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词条 American Association (19th century)
释义

  1. History

  2. Pennant winners of the AA

  3. American Association franchises

  4. Timeline

  5. AA presidents

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

{{About|the former baseball league that existed from 1882 to 1891||American Association (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox sports league
|sport = Baseball
|founded = {{baseball year|1882}}
|folded = {{baseball year|1891}}
|teams = 25 (total)
12 (at peak)
|country = United States
|champion = Boston Reds (1)
|most_champs = St. Louis Browns (4)
}}

The American Association (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from {{baseball year|1882}} to {{baseball year|1891}}. Together with the NL, founded in {{baseball year|1876}}, the AA participated in an early version of the World Series{{efn|The modern version of the World Series began in 1903.}} seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the prized Temple Cup (1894-1897).

During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League".

History

The American Association distinguished itself in several ways from what it considered to be the puritanical National League. The new league established teams in what the NL leaders pejoratively called "river cities", including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis, with the inherent implication of lower morality or social standards in those cities. In contrast to the NL, the AA offered cheaper ticket prices, Sunday games and alcoholic beverages to its patrons.[1]{{rp|p.55}} As such, the American Association was the world's first professional sports league designed to out-compete another by better accommodating blue-collar tendencies and attitudes toward spectator sport.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

On November 8, 1881, at the Gibson House in Cincinnati, it was decided that individual teams in the league-to-be would operate their own affairs and set their own admission prices,[2] under an agreement called the "guarantee system". The NL at that time prohibited the sale of alcohol on its grounds, while the AA had no such restrictions, especially as several of its teams were backed by breweries and distilleries. The AA became known as "The Beer and Whiskey League", another pejorative term applied by NL owners, and which did not seem to bother the fans of the Association's clubs.

Beginning in 1884 and continuing through 1890, the champion of the AA met the champion of the NL in an early version of the World Series. These early Series were less organized than the modern version, with as few as three games played and as many as fifteen, and the contests of 1885 and 1890 ending in disputed ties. The NL won four of these Series, while the AA won only one, in 1886 when the St. Louis Browns (now Cardinals) defeated the Chicago White Stockings (now Cubs).

Over its lifetime, the AA was weakened by several factors. One was the tendency of some of its teams to jump to the NL. The consistently stronger NL was in better position to survive adverse conditions. Some owners of AA teams also owned a NL team.[1]{{rp|p.58}} The most significant blow to the AA was dealt by the Players' League, a third major league formed in {{baseball year|1890}}, which siphoned off talent and gate receipts. In a rare historical oddity, the Brooklyn Bridegrooms (now the Los Angeles Dodgers) won the league's championship and represented the AA in the 1889 World Series, switched to the NL during the off-season, and then repeated the same feat.

No player who spent the majority of his career in the AA is in the baseball Hall of Fame. The living legacy of the old Association is the group of teams that came over to the National League to stay. The Pirates moved to the NL after the 1886 season, the Bridegrooms/Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds after the 1889 season, and the Browns/Cardinals after the American Association folded following the 1891 season. Following the reorganization and contraction of the NL from 12 teams down to 8 in 1900, half of the eight surviving teams were former members of the AA. Several of the AA's home-field venues survived into the 1960s: The ballpark used by the 1891 Washington club evolved into Griffith Stadium; the home of the St. Louis Browns, Sportsman's Park; and the city block occupied by the Reds, which evolved into Crosley Field. Crosley was the last physical remnant of the AA to go, other than the clubs themselves, when it was replaced by Riverfront Stadium in mid-1970.

