| 词条 | Andrew Cohen (spiritual teacher) |
| 释义 |
| name = Andrew Cohen | image = Andrew_Cohen_teaching_in_Paris%2C_Spring_2012.jpg | caption = Cohen teaching in Paris, 2012 | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |55 |2011|November|1}}[1] | birth_place = New York City, New York, United States | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Spiritual teacher, author, musician }}{{Advaita}} Andrew Cohen (born 23 October 1955) is an American spiritual teacher, regarded by some as a cult leader. BiographyCohen was born in New York City in 1955 in an upper-middle class secular Jewish household.[1] Cohen recounts that his life was changed by a spontaneous experience of "cosmic consciousness" at the age of sixteen.[1] After pursuing a career as a jazz musician, he began a spiritual quest to recover this experience when he was 22.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=190}} He eventually met H. W. L. Poonja in 1986, a self-styled teacher who taught that no effort is needed to attain enlightenment "because it is merely the realisation of what one already is".{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=192}} At their first meeting, Cohen realized that he "had always been free".{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=192}} Cohen claimed that Poonja declared Cohen to be his heir, and Cohen began to teach as a neo-Advaita teacher, and gathered a community around him.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=192}} Within a few years, Cohen noticed that the ecstatic experiences his students had in his presence were limited.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=193}} Being convinced that he himself was fully free from karmic bondage, he began to demand more commitment from his students,{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=193}} insisting on complete "ego-transcendence".{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=195}} The change in teaching-style led to dissent, and a break with Poonja, who was now regarded by Cohen as shortcoming in ethical and enlightened behavior.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194-195}} According to Cohen, "Poonja insisted that the realization of the Self had nothing to do with worldly behavior, and he did not believe fully transcending the ego was possible."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} According to Poonja, "karmic tendencies remained after enlightenment, [but] the enlightened person was no longer identified with them and, therefore, did not accrue further karmic consequences."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} For Poonja, ethical standards were based on a dualistic understanding of duality and the notion of an individual agent, and therefore were not representative of Advaita:{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} "For Poonja, the goal was the realisation of the self; the illusory realm of relative reality was ultimately irrelevant."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} Cohen did not agree, insisting instead on "flawless behavior" as the manifestation of enlightenment.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=194}} In 1991, Cohen founded EnlightenNext magazine (under its former title, What Is Enlightenment?), which "established him as a major contemporary spiritual figure."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=195}} In 2004, EnlightenNext magazine partnered with the Graduate Institute[2] in Connecticut to offer a master's program in conscious evolution. From 2004 to 2007, Cohen served as a core faculty of that institute.[3] The magazine stopped publishing in 2011. After the break with Poonja, Cohen's teachings were further developed into "Evolutionary Enlightenment", aiming at an impersonal enlightenment which transcends the personal.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=195-196}} Yet, the change in teaching-style led also to "physical force, verbal abuse, and intense psychological pressure against students."{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=196}} The growing complaints from students have been described in several publications from former students and from his own mother.{{sfn|Tarlo|2009}}{{sfn|Braak|2003}}{{sfn|Yenner|2009}} In 2001, Cohen co-formed the jazz-funk-fusion band Unfulfilled Desires, in which he played drums. The band played original compositions and standards, and performed in Europe and the United States. They released four CDs: Live at the Iron Horse (2002), Enlightened Dog (2004), Punk Funk (2008), and Plugged (2010). On June 26, 2013, Cohen announced on his blog that he would be taking "a sabbatical for an extended period of time", after confrontational exchanges with some of his closest students, who helped Cohen to realize, as he put it, that "in spite of the depth of my awakening, my ego is still alive and well".