| 词条 | Log Cabin Republicans v. United States |
| 释义 |
|Litigants=Log Cabin Republicans v. United States |Court=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |CourtSeal= |ArgueDate= |ArgueYear= |DecideDate=September 29 |DecideYear=2011 |FullName=Log Cabin Republicans, a non-profit corporation v. United States of America and Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense, in his official capacity, |Citations= 658 F.3d [https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20110929197 1162] (9th Cir. 2011) |Prior=716 F. Supp. 2d [https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20101013781 884] (C.D. Cal. 2010) |Subsequent=Rehearing en banc denied (Nov. 2011) |Holding=The legislative repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell rendered the case moot, and the decision of the lower court finding DADT unconstitutional is vacated. |Judges=Arthur Lawrence Alarcon, Diarmuid O'Scannlain, Barry G. Silverman |PerCuriam=Yes |JoinMajority= |Concurrence=Diarmuid O'Scannlain |JoinConcurrence= |Dissent= |JoinDissent= |LawsApplied= }} Log Cabin Republicans v. United States, 658 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2011)[1] was a federal lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of 10 U.S.C. § 654, commonly known as don't ask, don't tell (DADT), which excludes homosexuals from openly serving in the United States military. The Log Cabin Republicans (LCR), an organization composed of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Republicans, brought the suit on behalf of LCR members who serve or served in the military and were subject to DADT. LCR initially filed the suit, a facial challenge to the statute, in 2004. A bench trial began on {{Nowrap|July 13}}, 2010, before Judge Virginia A. Phillips of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The Justice Department had unsuccessfully sought to have the suit dismissed, arguing that as long as Congress had a rational basis for passing DADT in 1993, then it is constitutional. The Justice Department also asserted at trial that LCR did not have standing to challenge the law.[2] LCR argued that DADT violates constitutional guarantees of due process and free speech.[3] Phillips advised the parties pre-trial that she would not apply rational basis review, the lowest level of constitutional scrutiny, to the case. Instead, in accordance with the ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Witt v. Department of the Air Force, she would apply intermediate scrutiny,[4] meaning to be constitutional, DADT must significantly further an important governmental interest that can be advanced in no other way.[5] On September 9, 2010, Phillips ruled that the ban is unconstitutional. On October 12, Phillips issued an injunction banning the military from enforcing the policy.[6] She subsequently denied the government's request for a stay of the injunction, and the government then took their request to the Ninth Circuit, which granted a stay. On November 12, the United States Supreme Court denied an application by the Log Cabin Republicans to vacate the stay. The Ninth Circuit vacated the stay on July 6, 2011, and ordered an end to enforcement of DADT. On September 29, 2011, the Ninth Circuit issued a per curiam opinion that the legislative repeal of "don't ask, don't tell" had rendered the case moot.[1] AttorneysDaniel Woods of the law firm of White & Case was the lead attorney for the plaintiffs. Assistant United States Attorney Paul Freeborne defended DADT on behalf of the United States.[7] ProceedingsWitnesses for the plaintiffs included:
The government presented no witnesses. Closing arguments were made on {{Nowrap|July 23}}, 2010, with LCR attorney Woods asking for a national injunction against enforcement of DADT.[11][12] RulingsOn September 9, 2010, Judge Phillips ruled in favor of plaintiffs, finding that DADT violates the First and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution.[13][14][15][16] Noting the deference that courts are required to show the military in reviewing First Amendment claims, Phillips found that the "sweeping reach" of the restrictions placed on the speech of LGBT military personnel by DADT is "far broader than is reasonably necessary to protect the substantial government interest at stake". Phillips also found that DADT violates LGBT personnel's right of association, as it prohibits them from openly joining organizations like LCR for fear of reprisal, thereby depriving them of their ability to petition the government for redress of grievances. Phillips further ruled that DADT violates LGBT personnel's substantive due process rights, as articulated in Lawrence v. Texas, associated with the "'autonomy of self that includes freedom of thought, belief, expression, and certain intimate conduct.'"[17] On October 12, 2010, Phillips issued a permanent worldwide injunction ordering the military to immediately "suspend and discontinue any investigation, or discharge, separation, or other proceeding, that may have been commenced" under "don't ask, don't tell".[6][18][19] Plaintiffs' attorney Woods said "the order represents a complete and total victory for the Log Cabin Republicans and reaffirms the constitutional rights of gays and lesbians in the military who are fighting and dying for our country."[20] One of the nation's largest organizations for gay and lesbian military personnel, the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, advised gay service members not to come out because of uncertainty about the government's response to the ruling.