请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 And you are lynching Negroes
释义

  1. History

     Early usage  Growth during the Cold War  Use in Eastern Europe  Post-Soviet Union  Modified use against Ukraine 

  2. Reception

     Donald Trump 

  3. Variants

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{good article}}

"And you are lynching Negroes" ({{lang-ru|"А у вас негров линчуют"}}, {{transl|ru|A u vas negrov linchuyut}}) and the later "And you are hanging blacks" are catchphrases satirizing Soviet propaganda's response to American criticisms of its human rights violations.[1][2] Use of the phrases like these, exemplifying the tu quoque tactic,[3][4] was an attempt to deflect criticism of the Soviet Union by referring to racial discrimination and lynching in the United States.[1][1]

The Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination, financial crises, and unemployment in the United States, which were viewed as failings of the capitalist system that had been erased by communism.[7] Lynchings of African Americans were seen as an embarrassing skeleton in the closet for the U.S., which the Soviets used as a form of rhetorical ammunition when reproached for their own perceived economic and social failings.[2] The phrase grew in usage in the 1960s during the Cold War.[4] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the phrase became widespread as a reference to Russian information-warfare tactics.[10] Its use subsequently became widespread in Russia to criticize any form of U.S. policy.[11]

Former Czech president and writer Václav Havel placed the phrase among "commonly canonized demagogical tricks".[12] The Economist described it as a form of whataboutism, saying that it grew ubiquitous after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[10] The book Exit from Communism by author Stephen Richards Graubard wrote that it symbolized a divorce from reality.[14] Author Michael Dobson compared it to the idiom the pot calling the kettle black, and called the phrase a "famous example" of tu quoque reasoning.[4] The conservative magazine National Review called it "a bitter Soviet-era punch line",[16] and noted "there were a million Cold War variations on the joke".[16] The liberal Israeli newspaper Haaretz described use of the idiom a form of Soviet propaganda.[18] The British liberal political website Open Democracy called the phrase "a prime example of whataboutism".[11] In her work Security Threats and Public Perception, Elizaveta Gaufman described the idiom as a tool to reverse someone's argument against them.[20]

History

Early usage

The use of the phrase as a reference to demagoguery and hypocrisy is traced to a Russian political joke about a dispute between an American and a Soviet man.[3][24] After receiving criticism of his country because of the deaths caused by the 1903 anti-Jewish Kishinev pogrom, the Russian Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve pointed out "The Russian peasants were driven to frenzy. Excited by race and religious hatred, and under the influence of alcohol, they were worse than the people of the Southern States of America when they lynch negroes.".[4][5][6] Soviet artist Dmitri Moor produced the lithograph Freedom to the Prisoners of Scottsboro!, after the 1931 trial of the Scottsboro Boys of Alabama.[3] The treatment of the Scottsboro Boys popularized the phrase in usage by the Soviet Union against the U.S. as a form of criticism against those who themselves criticized human rights abuses.[3][7] In his 1934 book Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It?, Sherwood Eddy wrote: "In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes."[8]

Subsequently, when the Soviet Union faced harsh words from the Western world over its civil liberties problems, it employed the phrase as a common retort.[9][10] In a 1930s argument with black student Pierre Kalmek, Bolshevik politician Dmitry Manuilsky emphasized that in the United States "whites have the privilege to lynch Negroes, but Negroes do not have the privilege to lynch whites."[34] He called this a form of white chauvinism, and further stressed this asking: "Do we have a difference here between the salaries of Negro and white workers? Do we have the right to lynch Negro citizens?"[34]

During the Stalin era, praise for the quality of any aspect of U.S. life prompted the rejoinder "Yes, but they lynch Blacks, don't they?"[11][12] Throughout the 1930s, white males traveling from the U.S. to the Soviet Union on business reported to the U.S. consulate in Riga, Latvia, that locals asked them about the dichotomy between living in a free society and "the 'lynching' of blacks."[13][14] The term worked its way into fiction literature books written in the country, and was seen in this context as criticism of foreigners.[15] Years later a science fiction comic, Technique - The Youth - 1948. - № 2 titled "In a world of crazy fantasy" ({{lang-ru|"В мире бредовой фантастики"}}) featured a poem of political attacks on the cover which included a similar line: "Every planet's Negroes are being lynched there."[16]

The phrase became a common witticism used among Soviet citizens; a parable involved a call-in program on Radio Moscow where any question about their living conditions was met with the answer: "In America, they lynch Negroes."[17][18] A U.S. citizen living in the Soviet Union in 1949 was arrested after complaining the government barred him from work; a local paper made fun of his expectation of fair treatment, writing of the U.S. as "the country where they lynch Negroes."[19] In 1949 Soviet author and war poet Konstantin Simonov gave a speech at a Soviet jubilee event honoring poet Alexander Pushkin, where he delineated between the Soviet Union and the Western world by simply using the phrase to refer to English-speakers: "There is no need for those who hang Negroes to commemorate Pushkin!"[20] Historian Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov wrote in his 1953 book The Reign of Stalin that Soviet media put forth the notion that U.S. citizens "are unanimous in pursuing an anti-colour policy, and that the average American spends his time lynching negroes."[21] Perpetuation of the phrase during the Soviet period engendered negative feelings towards the U.S. from members of the working class.[22][23]

