Lifestreaming

Applications

Notable applications to publish and record live streams at the same time include MotionCaster and Open Broadcaster Software and XSplit Broadcaster. They are used to publish streams to Youtube, Facebook, Periscope and Twitch.tv, among others.

Video games

Live streaming playing of video games gained popularity during the 2010s. David M. Ewalt referred to Twitch.tv as "the ESPN of video games".^[11] The website spawned from and grew to overshadow Justin.tv, and was purchased by Amazon.com at the end of 2014 for $970 million USD.^[12] Other video-game oriented streaming websites include Smashcast.tv, which was formed after the merging of Azubu and Hitbox.tv, and the South Korea-based afreecaTV. In 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a video gaming-oriented sub-site and app that is intended to compete with Twitch.^[13]

An example of a notable live streamed event is Games Done Quick, a charity speedrunning marathon hosted on Twitch. Viewers are encouraged to donate for incentives during the stream such as naming characters in a run, having the runners attempt more difficult challenges, or winning prizes.^[14] Over $10 million has been raised across sixteen marathons.^[15]

Professional streamers can generate livable revenue from viewer subscriptions and donations, as well as platform advertisements and sponsorships from eSports organizations, often earning much more from streaming than from tournament winnings.^[16] The audiences of professional gaming tournaments are primarily live stream viewers in addition to live audiences inside venues. The International 2017, a Dota 2 tournament with the largest prize pool in eSport history, was primarily streamed through Twitch, having a peak of over five million concurrent viewers.^[17]

Risks

Many instances of crimes such as rape and assault, along with suicides, have been streamed live, leaving little to no time for administrators to remove the offending content. Live streamed crimes became a trend in the mid-2010s with widely reported incidents such as assaults and suicide streamed through Periscope in 2016^[18] and the kidnapping of a man in Chicago streamed through Facebook Live in 2017.^[19] A mass shooting in Jacksonville, Florida, resulting in the deaths of two in addition to the shooter, occurred during a Madden NFL 19 tournament.^[20] Part of the Christchurch mosque shootings was streamed on Facebook Live by the perpetrator for 17 minutes.^[21]

Additionally, live streaming to large audiences carries the risk that viewers may commit crimes both remotely and in person. Twitch co-founder Justin Kan had been a frequent target of swatting. An incident occurred in April 2017 at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport when a viewer called in a bomb threat and named a streamer as the culprit, temporarily shutting down the airport.^[22] They may also be victim to stalking as with other celebrities; for example, a teenager showed up uninvited to a streamer's house and requested to live with him after having saved up for a one-way transcontinental flight.^[23] A Taiwan-based American streamer fell victim to a doxing and targeted harassment campaign by a Taiwanese streamer, coordinated through a private Facebook group with 17,000 members "whose activities involved tracking [his] whereabouts," death threats and "the distribution of his parents’ U.S. phone number and address". Twitch responded by temporarily suspending the harassed streamer.^[24]