[4] [5] On May 12, 2015, Cohen posted an extensive apology letter to his former students on his blog, his first writing after emerging from a two-year sabbatical. In it he wrote about the need to embrace the spiritual principle of agape, as well as eros, and expressed regret for the ways in which his lack of the former in his teaching methods hurt and alienated many former students.[6] In September 2016, after over three years absence from public life, Cohen unveiled a redesigned website. This included an announcement of his intention to return to formal teaching, beginning with a retreat planned for early 2017.[7] TeachingsInfluencesWhen beginning to teach, Cohen was influenced by H. W. L. Poonja, who offered a "deinstitutionalized and experiential Advaita,"{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=191}} comparable to Ramana Maharshi's teachings, which differ from the traditional Advaita Vedanta of Shankara.{{sfn|Gleig|2013|p=191}} Cohen credits the ideas of cosmologist Brian Swimme, Christian theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and the early 20th century Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo as helping him form his thinking about the evolutionary context of the human experience.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} He likewise credits the "integral philosopher" Ken Wilber, with whom he conducts frequent public discourses, with helping him form the theoretical framework of his teachings.{{sfn|Cohen|(2011|p=xvii, Acknowledgements}}{{refn|group=note|They call their public dialogues “The Guru and the Pandit.”[8] Cohen is a Founding Member of Integral Spirituality, which is part of Wilber's Integral Institute. Cohen's most recent book, Evolutionary Enlightenment, is dedicated to Wilber.}} He has also been influenced by the Spiral Dynamics theories put forward by Clare Graves.[9] Cohen was also inspired by Swami Krishnananda of the Divine Life Society in India, and his call "In unity there is strength; come together, come together."[10] Evolutionary EnlightenmentAccording to Cohen, "traditional" enlightenment is the realisation of the transcendental aspect of God, and it often goes hand in hand with the realization that the world is an illusion.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Cohen says that he has discovered a different form of "enlightened awareness," which he claims to be unique. He first called this "impersonal enlightenment" to reflect the fact that it was a realization shared between people rather than an individual attainment. He later changed the name to Evolutionary Enlightenment, both to reflect his belief that it indicates the next stage of the evolution of enlightenment and to convey the creative, world-embracing vision of spiritual awakening as an unending process of individual and cultural development.[11] A fundamental aspect of Cohen's Evolutionary Enlightenment is the distinction between what he sees as two fundamental, yet opposing, aspects of the human psyche: the "ego" and the "authentic self",[12] In his teaching, ego is defined as "the deeply ingrained, compulsive need to remain separate and superior at all times, in all places, under all circumstances."[13] The authentic self, on the other hand, is defined as "the urge to become more conscious".{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} According to Cohen and Wilber, "enlightenment" does not refer to an unchanging state, but has to be in accord with an ongoing evolution of humanity, which is the "Authentic Self." According to Cohen, individuals need to recognize that their own spiritual transformation is essential for cultural evolution. To achieve that, in Cohen's view, an individual should strive to realize his or her true self as being "one with the timeless Ground of all Being and with the evolutionary impulse that is driving the entire cosmos."{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} According to Wilber, evolutionary enlightenment means "the realization of oneness with all states and all stages that have evolved so far and that are in existence at any given time."{{sfn|Wilber|2007a|p=95}} Cohen believes that individuals need to transcend egoism to express the "Authentic Self." Through identifying the evolutionary impulse as their own Authentic Self, individuals can transcend ego, and find a deeper self-sense without relying on asceticism or solitude. Cohen's ideas are co-inspired by Wilber's Integral Theory, offering an integral vision of the integral evolution of matter and consciousness.{{sfn|Wilber|2007b|p=57}} According to this theory, human development parallels the evolution of all being.