Growth during the Cold War

During the Cold War, the leftist French publication Combat used the phrase to criticize the operations of the House Un-American Activities Committee, pointing out what it saw as corruption of "a nation that lynched blacks and hounded anyone accused of 'un-American' activities."[24][25] Use of the phrase as a tu quoque discourse grew in popularity in Russia during the 1960s, and was used as a widespread quip between Russians.[4] In this version, an American and a Soviet car salesman argue which country makes better cars. Finally, the American asks: "How many decades does it take an average Soviet man to earn enough money to buy a Soviet car?" After a thoughtful pause, the Soviet replies: "And you are lynching Negroes!"[26][16][27] The phrase garnered numerous iterations during the Cold War period.[16] Its pervasiveness in Russian society reflected a strong sense of Soviet socialist patriotism.[28] When the government faced criticism for discrimination against Jews in the Soviet Union, the idiom was used with excessively sentimental tone to complain about racism in the United States.[29] It was used as an aphorism among fellow Soviets during the Mikhail Gorbachev period, as an answer to complaints about the lack of civil and political rights including freedom of movement.[30] A variant used during this time as a form of reciprocity when faced with criticism over imprisonment and treatment of Refuseniks, was to put the focus on race in the United States criminal justice system.[31] A similar phrase was used to counter complaints about Soviet transportation inefficiency.[32]

Use in Eastern Europe

Alternate versions of the phrase have been used in Eastern European satellite countries then-controlled by the Soviet Union, such, that it was ported for usage in Poland.[33][34][35] The phrase also saw usage in other languages, including Czech,[36] Hungarian,[37] and Romanian.[38]

Post-Soviet Union

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the term had become a synecdoche in Russia, as a reference referring to all of Soviet propaganda.[10] During a trip to Washington, D.C., in 1999, then-prime minister of Russia Sergei Stepashin attempted to tell a joke using the phrase as a punchline at a speech before the National Press Club.[67] He faced a disturbing quiet from the audience in response to his attempt at humor, and he later observed those in the U.S. have difficulty understanding the Russian perspective on comedy.[39]

By 2015, the phrase had entered the common lexicon in Russia as a tool to criticize any form of U.S. policy.[11] Russians used the term between themselves so often it became a form of satire, as a ubiquitous rejoinder to all crises dealt with and low quality of life, including purchasing groceries or dealing with road congestion.[40][41][42]

Michael Bohm, a U.S. reporter working out of Moscow, became the target of the phrase after appearing on Sunday Evening With Vladimir Solovyov, which aired on a major state-run TV channel.[43] Commentator Igor Korotchenko wrote: "people like Bohm dropped atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, they lynched Negroes."[43] In a 2015 contribution to the Russian journal International Affairs, Russian Federation Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov and editor-in-chief Armen Oganesyan lamented the likelihood a Russian rejoinder to an international treaty's publication by the U.S. State Department would be viewed as a form of the "you lynch Negroes" response. Ryabkov and Oganesyan wrote that this reaction harmed the collaborative process as it was important for nation-states to disagree and enable discourse.[44]

Modified use against Ukraine

Journalist Daniel Greenfield noticed in his December 2015 piece for the conservative journal FrontPage Magazine, that Russia began using a similar tactic towards Ukraine during the War in Donbass; adding, that the phrase was a "classic staple of Soviet propaganda." Greenfield wrote, that over time, the phrase lost its meaning after being worn out through repetition: "There's a reason, 'And you are lynching Negroes' became a cliché, a sign of how bankrupt and dishonest Soviet propagandists were."[45]

Reception

Journalist George Feifer recounted in a 2009 article how when he traveled to Moscow in 1959 to cover the American National Exhibition, he faced those using the phrase against him. Feifer wrote: "Skilled propagandists stationed among the listeners regularly interrupted to repeat questions intended to discredit me. Why did America tolerate shameful poverty and lynch Negroes?"[46]

Former president of the Czech Republic and writer Václav Havel characterized the phrase among "commonly canonized demagogical tricks."[47]

In a January 2008 article, The Economist popularized the term whataboutism for the repeated usage of this rhetorical tactic by the Soviet Union. The magazine wrote, that the tactic became overused, and by the time of the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, it had become a figure of speech referring to the entirety of Soviet propaganda.[48]