[21][22] A Pentagon spokesman said the Department would abide by the ruling, and senior military officials told military lawyers to stop enforcing DADT.[28][29] On October 14, 2010, the Department of Justice appealed from the judgment to the Ninth Circuit. At the same time, the government asked for an emergency stay of the injunction pending the outcome of the appellate process.[23][24] On October 19, Phillips denied the government's request for a stay.[25] On October 20, the government asked the Ninth Circuit for a stay,[26] which the Ninth circuit granted.[27] On November 5, the plaintiffs asked the Supreme Court to vacate the 2-1 decision to keep the stay in place. Justice Kennedy, who handles emergency motions from the Ninth Circuit, asked the government to respond by November 10.[28] On November 12, the Supreme Court denied the application to vacate the stay.[29][30] With the injunction stayed, enforcement of DADT resumed, but under stricter guidelines.[31] On December 22, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. His signature began the repeal process but repeal was not immediate and DADT remained in effect.[32] The Justice Department asked the Ninth Circuit to suspend LCR's suit in light of the legislative repeal. LCR opposed the request, noting that gay personnel were still subject to discharge. On January 28, 2011, the court denied the Justice Department's request.[33] On February 25, the Department of Justice filed its response, in which it no longer defended the constitutionality of DADT but asked the court to consider how the repeal of DADT has placed the case "in a different posture" from when the judge granted an injunction on October 12, 2010.[34] On July 6, 2011, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lifted the stay of Judge Phillips' ruling and ordered the military to cease enforcement of DADT. The Court cited the military's progress in implementing the repeal of DADT and the brief filed on July 1 by the Department of Justice in Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management arguing that classifications based on sexual orientation, as found in DADT, should be subjected to heightened scrutiny.[35] Pentagon officials said that they are "taking immediate steps" to comply.[36][37] On September 29, 2011, the Ninth Circuit vacated the district court's decision, ruling that the legislative repeal of "don't ask, don't tell" rendered the case moot. The dismissal left the lower court ruling without value as precedent.[38] On November 9, 2011, the Court denied LCR's motion to hear the case en banc, stating that none of the judges voted to rehear it. LCR announced that it would not appeal to the United States Supreme Court.[39] References1. ^1 {{cite court |litigants=Log Cabin Republicans v. United States |vol=658 |reporter=F.3d |opinion=1162 |pinpoint= |court=9th Cir. |date=2011 |url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20110929197 |accessdate=2017-11-04 |quote=}} 2. ^1 {{Cite news|last=Garcia |first=Michelle |title=Key DADT Repeal Advocate Testifies |work=The Advocate |date=July 22, 2010 |url=http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/22/Key_DADT_Repeal_Advocate_Testifies_in_Court/ |accessdate=July 22, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724091456/https://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/22/Key_DADT_Repeal_Advocate_Testifies_in_Court/ |archivedate=July 24, 2010 |df= }} 3. ^{{Cite news | last = Harmon | first = Andrew | first2 = Michelle |last2 = Garcia | title = DADT Trial Begins Today | work = The Advocate | date = July 12, 2010 | url = http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/12/DADT_Trial_Begins_Tuesday/ | accessdate = July 16, 2010}} 4. ^{{Cite news | last = Egelko | first = Bob | title = 'Don't ask, don't tell' suit will go forward | newspaper = San Francisco Chronicle | date = May 29, 2010 | url = http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-05-29/news/21649718_1_log-cabin-republicans-gays-discharge | accessdate = July 25, 2010}} 5. ^{{Cite court |litigants = Witt v. Department of the Air Force |vol = 527 |reporter = F.3d |opinion = 806 |court = United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |date = May 21, 2008 |url= http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/laborprof_blog/files/witt_v_air_force_0635644.pdf}} 6. ^1 {{cite court |litigants=Log Cabin Republicans v. United States |vol=716 |reporter=F. Supp. 2d |opinion=884 |pinpoint= |court=C.D. Cal. |date=2010 |url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20101013781 |accessdate=2017-11-04 |quote=}} 7. ^1 {{Cite news | last = Garcia | first = Michelle | title = Homophobia on Trial in DADT Case | work = The Advocate | date = July 14, 2010 | url = http://www.advocate.com/news/daily-news/2010/07/14/witnesses-talk-gay-militarys-past-dadt-trial | accessdate = July 16, 2010}} 8. ^1 {{Cite news | last = Harmon | first = Andrew | title = A DADT Victim's Day in Court | work = The Advocate | date = July 16, 2010 | url = http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/16/A_DADT_Victims_Day_in_Court/ | accessdate = July 16, 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100718170444/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/16/A_DADT_Victims_Day_in_Court/ | archivedate = July 18, 2010 | df = mdy-all }} 9. ^{{Cite news | author = Advocate.com editors | title = Ex-Air Force Officer Testifies in DADT Trial | work = The Advocate | date = July 17, 2010 | url = http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/17/Ex_Air_Force_Officer_Testifies_in_DADT_Trial/ | accessdate = July 17, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100719223700/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/17/Ex_Air_Force_Officer_Testifies_in_DADT_Trial/# | archive-date = July 19, 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 10. ^{{Cite news | last = Garcia | first = Michelle | title = Nicholson Testifies at DADT Trial | work = The Advocate | date = July 20, 2010 | url = http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/20/Nicholson_Testifies_at_DADT_Trial/ | accessdate = July 20, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100722230450/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/20/Nicholson_Testifies_at_DADT_Trial/# | archive-date = July 22, 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 11. ^{{Cite news | last = Garcia | first = Michelle | title = LCR Lawyers Ask for Halt to DADT | work = The Advocate | date = July 23, 2010 | url = http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/22/Log_Cabin_to_Present_Closing_Argument/ | accessdate = July 23, 2010 | archive-url = https://archive.is/20130116055737/http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/07/22/Log_Cabin_to_Present_Closing_Argument/# | archive-date = January 16, 2013 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 12. ^{{Cite web|last=Woods |first=Daniel |title=Closing arguments, Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America |publisher=Log Cabin Republicans |date=July 23, 2010 |url=http://online.logcabin.org/closing-argument-updated.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=July 24, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 13. ^{{cite court|litigants=Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America, et al.|vol=|reporter=|opinion=CV 04-08425-VAP (Ex)|court=C.D. Cal.|date=2010|url=http://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/Cacd/RecentPubOp.nsf/bb61c530eab0911c882567cf005ac6f9/4f03e468a737002e8825779a00040406/$FILE/2CV04-8425-VAP.pdf|quote=}} 14. ^{{cite news|last=Schwartz |first=John|title=Judge Rules That Military Policy Violates Rights of Gays|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/10/us/10gays.html|accessdate=December 4, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 9, 2010}} 15. ^{{Cite news | title = Judge: Military's ban on gays is unconstitutional |work= Yahoo! News | agency = Associated Press | date = September 9, 2010| url = https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/ca_gays_in_military | accessdate = September 10, 2010}} 16. ^{{Cite news | last = Willon | first = Phil | title = Judge declares U.S. military's 'don't ask, don't tell' policy openly banning gay service members unconstitutional | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | date = September 9, 2010| url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/09/federal-judge-declares-us-military-ban-on-openly-gay-service-members-unconstitutional-.html | accessdate = September 10, 2010}} 17. ^{{Cite court |litigants = Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America |vol = |reporter = |opinion = |pinpoint = |court = United States District Court for the Central District of California |date = September 9, 2010 |url= http://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/Cacd/RecentPubOp.nsf/bb61c530eab0911c882567cf005ac6f9/4f03e468a737002e8825779a00040406/$FILE/2CV04-8425-VAP.pdf |quote= quoting Lawrence v. Texas 539 U.S. 558 (2003) }} 18. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/10/12/judge.dont.ask.order/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Judge orders military to stop enforcing 'don't ask, don't tell' |first=Adam |last= Levine|publisher=CNN|date=October 12, 2010|accessdate=October 12, 2010}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-12/u-s-military-barred-by-judge-from-enforcing-don-t-ask-don-t-tell-rule.html|title=U.S. Military Barred by Judge From Enforcing 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Rule|date=October 12, 2010|accessdate=October 12, 2010|last=Pettersson|first=Edvard|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39637073/ns/us_news-life/|title=Judge to military: Stop discharging gays under 'don't ask, don't tell'|publisher=MSNBC|date=October 12, 2010|accessdate=October 12, 2010}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sldn.org/blog/archives/attention-service-members-dadt-is-still-in-effect/ |title=The Latest on Repealing 'Don’t Ask, Don't Tell' |date=October 13, 2010 |publisher=Servicemembers Legal Defense Network |accessdate=October 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018091510/http://www.sldn.org/blog/archives/attention-service-members-dadt-is-still-in-effect/# |archive-date=October 18, 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 22. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/13/pentagon-mulls-stance-on-dont-ask-ruling-spokeswoman-nothi/|title=Pentagon Mulls Stance on 'Don't Ask' Ruling, Says 'Nothing Has Changed'|date=October 13, 2010|work=Politics Daily |accessdate=October 13, 2010}} 23. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/10/14/military.gay/index.html?hpt=T2 |title=Justice department seeks stay of judge's 'don't-ask-don't-tell' ruling |publisher=CNN |date=October 14, 2010 |accessdate=October 14, 2010}} 24. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-dont-ask-20101015,0,2298411.story |title=Justice Department says 'don't ask, don't tell' ruling will harm troops |first=Daniel A. |last= Serrano |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 14, 2010 |accessdate=October 14, 2010}} 25. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/10/19/MN6I1FUV5H.DTL |title='Don't ask' judge refuses to stay ruling |first=Bob |last= Egelko |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=October 20, 2010 |accessdate=October 20, 2010}} 26. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/10/20/us/politics/AP-US-Obama-Gays-In-Military.html |title=Gov't Seeks Stay of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Ruling |work= The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=October 20, 2010 |accessdate=October 20, 2010}} 27. ^Ninth Circuit Order 28. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/11/05/us/AP-US-Gays-in-Military.html |title=Supreme Court Asked to Review Gay Military Ban |work= The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=November 5, 2010 |accessdate=November 5, 2010}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2010/11/new-plea-to-end-military-gay-ban/ |date=November 12, 2010 |accessdate=November 12, 2010 |title=Military gay ban intact |first=Lyle |last= Denniston |work=SCOTUS Blog}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Log-Cabin-applic-denied-11-12-10.pdf |date=November 12, 2010 |accessdate=November 12, 2010 |title=Order in pending case Log Cabin Republicans v. United States, et al.}} 31. ^{{cite news |work= The Hill |url= http://thehill.com/news-by-subject/defense-homeland-security/125339-gates-issues-stricter-rules-for-discharges-of-gay-troops |first= Roxana |last= Tiron |title= Gates Issues Stricter Rules for Discharge of Gay Troops |date= October 22, 2010 |accessdate= February 27, 2011}} 32. ^{{cite news|first=Sheryl Gay |last= Stolberg|title=With Obama's Signature, 'Don't Ask' Is Repealed|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 22, 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html|accessdate=December 22, 2010}} 33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/01/30/DADT_Case_Still_Alive/ |title=DADT Case Still Alive |work=The Advocate |date=January 30, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202063711/https://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/01/30/DADT_Case_Still_Alive/ |archivedate=February 2, 2011 |df= }} 34. ^{{cite news |work= Metro Weekly |url= http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/02/news-analysis-doj-avoids-dadt.html |first= Chris |last= Geidner |title= News Analysis: DOJ Avoids DADT Constitutionality Question, Argues DADT Repeal Act Changed LCR Case |date= February 25, 2011 |accessdate= February 28, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110301182116/http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/02/news-analysis-doj-avoids-dadt.html# |archive-date= March 1, 2011 |dead-url= yes |df= mdy-all }} 35. ^{{cite news |work= Metro Weekly |url= http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/111.pdf |format= PDF |title= Order, July 6, 2011 |accessdate= July 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083806/http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/111.pdf# |archive-date= July 25, 2011 |dead-url= yes |df= mdy-all }} 36. ^{{cite news |last=Leff|first=Lisa|title=Court orders immediate halt to gay military ban|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_GAYS_IN_MILITARY?SITE=NCJAC&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT||publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=July 6, 2011}} 37. ^{{cite news|last=Geidner|first=Chris|title=Ninth Circuit Halts DADT Enforcement, Pentagon 'Taking Immediate Steps' To Comply|url=http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/07/ninth-circuit-halts-dadt-enfor.html|work=MetroWeekly|accessdate=July 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708070100/http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/07/ninth-circuit-halts-dadt-enfor.html#|archive-date=July 8, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 38. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/29/us-usa-gays-military-idUSTRE78S5NE20110929?feedType=RSS&feedName=domesticNews |title=U.S. court vacates ruling on gays in military |publisher=Reuters |first=Dan |last=Levine |date=September 29, 2011 |accessdate=October 24, 2011}} 39. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/11/09/BA8M1LSO0A.DTL#ixzz1dK505isG |title= U.S. court ends legal challenge to 'don't ask' law |first= Bob |last= Egelko |date= November 10, 2011 |work= San Francisco Chronicle}} External links
| case = Log Cabin Republicans v. United States, 658 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2011) | courtlistener =https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/614446/log-cabin-republicans-v-united-states/ | justia =https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/10-56634/10-56634-2011-09-29.html | other_source1 = Leagle | other_url1 =https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20110929197 | other_source2 = Google Scholar | other_url2 =https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4321809918036450863
8 : 2010 in LGBT history|2010 in United States case law|2011 in LGBT history|2011 in United States case law|United States LGBT rights case law|United States military case law|United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases|Don't ask, don't tell |
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