See also

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Kramer|first1=Bryan|title=How Live-Streaming is Going to Crush it in 2016|url=http://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/how-live-streaming-going-crush-it-2016|website=SocialMediaToday|accessdate=September 30, 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/16/9731856/shia-labeouf-all-my-movies-live-stream | title=Why Shia LaBeouf's #AllMyMovies was so successful | publisher=The Verge | date=November 16, 2015 | accessdate=July 7, 2017| author=Robinson, T.}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-launches-periscope-meerkat-livestreaming-app-2015-3|title=Twitter just launched Periscope, its hot new streaming app|last=Price|first=Rob|date=March 26, 2015|website=Business Insider|publisher=|access-date=November 4, 2016}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/01/periscope-now-puts-live-video-in-your-twitter-timeline/|title=Periscope Now Drops Live Video Into Your Twitter Timeline|last=Pierce|first=David|date=January 12, 2016|website=Wired|publisher=|access-date=November 4, 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url = http://mashable.com/2016/01/28/facebook-live-video-how-to/#EykmO4z.4PqL|title = Facebook is finally bringing live streaming to everyone|last = Bell|first = Karissa|publisher = Mashable|date = January 28, 2016|accessdate = April 24, 2016}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/facebook-really-really-wants-broadcast-watch-live-video/|title=Zuckerberg Really Wants You to Stream Live Video on Facebook|last=Greenberg|first=Julia|newspaper=WIRED|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-30}}
7. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/08/youtube-sleeping-giant-livestreaming/|title=YouTube Is the Sleeping Giant of Livestreaming|last=Pierce|first=David|newspaper=WIRED|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-30}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/17/business/media/amazon-twitch-video-games.html|title=With Twitch, Amazon Tightens Grip on Live Streams of Video Games|first=John|last=Herrman|date=June 17, 2018|accessdate=August 9, 2018|work=The New York Times|quote=Twitch began in 2011 as an offshoot of Justin.tv, a lifecasting site founded by two Yale graduates, Emmett Shear and Justin Kan. They started the platform after they found that viewers were more interested in watching their lifecasters play video games than eat or sleep.}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2007/03/27/apop.DTL|title=Asian Pop: Man with a Cam|first=Jeff|last=Yang|date=March 27, 2007|accessdate=August 9, 2018|work=San Francisco Chronicle}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/10/31/whale-is-the-latest-app-from-twitch-tv-founder-justin-kan/|title=Whale is the latest app from twitch.tv founder Justin Kan|first=Matthew|last=Hughes|date=October 31, 2016|accessdate=August 9, 2018|work=The Next Web|quote=In 2006, he launched Justin.tv, which is credited for popularizing lifestreaming.}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url =https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/11/13/the-espn-of-video-games|title = The ESPN of Videogames|last = Ewalt|first = David M.|date = December 2, 2013|work = Forbes|author-link = David M. Ewalt}}
12. ^{{cite news |title=Amazon to Buy Video Site Twitch for More Than $1 Billion |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-buy-video-site-twitch-for-more-than-1-billion-1408988885?tesla=y&mg=reno64-wsj |accessdate=25 August 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=25 August 2014}}
13. ^{{Cite news| title =Google launches YouTube Gaming to challenge Amazon-owned Twitch| work= The Guardian|first=Stuart|last=Dredge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/26/youtube-gaming-live-website-apps|date=August 26, 2015 | accessdate=September 5, 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://associationsnow.com/2015/01/gaming-gurus-reinvented-telethons-web/|publisher=Association Now|title=How Gaming Gurus Reinvented Telethons for the Web|last=Smith|first=Ernie|date=2015-01-13}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://gamesdonequick.com/tracker/|title=all events tracker|date=2017-01-14}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/esports/hearthstone-2014-prize-totals/|work=The Daily Dot|title=Hearthstone players won more than $1 million in the game's first year|last=Leslie|first=Callum|date=2014-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509164056/http://www.dailydot.com/esports/hearthstone-2014-prize-totals/|archivedate=9 May 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-08-14-the-international-2017-reached-5m-peak-concurrent-viewers | title = The International 2017 reached 5m peak concurrent viewers | first = Matthew | last= Handrahan | date = August 14, 2017 | accessdate = August 15, 2017 | work = GamesIndustry.biz }}
18. ^{{cite news|last1=Blaise|first1=Lilia|title=Suicide on Periscope Prompts French Officials to Open Inquiry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/12/world/europe/periscope-suicide-france.html?_r=0|accessdate=28 January 2017|publisher=New York Times|date=7 July 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web | last=Meisner | first=Jason | last2=Lee | first2=William | last3=Schmadeke | first3=Steve | title=Brutal Facebook Live attack brings hate-crime charges, condemnation from White House | website=chicagotribune.com | date=2017-01-05 | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-facebook-live-attack-video-20170105-story.html | accessdate=2017-07-07}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/buzzfeednews/madden-shooting-jacksonville?bfsplash|title=Multiple People Were Killed In A Mass Shooting At A Madden Gaming Event In Jacksonville|work=BuzzFeed News|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en}}
21. ^{{cite news|first1=Elle|last1=Hunt|first2=Kevin|last2=Rawlinson|first3=Calla|last3=Wahlquist|accessdate=16 March 2019|title='Darkest day': how the press reacted to the Christchurch shootings|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/darkest-day-how-the-press-reacted-to-the-christchurch-shootings|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 March 2019|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}
22. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/news/a-day-with-las-most-wanted-life-streamer-ice-poseidon-w486841|title=On Air With LA's Most Wanted Man, 'Life Streamer' Ice Poseidon|author=Partin, Will|work=Rolling Stone|date=June 9, 2017|access-date=2017-07-22}}
23. ^{{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=When Fans Take Their Love For Twitch Streamers Too Far |work=Kotaku |date=2017-05-02 |url=http://kotaku.com/when-fans-take-their-love-for-twitch-streamers-too-far-1794815112 |df=mdy-all|accessdate=2017-08-27}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/2/5/16896818/twitch-cjayride-taiwan-cj-ck-ban-facebook-doxing|title=American Twitch IRL streamer details doxing and targeted harassment campaign in Taiwan|first=Alexander|last=Julia|date=February 5, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2018|work=Polygon}}