The 1993 book Exit from Communism, edited by Stephen Richards Graubard, made a similar point, that the term encapsulated an overall divorce from reality: "Perhaps there are and perhaps there are not prison camps in Siberia, perhaps in the United States they do or perhaps they do not lynch blacks ... Ultimately it does not matter whether we are for real or just pretending: it is all just part of the story."[49]

With the election of Barack Obama as U.S. president in late 2008, The New York Times reported that the tactic could see decreased usage: "In Russia, for example, where Soviet leaders used to respond to any American criticism of human rights violation with 'But you hang Negroes,' analysts note that the election of Mr. Obama removes a stain."[50][51]

In 2011, author Michael Dobson wrote that the phrase was a form of the pot calling the kettle black, and a "famous example" of the tu quoque reasoning derived from a "famous 1960s era Russian joke."[26]

During the Ferguson unrest in 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri, after a white policeman who shot and killed an unarmed black adolescent was not indicted, state-controlled press coverage in Russia was highly critical of racism in the United States. Writing for The Moscow Times, journalist Allison Quinn posited, that coverage of the protests in Ferguson served as an optimal method to distract media from the Ukrainian crisis. Quinn noted: "American racism provided a go-to argument of American hypocrisy for years under the Soviet Union, with phrases like 'Well, you lynch negroes' hurled back at the U.S. in response to any allegations of human rights violations in the Soviet Union." She compared the Ferguson unrest coverage by Russia state-controlled media to prior use of this phrase as a form of Soviet propaganda.[52]

Writing for American Thinker in February 2014, Kim Zigfeld referenced the phrase in discussing a Soviet tactic of denigrating their detractors.[53]

Writing in March 2014 for the American liberal magazine The New Republic during the Ukrainian crisis, Julia Ioffe made a similar comparison as Quinn regarding Soviet versus the 2014 use of the technique. Ioffe wrote that the phrase took the form of a "cartoonish reply", and had been extended after the fall of Soviet Russia to a similar strategy used by Vladimir Putin.[54]

In a 2015 article for the conservative magazine National Review, correspondent Kevin D. Williamson called the phrase "a bitter Soviet-era punch line." Williamson pointed out: "There were a million Cold War variations on the joke".[55]

Reporter David Volodzko wrote for the international news magazine The Diplomat in 2015 about: "the famous tu quoque argument". The piece noted the term was used as a way to criticize capitalism as practiced in the Western world.[56]

Writing for the British liberal political website Open Democracy in 2015, journalist Maxim Edwards observed: "The phrase 'and you are lynching Negroes' has entered Russian speech as a prime example of whataboutism, a hypothetical response to any American criticism of Soviet policies."[57]

In her 2016 work Security Threats and Public Perception published in October 2016, Elizaveta Gaufman characterized the phrase as a form of reversing someone's line of reasoning against them. Gaufman wrote, that by using this phrase in an argument, one was tacitly refusing to answer queries posted to them and instead responding with condemnations.[58]

Journalist Catherine Putz commented on the phrase in a July 2016 article for the international news magazine The Diplomat, and compared it to use of whataboutism by businessman and politician Donald Trump: "Criticisms of human rights in the Soviet Union were often met with what became a common catchphrase: 'And you are lynching Negroes'." She criticized the folly of its use:[59]

{{cquote|quote=It demands, by default, for a state to argue abroad only in favor of ideals it has achieved the highest perfection in.|source=Putz (2016)}}

Donald Trump

Writing for ChinaFile after Trump won the 2016 U.S. election, James Palmer feared an increase in racism "would give a brutal new credibility to the old Soviet whataboutism whenever they were challenged on the gulag: 'But in America, you lynch Negroes'."[60]

Writing in December 2016 for the liberal Israeli newspaper Haaretz, Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev made a similar comparison: "Trump told the New York Times this week that America is in such a mess in terms of civil liberties that it cannot lecture foreign countries anymore, which is an echo of old Soviet propaganda that responded to American reprimands with the retort 'And you are lynching Negroes'."[61]

Shalev followed up on this analysis in a subsequent article, writing: "Trump conducts pro-Russian propaganda along the same lines as the old retort 'And You Hang Blacks' with which the Soviets tried to deflect U.S. criticism of their human rights abuses. He isn't troubled by Putin's political opponents being murdered, because 'people get killed here too'."[62]

Variants

Similar phrases are used in the languages of Eastern Europe, in different variants.