During the AA's existence, several teams defected over to the NL, and at the AA's demise in 1891 four additional clubs joined the NL. Four former AA clubs, the Pittsburgh Pirates (defected to the NL in 1887), the Cincinnati Reds (defected to the NL in 1889), the Los Angeles Dodgers (defected in 1890) and the St. Louis Cardinals (joined the NL after the AA demise in 1891), have posted more than 10,000 lifetime major league victories.[3]

Pennant winners of the AA

  • 1882 Cincinnati Red Stockings (Tied world series, 1-1 with the White Stockings, NL)
  • 1883 Philadelphia Athletics
  • 1884 New York Metropolitans (lost World Series, 3-0 to Providence NL)
  • 1885 St. Louis Browns (tied World Series, 3-3-1 with Chicago NL)
  • 1886 St. Louis Browns (won World Series 4-2 over Chicago NL)
  • 1887 St. Louis Browns (lost World Series 10-5 to Detroit NL)
  • 1888 St. Louis Browns (lost World Series 6-2 to New York NL)
  • 1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms (lost World Series 6-3 to New York NL)
  • 1890 Louisville Colonels (tied World Series 3-3-1 with Brooklyn NL)
  • 1891 Boston Reds

American Association franchises

FranchiseFranchise name with all recorded nicknames
YearsYears that the franchise were active in the AA
Home-fieldThe home-field ballpark(s) in which the franchise played
TitlesHow many league titles the franchise won in the AA
†Franchise later joined the National League
§Franchise transferred in from the Players' League
Franchise Years Home-field Titles NotesRef
Baltimore Orioles† 1882–1891 Newington Park/Oriole Park I, II, III 0[4][5][6][7]
Cincinnati Red Stockings† 1882–1889 Bank Street Grounds/League Park I 1 This franchise currently exists as the Cincinnati Reds [8][9][10]
Louisville Colonels† 1882–1891 Eclipse Park I 1[11][12]
Philadelphia Athletics 1882–1890 Oakdale Park/Jefferson Street Grounds 1[13][14][15]
Pittsburgh Alleghenys/Pirates† 1882–1886 Exposition Park I, II/Recreation Park 0 This franchise currently exists as the Pittsburgh Pirates [16][17][18]
St. Louis Brown Stockings/Browns† 1882–1891 Sportsman's Park I 4 This franchise currently exists as the St. Louis Cardinals [19][20]
Columbus Buckeyes 1883–1884 Recreation Park I 0[21][22]
New York Metropolitans 1883–1887 Polo Grounds I/Metropolitan Park/St. George Cricket Grounds 1[23][24][25][26]
Brooklyn Atlantics/Grays/Bridegrooms† 1884–1889 Washington Park/Ridgewood Park II 1 This franchise currently exists as the Los Angeles Dodgers [27][28][29]
Indianapolis Hoosiers 1884 Seventh Street Park I/Bruce Grounds 0[30][31][32]
Richmond Virginia(n)s 1884 Allen Pasture 0[33][34]
Toledo Blue Stockings 1884 League Park 0[35][36]
Washington Nationals 1884 Athletic Park 0[37][38]
Cleveland Spiders† 1887–1889 Kennard Street Park 0[39][40]
Kansas City Cowboys 1888–1889 Association Park/Exposition Park 0[41][42][43]
Columbus Solons 1889–1891 Recreation Park II 0[44][45]
Brooklyn Gladiators 1890 Ridgewood Park II/Polo Grounds III 0[29][46][47]
Rochester Broncos/Hop Bitters 1890 Culver Field I/Polo Grounds III 0[48][49]
Syracuse Stars 1890 Star Park II 0[50][51]
Toledo Maumees 1890 Speranza Park 0[52][53]
Boston Reds§ 1891 Congress Street Grounds 1Transferred from the Players' League after 1890 season [54][55]
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers 1891 East End Park 0Also referred to as the Reds and the Porkers [56][57]
Milwaukee Brewers 1891 Athletic Park 0[58][59]
Philadelphia Athletics§ 1891 Forepaugh Park 0Transferred from the Players' League after 1890 season [60][61]
Washington Senators† 1891 Boundary Field 0[62][63]

Timeline

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 at:1882 color:lineColor #Formation of AA at:1892 color:lineColor #NL Merger

