“Maximum wage”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A maximum wage, also often called a wage ceiling, is a legal limit on how much income an individual can earn.^[1] It is a prescribed limitation which can be used to affect change in an economic structure, but its effects are unrelated to those of minimum wage laws used currently by some states to enforce minimum earnings.^[2] A maximum wage does not directly redistribute wealth, but it does limit the nominal income of specific workers within a society.

Implementation

At present, Cuba has an active maximum wage law, where individuals cannot earn more than 20 U.S. dollars per month.^[3] Egypt passed a maximum wage law in July 2014 and faced a subsequent brain drain of the top employees within the banking sector.^[4] A vote to implement a maximum wage law in Switzerland failed with only a 34.7% vote for approval.^[5]

No major economy has a direct earnings limit, though some economies do incorporate the policy of highly progressive tax structures in the form of scaled taxation.

Maximum liquid wealth

A maximum liquid wealth policy restricts the amount of liquid wealth an individual is permitted to maintain, while giving them unrestricted access to non-liquid assets. That is to say, an individual may earn as much as they like during a given time period, but all earnings must be re-invested (spent) within an equivalent time period; all earnings not re-invested within this time period would be seized.

This policy is only arguably a valid maximum wage implementation, as it does not actually restrict the wages a person is allowed to maintain, but only restricts the amount of actual currency they are allowed to hold at any given time. Proponents of the policy argue that it enforces the ideals of a maximum wage without restricting actual capital growth or economic incentive.

Proponents believe wealth that is not re-invested in the economy is harmful to economic growth; that actual liquid currency not re-invested timely is indicative of an unfair trade, in which an individual has paid more for a good/service than the good/service was worth. This stems from the belief that currency should represent the actual value of a good or service.

When this policy is imposed, individual savings can only be held as solid assets like stocks, bonds, business, and property. Opponents argue that since a maximum liquid wealth policy makes no allowance for individual savings, it therefore assumes the non-importance of a bank and the loans that banks provide. Loans being essential to the economy, opponents argue, banks are an essential economic institution. Proponents of the maximum liquid wealth policy respond that government could be directly responsible for supplying loans to individuals; they also add that such an arrangement could result in vastly lower interest rates. Of course, *proponents of limited government would not find this situation ideal. *[citation needed]

Relative earnings limit

A relative earnings limit is a limit imposed upon a business, to the amount of compensation an individual is allowed, as a specific multiple of a company's lowest earner; or directly relative to the number of individuals a company employs and the average compensation provided to each individual employee, not including a certain percentage of the company's top earners. The former implementation has the advantage of limiting wage gaps. The latter implementation has the advantage of encouraging employment opportunities, as increasing employment would be a way for employers to boost their maximum earnings. A compromise would be to base the limit upon the number of employees had by a specific company and the compensation of that company's lowest earner.

A weakness in this method is that a company can simply hire outside firms to keep low wage employees off their payroll, while only having the top earning employees on the company's payroll, effectively bypassing the limits. However, the hiring of external employees will come at a higher total cost and will reduce company profits, something against which executives are often measured and compensated.

To moderate self-employed individuals, the maximum could be based on the average compensation of the nation's employed (GDP per capita) and a specific multiplier. As the number of self-employed individuals with no employees and who earn an excessive amount of money would be extremely limited, such a measure is unlikely to be implemented.

Direct earnings limit

A direct earnings limit is a limit placed directly, usually as a number in terms of currency, upon the amount of compensation any individual is allowed to earn in a given time period.

Public salary limit

In 2011 Venezuela announced that from January 2012 its public officials would be subject to salary limits, with different types of official positions subject to different maximum salaries. At the highest level, officials may receive salaries no higher than 12 times the minimum wage. State governors, for example, may receive a maximum of 9 times the minimum wage.^[6]

Scaled taxation

Scaled taxation is a method of progressive taxation that raises the rate at which the principal sum is taxed, directly relative to the amount of the principal. This type of taxation is normally applied to income taxes, although other types of taxation can be scaled.

In the case of a maximum wage, a scaled tax would be applied so that the top earners in a society would be taxed extremely large percentages of their income. Modern income tax systems, allowing salary raises to be reflected by a raise in after tax income, tax each individual note of currency in each particular bracket at the same rate.^[7] An example follows.

History

In England, the Statute of Artificers 1563 implemented statutes of compulsory labor and fixed maximum wage scales; Justices of the Peace could fix wages according "to the plenty or scarcity of the time".

To counteract the increase in prevailing wages due to scarcity of labor, American colonies in the 17th century created a ceiling wage and minimum hours of employment.^[8]

In the early Soviet Union, in the period 1920–1932, communist party members were subject to a maximum wage, the partmaximum. Its demise is seen as the onset of the rise of the nomenklatura class of Soviet apparatchiks. The idea that any individual could earn money by their labor, instead of earning for the community, undermined the initial principles of communism.