  • {{lang-cs|A vy zase bijete černochy!}} ("And, in turn, you beat up blacks!") [36]
  • {{lang-hu|Amerikában (pedig) verik a négereket}} ("And in America, they beat up Negroes")[37]
  • {{lang-pl|A u was Murzynów biją!}} ("And at your place, they beat up Negroes!")[35]
  • {{lang-ro|Da, dar voi linșați negrii!}} ("Yes, but you are lynching Negroes!")[38]

See also

{{Portal bar|Language|Literature|Russia|Soviet Union}}{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
  • Ad hominem
  • Character assassination
  • Discrediting tactic
  • Fallacy of relative privation
  • The Mote and the Beam
  • Physician, heal thyself
  • Poisoning the well
  • Psychological projection
  • Race card
  • Red herring
  • The pot calling the kettle black
  • Two wrongs make a right
  • Clean hands
  • Victor's justice
  • Whataboutism
  • Russian political jokes
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^{{citation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110518/http://swja.arizona.edu/content/mila-vasser-anderson|archivedate=5 March 2016|url= http://swja.arizona.edu/content/mila-vasser-anderson|title=Mila Vasser Anderson|work=Southwest Jewish Archives|publisher=University of Arizona|date=August 2000|first=Carol|last=Zuckert}}
2. ^{{citation|pages=533–535 |title= Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II |last1=Ciment|first1= James |last2=Hill |first2=Kenneth |isbn= 978-1-57958-181-7|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|chapter=Czechoslovakia: Soviet Invasion, 1968}}
3. ^{{cite web|language=Russian |url=http://www.svoboda.org/programs/RYTT/2001/RYTT.080301.asp |title=Ваши письма |last1=Стреляный |first1=Анатолий |date=2001-03-28 |website= |publisher=Radio Liberty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126074320/http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/24201410.html |archive-date=2015-11-26 |quote= |deadurl=yes }}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuHhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1476|title=The Kishineff Murders and Lynching|last=|first=|date=1903-06-18|work=The Independent|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|issue=2846|volume=LV|page=1476}}
5. ^{{citation|last=Lindemann|first=Albert S.|title=Esau's Tears|year=2000|series=Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews|page=378|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79538-8}}
6. ^{{citation|last=Lindemann|first=Albert S.|title=The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894–1915|year=1991|page=219|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44761-4}}
7. ^{{citation|page=62|title=Post-totalitarian Spanish Fiction|first=Robert C. |last=Spires|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8262-1071-5}}
8. ^{{citation|first=Sherwood|last=Eddy|title=Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It?|pages=73, 151|publisher=Farrar & Rinehar|year=1934|location=New York|oclc=1617454}}
9. ^{{citation|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/10-03-2016/133777-sanctions_putin-0/|accessdate=17 December 2016|date=3 October 2016|title=Sanctions against Putin? Sounds like a good old Soviet joke|work=Pravda Report|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801082102/http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/10-03-2016/133777-sanctions_putin-0/|archivedate=1 August 2016}}
10. ^{{citation|work=Press Gazette|issn=0041-5170|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/why-the-russians-like-being-gagged/|accessdate=17 December 2016|date=22 October 2007|title=Why the Russians like being gagged|first=Dominic |last=Ponsford}}
11. ^1 {{citation|quote=in Stalin's USSR any positive example of American life was proudly met with the retort 'Yes, but they lynch Blacks, don't they?'|page=92|title=Russian Crisis and Its Effects|first1=Tuomas |last1=Komulainen|first2=Iikka|last2= Korhonen|publisher=Helsinki University Press|year=2000 |isbn=978-951-45-9100-6}}
12. ^1 {{citation|page=1|title=Russian Economic Reforms as Seen by an Insider: Success Or Failure?|first=Vladimir Aleksandrovich|last= Mau|publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs|year=2000|isbn=978-1-86203-108-1}}
13. ^1 2 {{citation|first=Meredith L.|last=Roman|pages=121, 183–184|year=2012|title=Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937|series=Justice and Social Inquiry|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1552-8}}
14. ^{{citation|title=Swift to Wrath: Lynching in Global Historical Perspective|editor1-first=William D.|editor1-last= Carrigan|editor2-first=Christopher |editor2-last=Waldrep|isbn= 978-0-8139-3414-3|publisher=University of Virginia Press|pages=215–236|chapter=U.S. Lynch Law and the Fate of the Soviet Union: The Soviet Uses of American Racial Violence|year=2013|first=Meredith L.|last=Roman}}
15. ^{{citation|pages=122–124|title=In Stalin's Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction|first=Vera Sandomirsky|last= Dunham|year=1990|series=Studies of the Harriman Institute|isbn=978-0-8223-1085-3|publisher=Duke University Press}}
16. ^{{cite web|language=Russian|url=http://www.fandom.ru/about_fan/sf_16.htm |title=В МИРЕ БРЕДОВОЙ ФАНТАСТИКИ |last1= |first1= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030429/http://www.fandom.ru/about_fan/sf_16.htm |archivedate=March 4, 2016 }}