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 bar:BAL      #Baltimore Orioles  1891 (NL) bar:CINR     #Cincinnati Red Stockings  1889 (NL) bar:LOU      #Louisville Eclipse/Colonels 1891 (NL) bar:PHI      #Philadelphia Athletics 1891 bar:PIT      #Pittsburgh Alleghenys 1886 (NL) bar:SLB      #St Louis Brown Stockings 1891 (NL) bar:COL      #Columbus Buckeyes 1884 bar:NYM      #New York Metropolitans 1887 bar:BRK      #Brooklyn Atlantics/Grays/Bridegrooms 1889 (NL) bar:IND      #Indianapolis Hoosiers 1884 bar:TLB      #Toledo Blue Stockings (1884) bar:WAS      #Washington Statesmen (1884) bar:RCHM     #Richmond Virginians (1884) bar:CLE      #Cleveland Spiders (1887–1888) (NL) bar:KCC      #Kansas City Cowboys (1888–1889) bar:CLB      #Columbus Solons (1889–1891) bar:BKN      #Brooklyn Gladiators (1890) bar:RCHT     #Rochester Broncos (1890) bar:SYR      #Syracuse Stars (1890) bar:TLM      #Toledo Maumees (1890) bar:BOS      #Boston Reds (1891) bar:PHI2     #Philadelphia Athletics 1891 bar:CINP     #Cincinnati Porkers (1891) bar:MIL      #Milwaukee Brewers (1891) bar:WSH      #Washington Statesmen (1891)

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 color:inactive textcolor:black width:20 fontsize:S mark:(line,black) anchor:middle # other options are anchor:from anchor:till align:center  # other options are align:left  align:right shift:(0,-5)
  1. ---Charter Members of the AA in 1882
     bar:BAL  from:1882 till:1892  color:orange      text:"Baltimore Orioles" bar:BAL  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:(NL)" bar:CINR from:1882 till:1890  color:darkred     text:"Cincinnati Red Stockings" bar:CINR from:1890 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)" bar:LOU  from:1882 till:1885  color:black       text:"Louisville~Eclipse"       textcolor:white  $Up bar:LOU  from:1885 till:1892  color:gray        text:"Louisville~Colonels"       textcolor:white  $Up bar:LOU  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)" bar:PHI  from:1882 till:1891  color:skyblue     text:"Philadelphia Athletics" bar:PIT  from:1882 till:1887  color:yellow      text:"Pittsburgh Alleghenys" bar:PIT  from:1887 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)" bar:SLB  from:1882 till:1892  color:brown       text:"St Louis Brown Stockings"  textcolor:white bar:SLB  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
  1. ---1883
     bar:COL  from:1883 till:1885  color:navy        text:"Columbus~Buckeyes"         textcolor:white  $Up bar:NYM  from:1883 till:1888  color:black       text:"New York~Metropolitans"    textcolor:white  $Up
  1. ---1884
     bar:BRK  from:1884 till:1885  color:blue        text:"Brooklyn~Atlantics"                         $Up bar:BRK  from:1885 till:1888  color:gray        text:"Brooklyn~Grays"                             $Up bar:BRK  from:1888 till:1890  color:navy        text:"Brooklyn~Bridegrooms"      textcolor:white  $Up bar:BRK  from:1890 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
 bar:IND  from:1884 till:1885  color:sand        text:"Indianapolis~Hoosiers"                      $Up bar:TLB  from:1884 till:1885  color:skyblue     text:"Toledo Blue~Stockings"                      $Up bar:WAS  from:1884 till:1885  color:blue        text:"Washington~Statesmen (1)"     textcolor:white  $Up bar:RCHM from:1884 till:1885  color:gold        text:"Richmond~Virginians (1)"                       $Up
  1. ---1887
     bar:CLE  from:1887 till:1889  color:black       text:"Cleveland~Spiders"         textcolor:white  $Up bar:CLE  from:1889 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
  1. ---1888
  1. ---1889
  1. ---1890
     bar:BKN  from:1890 till:1891  color:purple      text:"Brooklyn~Gladiators"                        $Up bar:RCHT from:1890 till:1891  color:darkred     text:"Rochester~Broncos"         textcolor:white  $Up bar:SYR  from:1890 till:1891  color:yellow      text:"Syracuse~Stars"                             $Up bar:TLM  from:1890 till:1891  color:kelleygreen text:"Toledo~Maumees"                             $Up
  1. ---1891
     bar:PHI2  from:1890 till:1891 color:nl1         text:"Philadelphia~Quakers (PL)"                  $Up bar:PHI2  from:1891 till:1892 color:skyblue     text:"Philadelphia~Athletics (2)"                     $Up bar:BOS  from:1890 till:1891  color:nl1         text:"(PL)" bar:BOS  from:1891 till:1892  color:red         text:"Boston~Reds"                                $Up bar:CINP from:1891 till:1892  color:pink        text:"Cincinnati~Kelly's Killers"                         $Up bar:MIL  from:1891 till:1892  color:vegasgold   text:"Milwaukee~Brewers (3)"                          $Up bar:WSH  from:1891 till:1892  color:blue        text:"Washington~Statesmen"      textcolor:white  $Up bar:WSH  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
  1. The 1884 Washington Statesmen were replaced during the season by the Richmond Virginians.
  2. For the 1891 season, the Philadelphia Athletics were replaced by the Philadelphia Quakers of the Player's League.
  3. The 1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers folded during the season and were replaced by the Milwaukee Brewers.
  • 1882-AA forms with six teams
  • 1883-AA expands to eight teams
  • 1884-AA expands to twelve teams in response to Union Association threat
  • 1885-AA returns to eight teams
  • 1887-Allegheny ("Pittsburgh Alleghenys") leave AA to join NL
  • 1889-Cleveland Spiders leave AA to join NL
  • 1890-Cincinnati Red Stockings and Brooklyn Bridegrooms leave AA to join NL
  • 1892-Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels, St. Louis Browns, and Washington Senators join National League after the folding of the AA

