1. Life
     Family life    Anecdotes    Education and career    Relationships  

2. Work
     Literature    Poetry    Correspondence and biography    Science  

3. Selected works

4. Legacy

5. Notes

6. References

7. Bibliography
     Historical sources    Literary surveys    Anna Seward    Botany    Sexuality    Works by Seward    Reference materials  

8. Further reading

9. External links

• Thomas Seward

(1708–4 March 1790)

• Elizabeth Hunter
  (d. 4 July 1780)

(m. 27 October 1741){{sfn|Bancroft|2015}}

Anna Seward (12 December 1742{{sfn|Williams|1861|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UsBLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA239 Anne Seward pp. 239–255]}}^[1]{{snd}}25 March 1809) was a long-eighteenth-century English Romantic poet, often called the Swan of Lichfield.

Life

Family life

Seward was the eldest of two surviving daughters of Thomas Seward (1708–1790), prebendary of Lichfield and Salisbury, and author, and his wife Elizabeth.{{sfn|Roberts|2012}}{{sfn|Bancroft|2015}} Elizabeth Seward later had three further children (John, Jane and Elizabeth) who all died in infancy, and two stillbirths.{{sfn|Barnard|2013|loc=p. 26}} Anna Seward mourned their loss in her poem Eyam (1788).{{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B0IgAAAAMAAJ&vq=eyam&pg=PA1 Eyam, vol. III p. 1]}} Born in 1742 at Eyam, a small mining village in the Peak District of Derbyshire where her father was the rector,{{sfn|Roberts|2012}} she and her sister Sarah, some sixteen months younger than she was, passed nearly all their life in the relatively small area of the Peak District of Derbyshire and Lichfield, a cathedral city in the adjacent county of Staffordshire to the west, an area now corresponding to the boundary of the East Midlands and West Midlands regions.{{sfn|Roberts|2010}}{{sfn|Roberts|2012}}

In 1749 her father was appointed to a position as Canon-Residentiary at Lichfield Cathedral, and the family moved to that city, where her father educated her entirely at home. In 1754 they moved to the Bishop's Palace in the Cathedral Close. When a family friend, Mrs. Edward Sneyd, died in 1756,{{sfn|Williams|1861|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UsBLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA239 Anne Seward pp. 239–255]}} the Sewards took in one of her daughters, Honora Sneyd, who became an 'adopted' foster sister to Anna.{{sfn|Edgeworth|Edgeworth|1821a|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NKMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA233 p. 233]}} Honora was nine years younger than Anna. Anna Seward describes how she and her sister first met Honora, on returning from a walk, in her poem The Anniversary (1769).{{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA68 The Anniversary, vol. I p. 68]}} Sarah (known as 'Sally') died suddenly at the age of nineteen of typhus (1764).{{sfn|Macdonald||McWhir|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WeAFzgcDlgC&pg=PA82 Anna Seward 1742–1809 pp. 82–84]}} Sarah was said to be of admirable character, but less talented than her sister.{{sfn|Edgeworth|Edgeworth|1821a|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NKMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA232 p. 232]}} Anna consoled herself with her affection for Honora Sneyd, as she describes in Visions, written a few days after her sister's death. In the poem she expresses the hope that Honora ('this transplanted flower') will replace her sister (whom she refers to as 'Alinda') in her and her parents affections.{{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1 The Visions, vol. I p. 1]}}^[2]

Anna Seward continued to live at the Bishop's Palace all her life, caring for her father during the last ten years of his life, after he had suffered a stroke. When he died in 1790, he left her financially independent with an income of ₤400 per annum. She spent the rest of her life at the Palace, till her death in 1809.{{sfn|Roberts|2010}}

Anecdotes

A long-time friend of the Levett family of Lichfield, Seward noted in her Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin (Erasmus) that three of the town's foremost citizens had been thrown from their carriages and had injured their knees in the same year. "No such misfortune," Seward wrote, "was previously remembered in that city, nor has it recurred through all the years which since elapsed."^[3]

Education and career

In her early childhood, she was considered a precocious, sensitive redhead, and her bent for learning became evident from the beginning. Canon Seward held progressive views on female education, having authored The Female Right to Literature (1748).{{sfn|Dodsley|1765|loc=Seward, T. The Female Right to Literature Volume 2, pp. 309–315}} Encouraged by her father, she was said to be able to recite the works of Milton by the age of three.{{sfn|Roberts|2012}}