17. ^{{citation|page=386|title=The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America|first1=Philip A. |last1=Klinkner|first2=Rogers M. |last2=Smith|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-226-44339-3}}
18. ^{{citation|first=Whitman|last=Bassow|title=Izvestia Looks Inside U.S.A.|journal=Public Opinion Quarterly|issn=0033-362X|volume=12|year=1948|pages=430–439}}
19. ^{{citation|page=409|title=The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921|year=2002|isbn= 978-0-8047-4493-5|publisher=Stanford University Press|first=Bertrand M. |last=Patenaude}}
20. ^{{citation|accessdate=17 December 2016|url=http://www.pushkiniana.org/index.php/14-articles/224-voronina-article14#_ftnref10|title='The Sun of World Poetry"' Pushkin As a Cold War Writer|first=Olga|last=Voronina|journal=The Pushkin Review|volume=14|year=2011|doi=10.1353/pnr.2011.0000|pages=63–95|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222112147/http://www.pushkiniana.org/index.php/14-articles/224-voronina-article14#_ftnref10#_ftnref10|archive-date=2016-12-22|dead-url=yes|df=}}
21. ^{{citation|authorlink=Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov|first=Abdurakhman|last= Avtorkhanov|pages=193–195|title=The Reign of Stalin|publisher=Bodley Head|location=London|oclc=557567661}}
22. ^{{citation|title=First Rule: No Blacks!|work=The eXile|first=Sofia|last=Brook|date=4 November 2005|accessdate=17 December 2016|url=http://www.exile.ru/articles/detail.php?ARTICLE_ID=7942&IBLOCK_ID=35|quote=During Soviet times, the Soviet working class hated America because everybody knew 'tam linchuiut negrov' (they lynch blacks over there).}}
23. ^{{citation|title=The Russian Economic Reforms Through the Eyes of Western Critics|first=V.|last=Mau|year=2001|journal=Russian Social Science Review|volume=42|issue=6|pages = 31–59|quote=This was the same in the Stalinist Soviet Union, when, in response to any story of a rise in the well-being of the Americans, the vigilant Soviet worker was supposed to utter something proudly along the lines of 'But on the other hand, you lynch blacks there!'|doi=10.2753/RSS1061-1428420631}}
24. ^{{citation|page=136|title=America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe |isbn=978-0-691-10256-6|year=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|first= Volker R. |last=Berghahn }}
25. ^{{citation|page=28|title=Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization|first=Richard F.|last= Kuisel|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07962-5}}
26. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{citation |chapter-url= http://sidewiseinsights.blogspot.ca/2011/06/pot-meet-kettle-fallacies-part-3.html |title= Pot, Meet Kettle (Fallacies, Part 3) |chapter=Ad hominem tu quoque|last1= Dobson |first1= Michael |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=The Sideways Institute|accessdate=17 December 2016|authorlink=Michael Dobson (author)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109002455/http://sidewiseinsights.blogspot.ca/2011/06/pot-meet-kettle-fallacies-part-3.html|archivedate=9 November 2016}}
27. ^{{citation |language=Russian|url= https://books.google.com/?id=i9dKAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D1%83+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82%22&dq=%22%D1%83+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82%22 |title= "Sovetskii Soiuz v zerkale politicheskogo anekdota" (Soviet Union in the Mirror of the Political Joke) |last1= Shturman|first1= Dora |last2= Tiktin |first2= Sergei |date= 1985 |website= |publisher=Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd. |access-date= |isbn=978-0-903868-62-4|page=58}}
28. ^{{citation|page=90|title=Soviet Politics: Struggling with Change|first=Gordon B. |last=Smith|publisher=Macmillan|year= 1992 |isbn=978-0-333-53576-9}}
29. ^1 2 {{cite book|isbn=978-0-7475-9578-6 |title=The New Cold War: How the Kremlin Menaces Both Russia and the West |last=Lucas |first=Edward |year=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=307 |quote=Castigated for the plight of Soviet Jews, they would complain with treacly sincerity about discrimination against American Blacks. (footnote: the accusation 'and you are lynching negroes' became a catchphrase epitomizing Soviet propaganda based on this principle.)}}
30. ^{{citation|page=247|title=Russia's Sputnik Generation|first=Donald J.|last= Raleigh|series=Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies|isbn=978-0-253-21842-1|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press}}
31. ^{{citation|quote=you beat up Negroes!|accessdate=18 December 2016|url=http://sfppr.org/2016/08/moscows-synchronized-themes-and-techniques/|archivedate=18 December 2016|first=Marek Jan |last=Chodakiewicz|authorlink=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218072332/http://sfppr.org/2016/08/moscows-synchronized-themes-and-techniques/|date=30 August 2016|title=Moscow's Synchronized Themes and Techniques|journal=SFPPR News & Analysis}}
32. ^1 {{citation|pages=70–72|quote='But we've been standing here for twenty minutes now,' says the American, 'and there hasn't been a train on either track.' 'Yes, but you in America, you beat the negroes!'|title=Hammer and Tickle: Clandestine Laughter in the Soviet Empire|publisher=The Golem Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0-911762-20-4|first=Petr |last=Beckmann |authorlink=Petr Beckmann|location=Boulder, Colorado}}
