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{{Year nav topic5|1881|science}}The year 1881 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy- 22 May – John Tebbutt discover the long-period comet, C/1881 K1 (also known as the Great Comet of 1881, Comet Tebbutt, 1881 III, 1881b).[1]
Biology- October – Charles Darwin publishes his last scientific book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
- L. S. Poliakov describes the wild horse discovered by Nikolai Przhevalsky in Mongolia in 1879 as a new species, Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalski poliakov).[2][3]
- The first systematic study in forensic entomology is conducted by physician and entomologist Hermann Reinhard in Germany.[4]
Chemistry- Friedrich Beilstein publishes the first edition of his Handbuch der organischen Chemie.
History of science and technology- The birch bark Bakhshali manuscript, incorporating perhaps the earliest known use of mathematical zero, is unearthed near Bakhshali in British India.
- Publication in England of a pioneering study in industrial archaeology, H. A. Fletcher's "The archaeology of the west Cumberland iron trade".[5]
Mathematics- Simon Newcomb makes the first statement of Benford's law.[6]
Medicine- July 13 – Dr. George Goodfellow performs the first laparotomy to remove a bullet.
- September 25 – The first modern Caesarean section is performed successfully by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in Meckesheim using the transverse incision technique.
- December – Eduard von Hofmann carries out autopsy studies of the nearly 400 victims of the Vienna Ringtheater fire, carbon monoxide poisoning being held an underlying cause of death.
- Louis Pasteur discovers a vaccine for anthrax.
- Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, first proposes that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.[7]
- French obstetrician Étienne Stéphane Tarnier introduces a form of neonatal incubator (couveuse) for routine care of premature infants at the Paris Maternité.[8]
- English ophthalmologist Waren Tay publishes the first description of the genetic disorder which will become known as Tay–Sachs disease.[9]
- approx. date – The non-invasive sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch.[10]
Technology- March 1 – The Cunard Line's {{SS|Servia}}, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at J. & G. Thomson's yard at Clydebank in Scotland.[11]
- May 16 – The Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric tramway, is opened in Berlin by Siemens & Halske.[12]
- June – The positive-buoyancy powered submarine "Fenian Ram" (Holland Boat No. II), designed by John Philip Holland, is first submersion-tested in New York City.
- September 26 – Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).[13]
- October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.[11][14][15] The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.[16]
- Peter Herdic patents the Herdic horse-drawn cab in the United States.
Awards- Copley Medal: Karl Adolph Wurtz
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Peter Martin Duncan
Births- January 31 – Irving Langmuir (died 1957), American chemist.
- April 28 – Edith A. Roberts (died 1977), American plant ecologist.
- May 1 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (died 1955), French paleontologist and philosopher.
- August 6 – Alexander Fleming (died 1955), British bacteriologist.
- September 18 – Vera Lebedeva (died 1968), Soviet Russian pediatrician.
- October 11 – Lewis Fry Richardson (died 1953), British mathematical physicist.
- October 22 – Clinton Davisson (died 1958), American physicist.
- November 9 – Margaret Reed Lewis (died 1970), American cell biologist.
- November 13 – Ludwig Koch (died 1974), German Jewish animal sound recordist.
Deaths- February 3 – John Gould (born 1804), English zoologist.
- March 26 – Lovisa Åhrberg (born 1801), Swedish surgeon.
- May 14 – Mary Seacole (born 1805), Jamaican-born nurse.
- May 26 – Jakob Bernays (born 1824), German philologist.
- June 23 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden (born 1804), German biologist.
- June 29 – Maurice Raynaud (born 1834), French physician.
- July 27 – Hewett Watson (born 1804), English biologist.
- October 31 – George W. DeLong (born 1844), American Arctic explorer.
References1. ^{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30816656|title=THE GREAT COMET OF 1881|newspaper=The South Australian Advertiser ( Adelaide, South Australia)|date=8 June 1881}} letter from C. Todd
2. ^{{cite web|title=Przewalski's horse|url=http://www.takh.org/Przewalski_horse.html|publisher=TAKH|year=2009|accessdate=2011-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302021718/http://www.takh.org/Przewalski_horse.html|archive-date=2012-03-02|dead-url=yes|df=}}
3. ^{{The Timetables of Science|page=304}}
4. ^with Friedrich Moritz Brauer (1882). "Beiträge zur Gräberfauna" ["Contributions on the fauna of graves"]. Verh. k. & k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 31 pp. 207–210.
5. ^Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Archaeological Society 5:5–21.
6. ^{{cite journal|first=Simon|last=Newcomb|title=Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers|journal=American Journal of Mathematics|volume=4|year=1881|pages=39–40|doi=10.2307/2369148|jstor=2369148}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Chaves|first=Carballo E.|title=Carlos Finlay and yellow fever: triumph over adversity|journal=Military Medicine|year=2005|pages=881–5|volume=170|pmid=16435764|doi=10.7205/milmed.170.10.881}}
8. ^{{cite journal|pmid=11882561|pmc=1721389|year=2002|last=Dunn|first=P. M.|title=Stéphane Tarnier (1828–1897), the architect of perinatology in France|volume=86|issue=2|pages=F137–9|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition|doi=10.1136/fn.86.2.f137}}
9. ^{{cite journal|first=Waren|last=Tay|year=1881|volume=1|journal=Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society|title=Symmetrical changes in the region of the yellow spot in each eye of an infant|pages=55–57}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=A short history of blood pressure measurement|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|year=1977|first=Jeremy|last=Booth|volume=70|issue=11|pages=793–9|pmid=341169|pmc=1543468}}
11. ^1 {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=434–435}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.pl/upload/images/TS-Siemens_lekkie%20pojazdy_historia.pdf|title=The Siemens tram from past to present|publisher=Siemens|accessdate=2011-06-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725013704/http://www.siemens.pl/upload/images/TS-Siemens_lekkie%20pojazdy_historia.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-25}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Godalming Power Station|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=744|work=Engineering Timelines|accessdate=2010-07-06|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111833/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=744|archivedate=2011-07-16}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=The Savoy Theatre|newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=1881-10-03|page=7}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last=Burgess|first=Michael|title=Richard D'Oyly Carte|journal=The Savoyard|pages=7–11|date=January 1975}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.gsarchive.net/carte/savoy/electric.html|title=Savoy Theatre|newspaper=The Times|date=1881-12-29|page=4|accessdate=2012-01-30}}
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