Even at the age of seven, when the family moved to Lichfield, she recognised she had a gift for writing. At Lichfield, the family later lived in the Bishop's Palace, which became the centre of a literary circle including Erasmus Darwin, Samuel Johnson and James Boswell, to which Anna was exposed and encouraged to participate, as she later relates.^[4]{{sfn|Barnard|2004}}{{sfn|Edgeworth|Edgeworth|1821a|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NKMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA232 p. 232]}} Though Canon Seward's (but not his wife's) attitudes towards the education of girls was progressive relative to the times, they were not excessively liberal. Although her father was a poet himself, he attempted to suppress Anna's own passion for poetry. When given the liberty to choose her own studies, however, she decided to pursue composition of poetry.^[5] Amongst the subjects he taught them were theology and numeracy, and how to read and appreciate poetry, and also how to write and recite poetry. Although this deviated from what were considered 'conventional drawing room accomplishments', the omissions were also notable, including languages and science, although they were left free to pursue their own inclinations.{{sfn|Barnard|2013|loc=p. 36}} However Anna was not unskilled in the domestic sphere.{{sfn|Barnard|2013|loc=p. 95}}

Among the many literary figures of the time with which she conversed was Sir Walter Scott, who would later publish her poetry posthumously. Her circle also included writers such as Thomas Day, Francis Noel Clarke Mundy, Sir Brooke Boothby and Willie Newton (the Peak Minstrel),{{sfn|deLucia|2013}} and she was considered the leader of a coterie of regional poets, and was influenced by writers such as Thomas Whalley, William Hayley, Robert Southey, Helen Maria Williams, Hannah More and the Ladies of Llangollen.{{sfn|deLucia|2013}}{{sfn|Roberts|2010}} In addition to her literary circle, she was involved in the deliberations of the Lunar Society in nearby Birmingham, that would sometimes meet at her father's home.{{sfn|Schofield|1963}} Both Darwin and Day were members of the Lunar Society and the Lichfield coterie, while Seward would correspond with other Lunar members such as Josiah Wedgwood and Richard Lovell Edgeworth.{{sfn|deLucia|2013}}

Between 1775 and 1781, Seward was a guest and participant at the much-mocked salon held by Anna Miller at Batheaston, near Bath. However, it was here that Seward's talent was recognised and her work published in the annual volume of poems from the gatherings, a debt that Seward acknowledged in her Poem to the Memory of Lady Miller (1782).{{sfn|Bowerbank|2015}}

Relationships

Seward remained resolutely single throughout her life, despite many offers, and friendships, and was quite outspoken about the institution of marriage,{{sfn|Barnard|2004}}{{sfn|Roberts|2012}} not unlike her heroine in Louisa,{{sfn|Barnard|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6hf3W3VwN7kC&lpg=PA14 p. 14]}} a position that would later be echoed in the novels of her step-niece, Maria Edgeworth. She shunned both marriage and sexual love, as inferior to Aristotelian friendship, based more on equality and virtue. However she had friends of both genders, although only seeking romantic relationships with women.{{sfn|Barrett|2012}} In 1985 Lillian Faderman suggested that her orientation was lesbian,{{sfn|Faderman|1985}} although there is little known evidence of either the erotic or sexual, in her relationships, though the term relates more to twentieth rather than eighteenth century concepts of identity. However, since 1985 Seward remains within the lesbian poetic canon.{{sfn|Barrett|2012}} However Teresa Barnard argues against this based more on examination of her correspondence than merely her poetry,{{sfn|Barnard|2004}} while more recently Barrett has argued for it, based on other sources.{{sfn|Barrett|2012}}

Much of the literature on Seward's relationship focusses on her childhood friend Honora Sneyd, the sonnets revealing her passion for her when they were together and her despair when Sneyd married Richard Edgeworth. Compared to the correspondence, her sonnets display much more intense emotion, such as Sonnet 10 [Honora, shou’d that cruel time arrive] describing her feelings of betrayal. When the Edgeworths returned to Ireland, despair turned to rage, as in Sonnet 14 [Ingratitude, how deadly is thy smart].{{sfn|Barrett|2012}}

Work

Literature

Poetry

She began to write poetry beginning at an early age with the encouragement of her father, a published poet, but against the wishes of her mother. Although at sixteen her father altered his position out of fear she might become a 'learned lady'.{{sfn|Dodsley|1765|loc=Seward, T. The Female Right to Literature Volume 2, pp. 309–315}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004}} Later she received encouragement from Dr Erasmus Darwin, who set up practice in Lichfield in 1756,{{sfn|Moore et al.|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=waFJTq5UuWoC&pg=PA319 Anna Seward pp. 319–322]}} although their relationship was complex and frequently conflicted.{{sfn|Barnard|2004}}

Her verses, which date from at least 1759 (age 17),{{sfn|Barnard|2004}} include elegies and sonnets, and she also wrote a poetical novel, Louisa (1784), of which five editions were published, however she did not publish her first poem till 1780 at the age of 38. Seward's writings, which include a large number of letters, have been called "commonplace". Horace Walpole said she had "no imagination, no novelty."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} She was praised, however, by Mary Scott,{{sfn|Radcliffe|2015|loc=Mary Scott, "Verses addressed to Miss Seward, on the Publication of her Monody on Major Andre" Gentleman's Magazine 53 (June 1783) 519}} who had written admiringly of her father's attitude to female education.{{sfn|Scott|1775|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0aVYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38 p. 38]}}