33. ^{{citation |quote=And they beat up Blacks at your country! |title=Annus Albaruthenicus = Hod Belaruski |location=Krynki, Poland |publisher=Villa Sokrates |issn=1640-3320 |oclc=52382844 |year=2005 |page=138}}
34. ^{{citation |title=The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs |volume=16 |page=90 |publisher=PISM |year=2007 |issn=1230-4999 |oclc=679958426}}
35. ^1 {{cite web |language=Polish |url= http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,5397 |title=Gdzie Murzynów biją albo racjonalizm na cenzurowanym |last1=Śmigielski |first1=Zbysław |date=2007-03-06 |accessdate=2016-12-01 |quote=And at your place, they beat up Negroes!}}
36. ^1 {{cite web |language=Czech |url= http://www.lidovky.cz/nepoucitelny-topolanek-0sy-/ln_nazory.asp?c=A080314_074502_ln_nazory_nev |title=Nepoučitelný Topolánek |last1=Petráček |first1=Zbyněk |date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Lidové noviny |accessdate=2016-12-01 |quote=And, in turn, you beat up blacks!}}
37. ^1 {{cite web |language=Hungarian |url= http://www.elib.hu/02100/02185/html/45.html |title=A pragmatikus szocializmus évtizedei |publisher=Hungarian Electronic Library |accessdate=2016-12-01 |quote=And in America, they beat up Negroes}}
38. ^1 {{cite web |language=Romanian |url= http://www.romlit.ro/acordul_de_la_pele |title=Acordul de la Peleș |last1=Cazimir |first1=Ștefan |date=2002 |publisher=România Literară |accessdate=2016-12-01 |quote=Yes, but you are lynching Negroes!}}
39. ^1 2 {{citation |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url= http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1999/7/article/premier-laughs-alone-in-us/274307.html |work=The Moscow Times |title=Premier Laughs Alone in U.S. |date=30 July 1999 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161218000519/http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1999/7/article/premier-laughs-alone-in-us/274307.html |archivedate=18 December 2016}}
40. ^{{citation |url=http://www.voanews.com/a/russia-us-shootings/3415248.html |accessdate=17 December 2016 |title=Police Shootings: As US Grieves, Russian Media Gloats |first=Charles |last=Maynes |date=12 July 2016 |work=VOA News}}
41. ^{{citation |last=Tsvetkov |first=Ivan |title=Russian whataboutism vs. U.S. moralism: Is attack the best form of defense? |work=Russia Beyond the Headlines |location=Russia |date=4 September 2014 |url= https://rbth.com/opinion/2014/09/04/russian_whataboutism_vs_us_moralism_is_attack_the_best_form_of_defens_39387.html |quote=Even in the USSR, people poked fun at the efforts of propagandists, joking that in response to a question from Washington about poor living conditions in Russia, Moscow's reply would be: 'But you lynch blacks.'}}
42. ^{{citation |page=71 |title=Tiny Revolutions in Russia: Twentieth Century Soviet and Russian History in Anecdotes and Jokes |first=Bruce |last=Adams |isbn=978-0-415-44407-1 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge}}
43. ^1 {{citation |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-television-talk-shows-smooth-putins-way-from-crisis-to-crisis/2015/12/12/a151fa5a-6c4b-11e5-91eb-27ad15c2b723_story.html |work=The Washington Post |title=Russia's TV talk shows smooth Putin's way from crisis to crisis |date=12 December 2015 |archivedate=9 December 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161209053831/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-television-talk-shows-smooth-putins-way-from-crisis-to-crisis/2015/12/12/a151fa5a-6c4b-11e5-91eb-27ad15c2b723_story.html |deadurl=yes}}
44. ^{{citation |first1=Sergei |last1=Ryabkov |authorlink1=Sergei Ryabkov |first2=Armen |last2=Oganesyan |authorlink2=Armen Oganesyan |title=We Are Relevant, Influential and Respected |pages=57–72 |issue=2 |journal=International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy and International Relations |year=2015 |url= http://eastviewpress.com/Files/IA_FROM%20THE%20CURRENT%20ISSUE_No.%204%202015.pdf |accessdate=17 December 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163152/http://www.eastviewpress.com/Files/IA_FROM%20THE%20CURRENT%20ISSUE_No.%204%202015.pdf |archivedate=23 September 2015}}
45. ^{{citation |first=Daniel |last=Greenfield |work=FrontPage Magazine |accessdate=17 December 2016 |date=13 December 2015 |title=New Russian propaganda: Ukraine is racist - 'And you are lynching Negroes' |url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/point/259778/new-russian-propaganda-ukraine-racist-daniel-greenfield |oclc=47095728}}
46. ^{{citation |first=George |last=Feifer |title=While Khrushchev And Nixon Debated, A Dialogue Was Born |url= http://www.rferl.org/a/While_Khrushchev_And_Nixon_Debated_A_Dialogue_Was_Born_/1783945.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |accessdate=17 December 2016 |date=23 July 2009}}
47. ^1 2 {{citation |authorlink=Václav Havel |first=Václav |last=Havel |journal=Modern Drama |title=On Dialectical Metaphysics |date=March 1980 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |doi=10.3138/md.23.1.6 |quote=the stabilization of certain commonly canonized demagogical tricks (A: Your subway does not operate according to the timetable; B: Well, in your country you lynch Blacks)}}