{{sfn|Wilber|2007b|p=116}} AwardsIn 2012, Watkins Books listed Cohen at Number 28 on their "Spiritual 100" list.[14] CriticismHWL Poonja, also known as Papaji, the Indian Guru who Andrew claims called him his "heir" stated publicly that Andrew only spent 25 hours in satsang before proclaiming himself as enlightened. Papaji describes Andrew's claims as the arrogance of his ego and never acknowledged Andrew as a master or heir, but rather described him as a messenger.[15] The mental, physical, and financial abuse Andrew perpetrated against former students, which Andrew justifies as "crazy wisdom" are documented in books such as American Guru,{{sfn|Yenner|2009}} Enlightenment Blues, {{sfn|Braak|2003}} and Mother of God,{{sfn|Tarlo|2009}} as well as popular blogs such as What Enlightenment?[16] and EnlightenNixt.[17] Some of Cohen's former followers, including his mother, Luna Tarlo, have viewed him as a manipulative spiritual teacher. Tarlo wrote a critical book, called Mother of God, about her experience as one of his disciples.{{sfn|Tarlo|2009}} In a Psychology Today, article, published in 1998 entitled "Crimes of the Soul", Tarlo recounted how she became a disciple of her son who told her "to give way to him or their relationship would end" and forbade her "to express an opinion on anything". Tarlo said she "knew if I seriously objected to anything, I'd be kicked out" and stated that her son, formerly the "sweetest, sensitive kid, had changed into an unrecognizable tyrant."[18] André van der Braak's Enlightenment Blues: My Years with an American Guru alleges that Cohen demanded large sums of money and extreme and unquestioning devotion from his students.{{sfn|Braak|2003}} American Guru: A Story of Love, Betrayal and Healing, by William Yenner and other former Cohen student contributors (foreword by Stephen Batchelor), allege authoritarianism, financial manipulation, physical and psychological abuse in Cohen's community, and discusses the challenges of healing after leaving the community.{{sfn|Yenner|2009}} Poonja himself has been sharply criticized for too easily authorising students to teach: {{quote|One of the tragedies of Poonjaji's teaching ministry is that he either told, inferred, or allowed hundreds of individuals to believe they were fully enlightened simply because they'd had one, or many, powerful experiences of awakening. These "enlightened" teachers then proceeded to enlighten their own students in a similar way, and thus was born what is known as the "neo-Advaita", or "satsang" movement in western culture.{{sfn|Caplan|2009|p=16-17}}}}Over the years, there were many indications that Cohen’s group was in difficult financial straits. In 2011 it officially ended publication of its magazine EnlightenNext. Cohen was accused of being a cult leader. [19] As of early 2014, the EnlightenNext organization's main building on its property in Lenox, Massachusetts, which had been on the market for years, remained up for sale.[20] In 2016, over 200 of Cohen's former students signed an online petition titled "Stop Andrew Cohen teaching again", including detailed explanations of why they believe him to be unfit to teach others.[21] WorksCohen has written for The Huffington Post[22] Big Think,[23] and Speaking Tree,[24][25] Bibliography
See also
Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2011/10/bg-235-a-visitation-from-the-unknown/ |title=BG 235: A Visitation from the Unknown |publisher=Buddhist Geeks |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231728/http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2011/10/bg-235-a-visitation-from-the-unknown/ |archivedate=October 4, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.learn.edu/ |title=The Graduate Institute |publisher=Learn.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}} 3. ^The Graduate Institute, Catalog of Program, Conscious Evolution Program, 2004–07 4. ^http://andrewcohen.org/blog/apology {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805162324/http://andrewcohen.org/blog/apology |date=August 5, 2013 }}, An Apology. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/27/what-happens-when-your-guru-disappears.html |title=What Happens When Your Guru Disappears? |publisher=The Daily Beast |author=Eliezer Sobel |date=March 27, 2015 |accessdate=2016-02-10}} 6. ^"An open letter to all my former students upon return my sabbatical" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234523/http://www.andrewcohen.org/blog/open-letter-all-my-former-students-upon-return-my-sabbatical |date=May 15, 2015 }}, Andrew Cohen's website blog. 7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.andrewcohen.com/events/european-retreat-january-2017 |title=Archived copy |access-date=September 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004085347/http://www.andrewcohen.com/events/european-retreat-january-2017/ |archive-date=October 4, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/cohen-wilber/ |title=Andrew Cohen & Ken Wilber: Dialogues on Enlightenment and the Evolution of Consciousness |publisher=Enlightennext.