| 词条 | Ouvrage Billig |
| 释义 |
|name=Ouvrage Billig |partof=Maginot Line |location=Northeast France |coordinates = {{coord|49.35|6.31667|type:landmark|display=inline}} |image= |caption=Block 5 casemates |map_type = France |map_size = 280 |map_alt = |map_caption = |type= |code= |built= |builder=CORF |materials=Concrete, steel, deep excavation |height= |used=Abandoned |demolished= |condition= |ownership= |open_to_public= |controlledby=France |garrison= |current_commander= |commanders= |occupants= |battles=Battle of France, Lorraine Campaign |events= }}{{Maginot Line Infobox |localisation= |type=GO |year= |sector=Fortified Sector of Thionville |sub-sector=Sub-sector of Elzange |number=A18 |regiment=167th Fortress Infantry Regiment (RIF) - 151st Position Artillery Regiment(RAP) |blocks=8 |entrance= |strength=521 enlisted + 16 officers |picture= |caption= }} Ouvrage Billig, a gros ouvrage or large fortification of the Maginot Line, was located in the Fortified Sector of Thionville, Moselle in northern France. It is located between the gros ouvrages Metrich and Hackenberg, facing Germany. It saw relatively little action during World War II and after a period of reserve duty in the 1950s, was abandoned in the 1970s. Design and constructionBillig was approved for construction by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in June 1930 and became operational by 1935,[1] at a cost of 65 million francs.[2] The contractor was Ossude of Paris.[3] DescriptionThis gros ouvrage{{#tag:ref|English-language sources use the French term ouvrage as the preferred term for the Maginot positions, in preference to "fort", a term usually reserved for older fortifications with passive defensives in the form of walls and ditches.[4] The literal translation of ouvrage in the sense of a fortification in English is "work." A gros ouvrage is a large fortification with a significant artillery component, while a petit ouvrage is smaller, with lighter arms.[5]|group="nb"}} is unusual in having one entrance for both ammunition and personnel. It lacks the large "M1" magazine of other gros ouvrages. The dogleg-shaped layout is relatively short for a gros ouvrage, with less than {{convert|1000|m|ft}} of underground gallery at an average depth of {{convert|30|m|ft}} from the entrance to the farthest combat block. Like all gros ouvrages, Billig was provided with a 60 cm railway running through the gallery system to provide materiel. The railway continued out the single entrance and connected to the railway system paralleling the front in the rear zones.[6][7]
Casemates and sheltersSeveral small blockhouses with machine guns and anti-tank guns were located around Billig.[16] The Casernement d'Elzange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Billig and other ouvrages in the area.[17] ManningThe manning of the ouvrage in 1940 comprised 521 men and 16 officers of the 167th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 151st Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.[18] HistorySee Fortified Sector of Thionville for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Thionville sector of the Maginot Line. Billig was not subjected to significant attack by the Wehrmacht in 1940, although an aerial bomb penetrated the 81mm mortar turret in Block 6 on 15 June, killing two.[19] The area around Billig did not become active until late June 1940, but German infiltration persisted until the June 25 armistice. Billig fired 2030 75mm shots in support of Hackenberg on the 24th.[20] After the armistice Billig was used for explosive effects testing by the Germans. Blocks 1 and 2 and the magazine of Block 5 were subjected to projectile penetration tests and gas explosions. Block 2's turret was blasted into the air, falling back into its opening.[21] Billig was assaulted by the U.S. 90th Infantry Division in September 1944 and captured after two days of fighting, using close-assault tactics.[22] Following capture, Billig was used for ordnance testing by the U.S. Army.[21] Following the war, the Maginot Line was viewed as a means of slowing an advance by Warsaw Pact forces and most of the northeastern positions were renovated and rearmed. Replacement of 75mm guns with 105mm guns was proposed for Billig.[23] However, the program was abandoned, and after a period of routine maintenance, Billig's status was lowered to inactive reserve, and finally abandoned.[24] Billig is abandoned and vandalized, with openings closed off to prevent access. The above ground installations remain visible. See also
Notes1. ^Kaufmann 2006, p. 25 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.darkplaces.org/Frankreich/WW2/Ligne_Maginot/SF_de_Thionville/GO/Billig/Billig.html|title=Artilleriewerk (G.O.) Billig - A18|last=Wahl|first=J.B.|publisher=darkplaces.org|language=German|accessdate=3 May 2010}} 3. ^Mary, Tome 1, p. 52 4. ^Kaufmann 2006, p.13 5. ^Kaufmann 2006, p. 20 6. ^Mary, Tome 3, p. 98 7. ^Mary, Tome 2, p. 53 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3581|title=Billig (go A18 de) Entrée mixte|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3574|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 1|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3575|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 2|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3576|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 3|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3577|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 4|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3578|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 5|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3579|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 6|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?p=3580|title=Billig (go A18 de) Bloc 7|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|year=2010|work=Index de la Ligne Maginot|publisher=fortiff.be|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2010|display-authors=etal}} 16. ^Mary, Tome 3, p. 95 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.darkplaces.org/Frankreich/WW2/Ligne_Maginot/SF_de_Thionville/SF_de_Thionville.html|title=Festungsabschnitt Thionville|last=Wahl|first=J.B.|publisher=darkplaces.org|language=German|accessdate=3 May 2010}} 18. ^Mary, Tome 3, p. 79 19. ^Mary, Tome 5, p. 208 20. ^Mary, Tome 3, p. 208 21. ^1 Mary, Tome 5, pp. 139, 159 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/maginotline.aspx#|title=The U.S. Army vs. The Maginot Line |last=Dickerson|first=Bryan J.|date=9 November 2006|publisher=Military History Online|accessdate=4 May 2010}} 23. ^Mary, Tome 5, p. 165 24. ^Mary, Tome 5, p. 175 ReferencesBibliography
External links
3 : Fortified Sector of Thionville|Maginot Line|Môle de Thionville |
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