48. ^1 2 3 {{citation |url= http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |title=Europe.view - Whataboutism - Come again, Comrade? |journal=The Economist |accessdate=17 December 2016 |date=31 January 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160803224739/http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |archivedate=3 August 2016}}
49. ^1 {{citation |title=Exit from Communism |pages=202–204 |chapter=Ashes, Ashes ... Central Europe after Forty Years |editor1-first=Stephen Richards |editor1-last=Graubard |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-4128-2318-0}}
50. ^{{citation |work=The New York Times |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05global.html |quote=In Russia, for example, where Soviet leaders used to respond to any American criticism of human rights violation with 'But you hang Negroes,' analysts note that the election of Mr. Obama removes a stain. But they speak of it without reference to their own treatment of ethnic minorities. |title=For Many Abroad, an Ideal Renewed |first=Ethan |last=Bronner |date=5 November 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160724174836/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05global.html |archivedate=24 July 2016 |page=A1}}
51. ^{{citation| title=The Princeton Reader: Contemporary Essays by Writers and Journalists at Princeton University |year=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-14308-8 |page=261 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=McPhee |editor2-first=Carol |editor2-last=Rigolot}}
52. ^1 {{citation |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/soviet-propaganda-back-in-play-with-ferguson-coverage/511975.html |title=Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage |last1=Quinn |first1=Allison |accessdate=17 December 2016 |date=27 November 2014 |work=The Moscow Times}}
53. ^{{citation |first=Kim |last=Zigfeld |work=American Thinker |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url=http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2014/02/dishonor_at_sochi.html |quote=There was a joke in Soviet times about an American in Moscow who complained vociferously to his hotel desk clerk about a long litany of appalling 'services' with which he had been victimized. The clerk's response: 'Yes, but you lynch blacks.' |title=Dishonor at Sochi |date=3 February 2014}}
54. ^1 {{citation |first=Julia |last=Ioffe |accessdate=17 December 2016 |journal=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/116816/whataboutism-russia-protests-against-war-ukraine |title=Kremlin TV Loves Anti-War Protests—Unless Russia Is the One Waging War - Studies in 'whataboutism' |date=2 March 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150922180534/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/116816/whataboutism-russia-protests-against-war-ukraine |archivedate=22 September 2015}}
55. ^1 2 3 4 {{citation |first=Kevin D. |last=Williamson |authorlink=Kevin D. Williamson |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/398133/brute-force-left-kevin-d-williamson |work=National Review |accessdate=17 December 2016 |title=The Brute-Force Left |date=8 February 2015 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161118073429/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/398133/brute-force-left-kevin-d-williamson |archivedate=18 November 2016}}
56. ^1 2 3 {{citation |work=The Diplomat |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/the-history-behind-chinas-response-to-the-baltimore-riots/ |title=The History Behind China's Response to the Baltimore Riots |first=David |last=Volodzko |date=May 12, 2015 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160428092343/http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/the-history-behind-chinas-response-to-the-baltimore-riots |archivedate=28 April 2016 |quote=Soon Americans[,] who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations[,] were answered with the famous tu quoque argument: 'A u vas negrov linchuyut' (and you are lynching Negroes).}}
57. ^1 2 3 {{citation |url= https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/maxim-edwards/book-review-hamid-ismailov%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98-underground%E2%80%99 |first=Maxim |last=Edwards |work=Open Democracy |date=13 May 2015 |title=Book review: Hamid Ismailov 'The Underground' |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161013080607/https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/maxim-edwards/book-review-hamid-ismailov%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98-underground%E2%80%99 |archivedate=13 October 2016}}
58. ^1 {{citation |last=Gaufman |first=Elizaveta |title=The USA as the Primary Threat to Russia |journal=Security Threats and Public Perception: Digital Russia and the Ukraine Crisis |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=77–102 |series=New Security Challenges |date=28 October 2016 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-43201-4_4 |isbn=978-3-319-43201-4 |quote=This quotation is a typical example of flipping the argument, failing to answer charges with accusations akin to the aforementioned joke: 'and you lynch Negroes in your country'.}}