In 1942, during World War II, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a maximum income of $25,000 (around $400,000 in 2019 dollars) during the war:^[9]^[10]^[11]

This was proposed to be implemented by a 100% marginal tax on all income over $40,000 (after-tax income of $25,000). While this was not implemented, the Revenue Act of 1942 implemented an 88% marginal tax rate on income over $200,000, together with a 5% "Victory Tax" with post-war credits, hence temporarily yielding a 93% top tax rate (though 5% was subsequently returned in credits).^[9]

After decades of social democratic governments, the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren faced an infamous marginal tax rate of 102% in 1976, in effect creating a wage ceiling. Though the example was partly due to inverted loop holes in the tax code, the figure was seen as an important catalyst for the results in the election that year, in which the Social Democratic Party lost power after 40 consecutive years in power. After a "tax rebellion" and demanded the top marginal tax rates were reduced to 50% in the late 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Since the 1990s, the chief proponent of a maximum wage in the United States has been Sam Pizzigati;^[12] see References, particularly {{Harv|Pizzigati|2004}}.

In his 2000 run for the Green Party presidential nomination, Jello Biafra called for a maximum wage of $100,000 in the United States, and the reduction of the income tax to zero for all income below that level. Biafra claimed he would increase taxes for the wealthy and reduce taxes for those in the lower and middle classes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Many Green parties have a maximum wage in their manifesto, which they argue would prevent conspicuous consumption and the subsequent environmental damage that they believe ensues, while allowing the financing of jobs and a guaranteed minimum income for the poorest workers.

In his campaign for the French presidency in 2012, Jean-Luc Mélenchon argued in favour of a tax rate of 100% on incomes over €360,000.^[13]

Association football

In the United Kingdom until 1901, individual clubs had set their own wage policies. That year, the Football League ratified a maximum weekly wage for footballers of £4 (2012: £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|4|1901|2012|r=-0}}}}). This severely limited the ability of the best players in the country to forgo the need to take paid employment outside of football and, this in turn, led to the formation of The Players' Union in 1907.

By the summer of 1928 players could earn a weekly maximum of £8 (2012: £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|8|1928|2012|r=-0}}}}), although clubs routinely found ways to increase this.^[14] Arsenal player Eddie Hapgood supplemented his income by fashion modelling and advertising chocolate.^[15]

See also

References

1. ^Dietl, H., Duschl, T. and Lang, M. (2010): "Executive Salary Caps: What Politicians, Regulators and Managers Can Learn from Major Sports Leagues", University of Zurich, ISU Working Paper Series No. 129.
2. ^{{cite journal|jstor=1117231|title=From Maximum Wages to Minimum Wages: Six Centuries of Regulation of Employment Contracts|first=E. Merrick|last=Dodd|date=1 January 1943|publisher=|volume=43|issue=5|pages=643–687|doi=10.2307/1117231}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city-journal.org/html/last-communist-city-13649.html|title=The Last Communist City|date=23 December 2015|publisher=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/132541/business/analysis-how-the-maximum-wage-affected-egypts-public-banks|title=Analysis: How the maximum wage affected Egypt’s public banks?|date=7 January 2015|publisher=}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/switzerland-votes-against-cap-executive-pay|title=Switzerland votes against cap on executive pay|first1=John|last1=Hooper|first2=southern Europe|last2=editor|date=24 November 2013|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}
6. ^Venezuelanalysis.com, 15 February 2011, Wage Limits Set for State Officials in Venezuela
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.taxalmanac.org/index.php/Main_Page.html|title=TaxAlmanac|publisher=}}
8. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20020616193550/http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/chapter1.htm U.S. Department of Labor history on wage laws in England and the American Colonies]
9. ^¹{{Harv|Pizzigati|2004|loc=Historic Struggles, [https://books.google.com/books?id=__CeOQcE8GsC&pg=PA440 pp. 440–441]}}
10. ^How About a Maximum Wage? : Taxation: F.D.R. wanted to cap incomes of the wealthy--an idea whose time may have come again., Los Angeles Times, April 08, 1992, Sam Pizzigati
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm|title=CPI Inflation Calculator|website=www.bls.gov|access-date=2019-04-05}}
12. ^"[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/weekinreview/corporate-greed-meet-the-maximum-wage.html Corporate Greed, Meet The Maximum Wage]", by Steven Greenhouse, The New York Times, June 16, 1996
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://revolting-europe.com/2012/04/12/french-give-thumbs-up-to-melenchons-plan-to-boost-minimum-wage/|title=French give thumbs up to Mélenchon’s plan to boost minimum wage|first=|last=revoltingeurope|date=12 April 2012|publisher=}}
14. ^John McManus, ‘McGrory, James Edward [Jimmy] (1904–1982)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2010
15. ^Jeffrey Hill, ‘Hapgood, Edris Albert [Eddie] (1908–1973)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2010
16. ^¹²³{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Joe|title=SPECIAL REPORT: Too many average footballers are millionaires... they drive Ferraris but they deserve a Reliant Robin|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1345397/Too-average-footballers-millionaires--drive-Ferraris-deserve-Reliant-Robin.html|accessdate=8 November 2011|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=8 November 2011}}