| 词条 | Anglosphere | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Anglosphere is a group of English-speaking nations that share common cultural and historical ties to the United Kingdom,[1][2] and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military cooperation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language (and the term is not, therefore, generally considered synonymous with anglophone), although the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire.[3] Most definitions include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The term can also encompass the Republic of Ireland[4][5] and English-speaking Caribbean countries such as The Bahamas, Barbados, and Jamaica.{{sfn|Lloyd|2000}} Definitions and variable geometryThe term Anglosphere was first coined, but not explicitly defined, by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995.[6] John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including the United Kingdom and the United States along with English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa and the British West Indies.{{sfn|Lloyd|2000}} The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".{{sfn|Merriam-Webster Staff|2010|loc=Anglosphere}}{{efn|"the group of countries where English is the main native language" ({{ShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary}}).}} The five main countries in the Anglosphere (the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) maintain a close affinity of cultural, diplomatic and military links with one another. All are aligned under such programs as:
Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom retain Elizabeth II as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use of the Westminster parliamentary system of government. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed between them known as CANZUK.[2][9][10] Below is a table comparing the five main countries of the Anglosphere. Data are for 2018 unless otherwise stated.
Public relationsPublic opinion research has found that people in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand consistently rank each other's countries as their country's most important allies in the world.[16][17][18][22] Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the US and Canada and the US and UK constituting among the most successful partnerships in the world.[19][20][21] Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),[22][23][24][25] whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Elizabeth II as head of state. While the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union in 2016 has had little impact on its favourability ratings with other members of the Anglosphere,[22][23][25] there has been a marked drop in the United States favourability ratings with other Anglosphere nations since the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States in 2016.[22][25][26][27][28] In 2017, the United States had negative favourability ratings with the CANZUK countries.[22][28] ProponentsThe American businessman James C. Bennett,[29] a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge: {{quote|The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.|James C. Bennett.{{sfn|Bennett|2004||p=80}}}}Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.[30] British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.[31] According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".{{sfn|Brown|2003}}[32] New Zealand historian James Belich connected patterns of growth in the industrialisation of the United States and the United Kingdom with former Dominions of the British Empire;{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} New Zealand, Australia, Canada and South Africa, and more loosely to growth in former UK constituent country Ireland, as well as British-allied Argentina, during the 19th and early to mid-20th century, in his book Replenishing the Earth. He used the term "Anglo-World" to refer to the US, UK and former Dominions, arguing that the experience and present reality of former British colonies like India, Kenya, and Jamaica differ in substantial and important ways from this core group of countries. CriticismsIn 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms have been drawn closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".{{sfn|Conquest|Reply by Ignatieff|2000}} In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."[33] He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.[34] Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.[35][36][37] In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics ({{ISBN|978-1509516612}}). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:[38] {{quote|The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?}}They stated in another article:[39] {{quote|Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.}}See also{{Wikipedia books|Anglosphere}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/anglosphere|title=Anglosphere definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/|title=CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire – iPolitics|date=24 February 2017|publisher=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britac.ac.uk/events/anglosphere-and-its-others-english-speaking-peoples-changing-world-order|title=The Anglosphere and its Others: The 'English-speaking Peoples' in a Changing World Order – British Academy|website=British Academy}} 4. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/03/the-guardian-view-on-languages-and-the-british-brexit-and-an-anglosphere-prison|title=The Guardian view on languages and the British: Brexit and an Anglosphere prison – Editorial|last=Editorial|date=3 November 2017|newspaper=the Guardian}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f30b22d0-703f-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0|title=Which way is Ireland going?