A number of her poems, particularly the Lichfield poems, were directed towards her friend and 'adopted' sister, Honora Sneyd in a tradition described as 'female friendship poetry'.{{sfn|deLucia|2013}}

In an era when women had to tread carefully in society's orbit, Seward struck a middle ground. In her work, Seward could be alternately arch and teasing, as in her poem entitled Portrait of Miss Levett, on the subject of a Lichfield beauty later married to Rev. Richard Levett.{{Sfn|Scott|1810}} She contributed to Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson (1791) but was not particularly happy with the way her material was treated by Boswell.{{sfn|Barnard|2004}} Her work was widely circulated.{{sfn|Foster|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hplK7tiq1DwC&pg=PA259 Lisa Moore: The Swan of Lichfield pp. 259–264]}}

Authorship has been a continuing problem with assessing her work,{{sfn|Barnard|2004}} and she was known to suggest others had used her work as her own, "a charge of plagiarism must rest somewhere".{{sfn|Constable|1811|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vBsSAAAAMAAJ&vq=Mundy&pg=PA156 Letter to Mrs. Jackson August 3 1792 Vol.3 p. 156]}}

Correspondence and biography

Anna Seward was a prodigious correspondent and her vast collection of letters was published in six volumes after her death (1811){{sfn |Constable|1811}} revealing an encyclopaedic breadth of knowledge of English literature and its development and casting considerable light on the literary culture of the Midlands of her day.{{sfn|deLucia|2013}} Early in life (1762–1768) she used an imaginary friend 'Emma' to express her thoughts, writing thirty–nine letters to her in all.{{sfn|Barnard|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6hf3W3VwN7kC&pg=PA 1. 'My Dear Emma': The Juvenile Letters, 1762–1768 pp. 9–38]}} She was recognised, to varying degrees, as an authority on English literature by her contemporaries, including Walter Scott, Samuel Johnson and Robert Southey.{{sfn|deLucia|2013}} Seward also wrote a biography, Memoirs of the Life of Dr Darwin (1804).{{sfn|Seward|1804}}

Science

Keenly interested in botany, she was closely associated with the Lichfield Botanical Society (despite the name, composed of only three men, Erasmus Darwin, Sir Brooke Boothby and John Jackson) and published as did the preceding members, anonymously under the name of the Society.{{sfn|George|2014}} Encouraged by Darwin she firmly rejected the conservative backlash to the revelations of Carl Linnaeus' sexual system of plant classification. This was considered unfitting for ladies, whose modesty had to be protected.{{sfn|Shteir|1996|loc=p. 28}}

"I had heard it was not fit for the female eye. It can only be unfit for the perusal of such females as still believe the legend of their nursery that children are dug out of a parsley-bed; who have never been at church, or looked into a Bible, -and are totally ignorant that in the present state of the world, two sexes are necessary to the production of animals."{{sfn|Constable|1811|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-GvGd_Xq7VgC&pg=PA83 Letter to Dr. Lister, June 20 1803. vi. 83]}}^[6]

This attitude which was to prevail throughout most of the nineteenth century was typified by writers like the Rev. Richard Polwhele, in his poem The Unsex'd Females (1798), although she escaped his personal criticism, being considered to have the proper attitude.

Selected works

Selected works include;{{sfn|Barnard|2004}}{{sfn|Moore|2015}}

• The Visions, an Elegy (1764){{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1 The Visions, vol. I p. 1]}}
• The Anniversary (1769){{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA68 The Anniversary, vol. I p. 68]}}
• Lichfield, an elegy (May 1781){{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA89 Lichfield, an Elegy May 1781, vol. I p. 89]}}
• Poem to the Memory of Lady Miller (1782)
• Eyam. (August 1788){{sfn|Scott|1810|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B0IgAAAAMAAJ&vq=eyam&pg=PA1 Eyam, vol. III p. 1]}}
• [https://archive.org/details/b29007537?q=Louisa%2C+A+Poetical+Novel+in+Four+Epistles Louisa, A Poetical Novel in Four Epistles] (1784)
• Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin (1804)
• Original Sonnets on Various Subjects: And Odes Paraphrased from Horace (1799)
  • Sonnet 10. To Honora Sneyd. [Honora, shou’d that cruel time arrive]
  • Sonnet 14 [Ingratitude, how deadly is thy smart]