59. ^{{citation |first=Catherine |last=Putz |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/donald-trumps-whataboutism/ |work=The Diplomat |title=Donald Trump's Whataboutism |date=22 July 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160722115822/http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/donald-trumps-whataboutism/ |archivedate=22 July 2016}}
60. ^{{citation |first=James |last=Palmer |url=http://www.chinafile.com/viewpoint/china-just-won-us-election |work=ChinaFile |accessdate=17 December 2016 |title=China Just Won The U.S. Election |date=9 November 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161110151755/http://www.chinafile.com/viewpoint/china-just-won-us-election |archivedate=10 November 2016}}
61. ^1 {{citation |first=Chemi |last=Shalev |work=Haaretz |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.732715 |title=Israel's Right and GOP Convention Share a Penchant for Incitement and Delusion |date=22 July 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161120133837/http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.732715 |archivedate=20 November 2016 |quote=Trump told the New York Times this week that America is in such a mess in terms in terms of civil liberties that it cannot lecture foreign countries any more, which is an echo of old Soviet propaganda that responded to American reprimands with the retort 'And you are lynching Negroes'.}}
62. ^{{citation |work=Haaretz |first=Chemi |last=Shalev |accessdate=17 December 2016 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.745198 |title=Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Trump |date=30 September 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161113144825/http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.745198 |archivedate=13 November 2016}}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{citation|year=1901|journal=The Independent|oclc=4927591|editor1-first=Leonard|editor1-last=Bacon|editorlink1=Leonard Bacon|editorlink2=Joseph Parrish Thompson|editor2-first=Joseph Parrish |editor2-last=Thompson|editorlink3=Richard Salter Storrs|editor3-first=Richard Salter|editor3-last= Storrs|volume=53|page=2059|title=Tolstoy and Swinburne|quote=The white men, he says, who lynch negroes are murderers, and nobody bothers them.}}
  • {{citation|journal=Life|editorlink1=John Ames Mitchell|editor1-first=John Ames|editor1-last= Mitchell|year=1902|volume=40|page=412|issn=0024-3019|oclc=1643958|title=Russian Quakers|quote=let loose from Russia at the desire of Count Tolstoi and others, ... We are gulled to an incredible degree by venders of bogus cures; we lynch negroes.}}
  • {{citation|accessdate=17 December 2016|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/138276877/|title=I Would Die Rather Than Work for Rockefeller - Tolstoi's One Ambition to Die a Martyr's Death|date=9 August 1903|page=13|first=James|last=Creelman|quote=In the United States you have lynchings every year, every month, every week, almost every day. You hang negroes, shoot them, roast them, it is an ordinary thing in your country. Yet you feel that you can address a petition to the Emperor of Russia.}}
  • {{citation|quote=You have virtually no hindrances to individual development, and you lynch negroes, form trusts, and adopt imperialism.|year=1905|title=The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine|page=797|volume=69|publisher=The Century Company|location=New York}}
  • {{citation|first=Sherwood|last=Eddy|title=Russia Today: What Can We Learn from It?|pages=73, 151|publisher=Farrar & Rinehar|year=1934|location=New York|oclc=1617454}}
  • {{citation|accessdate=17 December 2016|url=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1999/7/article/premier-laughs-alone-in-us/274307.html|work=The Moscow Times|title=Premier Laughs Alone in U.S.|date=30 July 1999}}
  • {{citation|title=India Afire|year=1951|first1=Harris|last1=Wofford|first2=Clare Lindgren|last2=Wofford|authorlink1=Harris Wofford|publisher=John Day|page=98|oclc=1110227|location=New York}}
  • {{citation|page=85|chapter=Tu Quoque|title=Authoritarian Backlash: Russian Resistance to Democratization in the Former Soviet Union |series=Post-Soviet Politics|first=Thomas|last=Ambrosio|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7546-7350-7|publisher=Routledge}}
  • {{citation|doi=10.1080/14650045.2016.1214910|journal=Geopolitics|volume = 22|issue=3|title=Defence and Promotion of Desired State Identity in Russia's Strategic Narrative|first=Joanna|last= Szostek|year=2016|pages=1–23|url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/167877/1/167877.pdf}}
{{refend}}

External links

  • {{citation|url=http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AdHominem|work=TV Tropes|title=Ad Hominem|date=2016|accessdate=17 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109220355/http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AdHominem|archivedate=9 November 2016}}
{{Relevance fallacies}}{{Soviet Union topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:And You Are Lynching Negroes}}

9 : African-American-related controversies|Cold War terminology|Hypocrisy|Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet phraseology|Soviet Union–United States relations|Lynching in the United States|Relevance fallacies|Criticism of the United States
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 0:19:20