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310121237/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/cohen-wilber/ |archivedate=March 10, 2013 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2011/oct/08/evolutionary-spirituality/ |title=Evolutionary Spirituality The Santa Barbara Independent |publisher=Independent.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j19/andrew.asp |title=Andrew Cohen: Come Together |publisher=Enlightennext.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310112757/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j19/andrew.asp |archivedate=March 10, 2013 }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j25/andrew.asp |title=Andrew Cohen: The New Enlightenment |publisher=Enlightennext.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310113407/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j25/andrew.asp |archivedate=March 10, 2013 }} 12. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615150432/http://www.andrewcohen.org/teachings/authentic-self-ego.asp |date=June 15, 2012 }} 13. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815134505/http://www.andrewcohen.org/teachings/ego.asp |date=August 15, 2012 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.watkinsbooks.com/review/watkins-spiritual-100-list-2012 |title=Watkins’ Spiritual 100 List for 2012 | Esoteric News |publisher=Watkinsbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HMtYeqnv?url=http://www.watkinsbooks.com/review/watkins-spiritual-100-list-2012 |archive-date=June 14, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=RG-8RRHrIWk |title=The Fake Messengers |publisher=www.kosi.co/gangaji |date= |accessdate=2014-04-18}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whatenlightenment.net/ |title=www.whatenlightenment.net |publisher=www.whatenlightenment.net |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://essentialwhatenlightenment.blogspot.com/ |title=EnlightenNIXT |publisher=Essentialwhatenlightenment.blogspot.com |date=June 2, 2005 |accessdate=2013-05-06}} 18. ^{{cite web|last=Neimark |first=Jill |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199803/crimes-the-soul |title=''Psychology Today'', 1998 |publisher=Psychologytoday.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-14}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.ncreview.com/2011/09/17/enlightennext-magazine-going-out-of-print/ |title=EnlightenNext Magazine Going Out of Print | New Consciousness Review Blog |publisher=Blog.ncreview.com |date=September 17, 2011 |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525100815/http://blog.ncreview.com/2011/09/17/enlightennext-magazine-going-out-of-print/ |archivedate=May 25, 2013 }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://americanguru.net/news-and-reviews/not-so-fast/ |title=Not So Fast: Following the Money |publisher=AmericanGuru.net |date=January 2014}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=ttps://www.thepetitionsite.com/131/591/349/stop-andrew-cohen-teaching-again|title=STOP Andrew From Teaching Again|publisher=former students|date=May 22, 2016 |accessdate=2016-05-22}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-z-cohen/ |title=Andrew Z. Cohen |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}} 23. ^{{cite web|last=Cohen |first=Andrew |url=http://bigthink.com/users/andrewcohen#!video_idea_id=44483 |title=Andrew Cohen | Founder, EnlightenNext |publisher=Big Think |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}} 24. ^{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |url=http://www.speakingtree.in/peoples.php?keyword=andrew+cohen&search_type=all&x=52&y=15 |title=Search | SpeakingTree |publisher=Speakingtree.in |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130218062348/http://www.speakingtree.in/peoples.php?keyword=andrew+cohen&search_type=all&x=52&y=15 |archivedate=February 18, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} 25. ^{{cite web|last=Barnala |first=Rajiv |url=http://www.speakingtree.in/ |title=India's first Spiritual Networking Website |publisher=Speakingtree.in |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}} References{{Reflist|30em}}SourcesPrinted sources{{refbegin}}
Web-sources{{reflist|group=web}}External links
8 : 1955 births|American spiritual teachers|American spiritual writers|Integral thought|Living people|Neo-Advaita teachers|New religious movements|Spiritual teachers |
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