|website=Financial Times}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/Anglosphere.asp|title=Anglosphere – Word Spy|publisher=Word Spy}} 7. ^{{cite journal|title=Transgovernmental Policy Networks in the Anglosphere|first=Tim|last=Legrand|date=1 December 2015|journal=Public Administration|volume=93|issue=4|pages=973–991|doi=10.1111/padm.12198}} 8. ^{{cite journal|title=Elite, exclusive and elusive: transgovernmental policy networks and iterative policy transfer in the Anglosphere|first=Tim|last=Legrand|date= 22 June 2016|journal=Policy Studies|volume=37|issue=5|pages=440–455|doi=10.1080/01442872.2016.1188912}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thercs.org/assets/Press-Releases/UK-polling-release-embargoed-13.03.16-1.pdf|title=UK public strongly backs freedom to live and work in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand|publisher=}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.canzukinternational.com/2017/04/significant-support-for-canzuk-free.html|title=Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement|website=CANZUK International}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|website=esa.un.org|access-date=2017-04-27}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2|title=Land area (sq. km) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-04-27}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=12&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-15}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=432759CA-0A73-57F6-04C67EF7EE506040|title=Global Wealth Report 2017 Databook|last=|first=|date=|website=Credit Suisse|access-date=}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database {{!}} SIPRI|website=www.sipri.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/03/upshot/which-country-do-americans-like-most-for-republicans-its-australia.html|title=Which Country Is America's Strongest Ally? For Republicans, It's Australia|first=Josh|last=Katz|date=3 February 2017|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2015/10/14/who-do-british-regard-allies/|title=YouGov – Who do the British regard as allies?|website=YouGov: What the world thinks}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/while-60-canadians-consider-usa-canadas-closest-friend-and-ally-only-18-americans-name-canada-same|title=While 60% of Canadians Consider U.S.A. Canada's Closest Friend and Ally, Only 18% of Americans Name Canada As Same – 56% Instead Name Britain|publisher=}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n1/goff.pdf|title=The Trans-Tasman Relationship: A New Zealand Perspective|publisher=}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2016/03/09/us_and_canada_the_worlds_most_successful_bilateral_relationship_111753.html|title=U.S. and Canada: The World's Most Successful Bilateral Relationship – RealClearWorld|publisher=}} 21. ^{{cite journal|title='Global Security: US–UK relations': lessons for the special relationship?|first=Steve|last=Marsh|date=1 June 2012|journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|volume=10|issue=2|pages=182–199|doi=10.1080/14794012.2012.678119}} 22. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://globescan.com/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/|title=Sharp Drop in World Views of US, UK: Global Poll – GlobeScan|date=4 July 2017|publisher=}} 23. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/from_the_outside_in.pdf|title=From the Outside In: G20 views of the UK before and after the EU referendum'|publisher=}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2017/06/poll-who-s-new-zealand-s-best-friend.html|title=Poll: Who's New Zealand's best friend?|date=22 June 2017|publisher=|via=www.newshub.co.nz|newspaper=Newshub}} 25. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/2018-lowy-institute-poll|title=Poll|year=2018 |publisher=Lowy Institute }} 26. ^{{cite web|last=Marcin|first=Tim|url=http://www.newsweek.com/canadas-opinion-america-hits-low-under-trump-poll-606315|title=Canada's Opinion of America Hits All-Time Low Under Trump|date=9 May 2017|publisher=Newsweek}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/|title=U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump's Leadership|date=26 June 2017|publisher=}} 28. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/survey/all/|title=Global Indicators Database|date=22 April 2010|publisher=}} 29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4|title=Explaining the 'Anglosphere'|first=Glenn|last=Reynolds|date=28 October 2004|newspaper=the Guardian}} 30. ^{{harvnb|Bennett|2004|loc=}}{{Page needed|date=August 2010}} 31. ^{{harvnb|Roberts|2006|loc=}}{{Page needed|date=August 2010}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2015/12/10/anglosphere-is-the-other-side-of-the-eurosceptic-coin-a-conception-of-britains-identity-and-place-in-the-world/|title=The power of the Anglosphere in Eurosceptical thought|date=10 December 2015|publisher=}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/its-a-eurosceptic-fantasy-that-the-anglosphere-wants-brexit/|title=It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House|date=12 April 2016|publisher=}} 34. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/brexit-britain-out-of-options-humiliation-painful|title=Brexit Britain is out of options. Our humiliation is painful to watch - Nick Cohen|first=Nick|last=Cohen|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=the Guardian}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/|title=CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics|date=24 February 2017|publisher=}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.opencanada.org/features/canada-and-anglo-world-where-do-we-stand/|title=Canada and the Anglo World – where do we stand?|publisher=}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160613/jsp/opinion/story_90833.jsp|title=Speaking in tongues|publisher=}} 38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/opinion/donald-trump-uk-visit-anglosphere-brexit.html|title=Opinion – Britain, Time to Let Go of the 'Anglosphere'|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2018-07-13|last1=Kenny|first1=Michael|last2=Pearce|first2=Nick}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://ukandeu.ac.uk/in-the-shadows-of-empire-how-the-anglosphere-dream-lives-on/|title=In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe|date=11 May 2018|publisher=}}
|accessdate=2018-05-23}}
External links{{Wiktionary|anglosphere}}
4 : Anglosphere|British Empire|Commonwealth of Nations|Historical regions |
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