“Angénieux retrofocus”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Angénieux retrofocus photographic lens is a wide-angle lens design that uses an inverted telephoto configuration. The popularity of this lens design made the name retrofocus synonymous with this type of lens. The Angénieux retrofocus for still cameras was introduced in France in 1950 by Pierre Angénieux.

Inverted telephoto concept

The telephoto lens configuration combines positive and negative lens groups with the positive at the front, so as to reduce the back focal distance of the lens (the distance between the back of the lens and the image plane) to a figure shorter than the focal length. This is for practical, not for optical reasons, but rather because telephoto lenses can then be made shorter and less cumbersome.

The inverted telephoto configuration does the reverse, employing one or more negative lens groups at the front to increase the back focal distance of the lens – possibly to a figure greater than the focal length – in order to allow for additional optical or mechanical parts to fit behind the lens.

The inverted telephoto design was first employed in the 1930s by Taylor-Hobson for the early Technicolor "3-strip" cameras since the beam splitter unit behind the lens required significant space, so that a long back focal distance was essential.^[3] Horace Lee patented an inverted telephoto lens design in 1930 with an angle of view of 50° and maximum aperture of {{f/}}2 which afforded a distance between the rear element and the film plane approximately 10% greater than the focal length.^[1]^[2] Joseph Ball showed how a beam-splitting apparatus could be fitted in the space gained.^[3] Also, wide-angle lenses for narrow-gauge movie cameras had to be of this type because of the shutter mechanism that had to fit in between.

In still photography, a single-lens reflex camera requires a space for the reflex mirror, imposing a limit on the use of wide-angle lenses of symmetric designs. The retrofocus lens addressed this situation by increasing the distance between the rear element and the focal plane, thus making wider-angle lenses usable while retaining normal viewing and focusing. Unless the reflex mirror were locked in the "up" position, blacking out the viewfinder, the rearmost element(s) of a non-retrofocus (symmetric wide-angle) lens would interfere with the movement of the mirror as it flipped up and down during exposure.

Implementation

Pierre Angénieux applied for a patent in 1950. In the original patent, he presented two lenses with an angle of view of 65°, approximately equal to the view of a f=35mm lens on the 35mm format for still cameras; the first example had a maximum aperture of {{f/}}2.5, while the second example had a maximum aperture of {{f/}}2.2.^[4]

At approximately the same time, Harry Zöllner and Rudolf Solisch applied for a similar patent on an inverted telephoto lens design, branded Flektogon, for Carl Zeiss Jena.^[5]^[6] Carl Zeiss Oberkochen also created an inverted telephoto design branded Distagon (5.6/60mm) for the Hasselblad 1000F in 1952.^[7]

Made in focal lengths of 24 mm, 28 mm, and 35 mm, the Angénieux retrofocus lens inspired other lens makers to produce wide-angle lenses of this type for almost every 35mm SLR, and helped to make it the definitive camera type of the late 20th century.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

References

1. ^¹{{cite patent |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB355452/ |title=Improvements in lenses for photography and the like |inventor=Horace William Lee |country=GB |number=355452 |pridate=12 July 1930 |appdate=27 August 1931 |status=Application |assign=Kapella Ltd. |class=G02B13/04}}
2. ^¹{{cite patent |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1955590/ |title=Lens |inventor=Horace William Lee |country=US |number=1955590 |pridate=12 July 1930 |gdate=17 April 1934 |status=Grant |assign=Kapella Ltd. |class=G02B13/04}}
3. ^{{cite patent |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1862950A/ |title=Optical apparatus |inventor=Joseph A Ball |country=US |number=1862950 |pridate=17 June 1929 |gdate=14 June 1932 |status=Grant |assign=Technicolor Motion Picture Corp |class=G02B13/00}}
4. ^{{cite patent |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2649022A/ |title=Wide-angle photographic objective lens assembly |country=US |number=2649022 |status=Grant |pridate=17 February 1950 |appdate=29 July 1950 |gdate=18 August 1953 |inventor=Pierre Angénieux |assign=Pierre Angénieux |class=G02B13/04}}
5. ^{{cite patent |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/DE953471/ |title=Photographisches Objektiv mit einem sammelnden Systemteil und einem in verhaeltnismaessig grossem Abstand davor liegenden zerstreuenden Meniskus |country=DE |number=953471 |status=Grant |pridate=20 December 1953 |gdate=29 November 1956 |inventor=Harry Zollner |invent2=Rudolf Solisch |assign=Jenoptik AG |class=G02B13/04}}
6. ^{{cite patent |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2793565A/ |title=Photographic objective comprising a rear collective part and a front dispersive meniscus part |country=US |number=2793565 |status=Grant |pridate=26 April 1955 |gdate=28 May 1957 |inventor=Harry Zollner |invent2=Rudolf Solisch |assign=Jenoptik AG |class=G02B13/04}}
7. ^¹{{cite report |url=https://lenspire.zeiss.com/photo/app/uploads/2018/02/en_CLB41_Nasse_LensNames_Distagon.pdf |title=From the series of articles on lens names: Distagon, Biogon and Hologon |author=Nasse, Dr. Hubert H. |date=December 2011 |publisher=Carl Zeiss AG |website=Lenspire [blog] |accessdate=15 November 2018}}

Inverted telephoto concept

Implementation

References

Bibliography