AA presidents

  • H. D. McKnight (1882–85)
  • Wheeler C. Wyckoff (1886–89)
  • Zach Phelps (1890)
  • Allan W. Thurman (1890–91)
  • Louis Kramer (1891)
  • Ed Renau (1891)
  • Zach Phelps (1891)

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

General
  • {{cite book | author=Nemec, David | title=The Beer and Whisky League : The Illustrated History of the American Association—Baseball's Renegade Major League | location=Guilford | publisher=The Lyons Press | year=2004 | isbn=1-59228-188-5}}
  • {{cite book | author=Pietrusza, David | title=The Formation, Sometimes Absorption and Mostly Inevitable Demise of 18 Professional Baseball Organizations, 1871 to Present | publisher= Jefferson (NC): McFarland & Company | year=1991 | isbn=0-89950-590-2}}
Specific
1. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Not Bad for A Beer League|last=Shipley|first=Robert E.|publisher=Society for American Baseball Research|work=The National Pastime|url=http://research.sabr.org/journals/files/SABR-National_Pastime-15.pdf|location=Cleveland, Ohio|volume=15|isbn=|date=Summer 1995|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304112906/http://research.sabr.org/journals/files/SABR-National_Pastime-15.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-04|df=}}
2. ^The Encyclopedia of Louisville, John E. Kleber
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/|title=MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com|author=|date=|website=Baseball-Reference.com|accessdate=7 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808123843/http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/|archivedate=8 August 2010|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/FR_BLN.htm|title=Baltimore Orioles (1882-1899) franchise index|accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/PK_BAL02.htm|title=Newington Park in Baltimore, MD |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/PK_BAL03.htm|title=Oriole Park I in Baltimore, MD |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/PK_BAL06.htm|title=Oriole Park II in Baltimore, MD |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/FR_CIN.htm|title=Cincinnati Reds (1882-2008) franchise index|accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/PK_CIN03.htm|title=Bank Street Grounds in Cincinnati, OH |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/PK_CIN04.htm|title=League Park I in Cincinnati, OH |accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/L/FR_LS3.htm|title=Louisville Colonels (1882-1899) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/L/PK_LOU02.htm|title=Eclipse Park I in Louisville, KY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/FR_PH4.htm|title=Philadelphia Athletics (1882-1890) franchise index|accessdate=2009-04-05|publisher=Retrosheet, Inc|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628032451/http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/FR_PH4.htm|archivedate=2017-06-28|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/PK_PHI03.htm|title=Oakdale Park in Philadelphia, PA | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/PK_PHI01.htm|title=Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA. | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/FR_PIT.htm|title=Pittsburgh Pirates (1882-2008) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/PK_PIT02.htm|title=Exposition Park I in Pittsburgh, PA | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/PK_PIT04.htm|title=Recreation Park in Pittsburgh, PA | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/S/FR_SLN.htm|title=St. Louis Cardinals (1882-1890) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/S/PK_STL03.htm|title=Sportsman's Park I in St. Louis, MO | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/FR_CL5.htm|title=Columbus Buckeyes (1883-1884) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/PK_COL01.htm|title=Recreation Park I in Columbus, OH | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/FR_NY4.htm|title=New York Metropolitans (1883-1887) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC03.htm|title=Polo Grounds I (Southeast Diamond) in New York, NY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC06.htm|title=Metropolitan Park in New York | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1886/TNY401886.htm|title=St. George Cricket Grounds in St. George, NY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/L/FR_LAN.htm|title=Los Angeles Dodgers (1882-2008) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC05.htm|title=Washington Park I in Brooklyn, NY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
29. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC18.htm|title=Ridgewood Park II in New York, NY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/I/FR_IN2.htm|title=Indianapolis Blues (1884) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/I/PK_IND02.htm|title=Seventh Street Park I in Indianapolis, IN | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/I/PK_IND03.htm|title=Bruce Grounds in Indianapolis, IN | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/R/FR_RIC.htm|title=Richmond Virginias (1884) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/R/PK_RIC02.htm|title=Allens Pasture in Richmond, VA | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/T/FR_TL1.htm|title=Toledo Blue Stockings (1884) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/T/PK_TOL01.htm|title=League Park in Toledo, OH | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/FR_WS7.htm|title=Washington Nationals (1884) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/PK_WAS04.htm|title=Athletic Park in Washington, DC | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/FR_CL4.htm|title=Cleveland Spiders (1887-1899) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/PK_CLE03.htm|title=League Park II in Cleveland, OH | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/K/FR_KC2.htm|title=Kansas City Cowboys (1888-1899) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/K/PK_KAN02.htm|title=Association Park in Kansas City, MO | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/K/PK_KAN03.htm|title=Exposition Park in Kansas City, MO | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/FR_CL6.htm|title=Columbus Solons (1889-1891) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/PK_COL02.htm|title=Recreation Park II in Columbus, OH | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/FR_BR4.htm|title=Brooklyn Gladiators (1890) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC09.htm|title=Polo Grounds III in New York | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/R/FR_RC2.htm|title=Rochester Hop Bitters (1890) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/R/PK_ROC01.htm|title=Culver Field I in Rochester, NY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/S/FR_SR2.htm|title=Syracuse Stars (1890) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/S/PK_SYR02.htm|title=Star Park II in Syracuse, NY | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/T/FR_TL2.htm|title=Toledo Maumees (1890) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/T/PK_TOL03.htm|title=Speranza Park in Toledo, OH |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/FR_BS2.htm|title=Boston Reds (1890-1891) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/B/PK_BOS04.htm|title=Congress Street Grounds in Boston, MA |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/FR_CN3.htm|title=Cincinnati Kelly's Killers (1891) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/PK_PEN01.htm|title=East End Park in Cincinnati, OH |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/M/FR_ML3.htm|title=Milwaukee Brewers (1891) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/M/PK_MIL03.htm|title=Athletic Park in Milwaukee, WI |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/FR_PHP.htm|title=Philadelphia Athletics (1890-1891) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/PK_PHI07.htm|title=Forepaugh Park in Philadelphia, PA |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/FR_WSN.htm|title=Milwaukee Brewers (1891) franchise index | accessdate=2009-04-05 |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/PK_WAS06.htm|title=Boundary Field in Washington, DC |publisher=Retrosheet, Inc}}

External links

  • "American Association Remembered", MLB.com
{{Professional Baseball}}{{DEFAULTSORT:American Association (19th Century)}}

5 : Sports leagues established in 1882|1882 establishments in the United States|1891 disestablishments in the United States|Defunct major baseball leagues in the United States|Articles which contain graphical timelines
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