Legacy

After her death, Sir Walter Scott edited Seward's Poetical Works in three volumes (Edinburgh, 1810).{{sfn|Scott|1810}} To these he prefixed a memoir of the author, adding extracts from her literary correspondence. Scott's editing demonstrates considerable censorship{{sfn|Barnard|2013}} and he declined to edit the bulk of her letters, which were later published in six volumes by Archibald Constable as Letters of Anna Seward 1784–1807 (1811).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}{{sfn|Constable|1811}} Her reputation barely lasted beyond her life, although there has been a renewed interest in the twenty first century. There was a tendency to be dismissive of her work in early twentieth century criticism, {{sfn|Clarke|2005}} but later, particularly amongst feminist scholars, she was seen as a valuable observer of gendered relationships in late eighteenth century society, and played a transitional role between late eighteenth century principles and emerging romanticism. Likewise, her engagement with the political, cultural and literary issues of the time gives her a role in reflecting the responses of society to those issues.{{sfn|Roberts|2010}}{{sfn|Kairoff|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=02n9Th5RklAC&pg=PP1 Preface p. ix11]}} Kairoff, considering her "one of the - in a literal sense - ultimate eighteenth century poets".{{sfn|Kairoff|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=02n9Th5RklAC&pg=PA11 p. 11]}}

There is a plaque to Anna Seward (spelled "Ann") in Lichfield Cathedral. The epitaffio has been written by her friend Walter Scott, author of Ivanhoe.^[7] Seward appears as a character in the novel The Ladies by Doris Grumbach (1984).{{sfn|Grumbach|1984}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book|last1=Bowerbank|first1=Sylvia|title=Speaking for nature: women and ecologies of early modern England|date=2004|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=9780801878725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-6t35pfsdoC|accessdate=26 February 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|first1=|editor1-last=Foster|editor1-first=Thomas A.|title=Histories of same-sex sexuality in early America|date=2007|publisher=New York Univ. Press|location=New York|isbn=9780814727508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hplK7tiq1DwC|accessdate=24 February 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|first1=|editor1-last=Gottlieb|editor1-first=Evan|editor2-last=Shields|editor2-first=Juliet|title=Representing place in British literature and culture, 1660–1830 : from local to global|date=2013|location=Farnham|isbn=9781409419303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDBRA_lYeKwC|accessdate=26 February 2015|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=DeLucia|first1=JoEllen|title=Mundy's Needwood Forest and Anna Seward's Lichfield Poems|pages=155–172|ref={{harvid|deLucia|2013}}}} in {{Harvtxt|Gottlieb|Shields|2013}}
• {{cite book|last1=Money|first1=John|title=Experience and Identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760-1800|date=1977|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=9780773593428|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJSxAwAAQBAJ\\ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Moore|editor1-first=Lisa L.|editor2-last=Brooks|editor2-first=Joanna|editor3-last=Wigginton|editor3-first=Caroline|title=Transatlantic feminisms in the age of revolutions|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780199743490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waFJTq5UuWoC|accessdate=23 February 2015|ref={{harvid|Moore et al.|2012}}}}
• {{cite book|last1=Priestman|first1=Martin|title=The Poetry of Erasmus Darwin: Enlightened Spaces, Romantic Times|publisher=Ashgate|date=2014|isbn=9781472419569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_v2AAgAAQBAJ|accessdate=12 March 2015}}
• {{cite web|last=Radcliffe|first=David Hill|title=Welcome|url=http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/Welcome.php|website=English Poetry 1579-1830: Spenser and the tradition|publisher= Virginia Tech|date=2015|accessdate=26 February 2015|ref=harv}}
  • Anna Seward
• {{cite book|last1=Rounce|first1=Adam|title=Fame and failure 1720–1800 : the unfulfilled literary life|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781107042223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVxsAAAAQBAJ|accessdate=28 February 2015}}
• {{ cite book | last=Schofield|first= R. E. | title=The Lunar Society, A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth Century England | location=Oxford | publisher=Clarendon Press | year=1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDMeAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=3 March 2015|ref=harv }}
• {{cite book|last1=Stafford|first1=William|title=English Feminists and Their Opponents in the 1790s: Unsex'd and Proper Females|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719060823|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iZvAkQENcWcC|accessdate=9 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Uglow|first1=Jenny|authorlink=Jenny Uglow|title=The lunar men: five friends whose curiosity changed the world|date=2002a|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|location=New York|isbn=9780374194406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcsXTQntrkC|accessdate=12 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite news|last1=Uglow|first1=Jenny|title=Educating Sabrina|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/oct/05/featuresreviews.guardianreview24|accessdate=18 March 2015|work=The Guardian|date=5 October 2002b}}

Historical sources

• {{cite book|last1=Blackman|first1=John|title=A Memoir of the Life and Writings of Thomas Day, author of "Sandford and Merton."|date=1862|publisher=Leno|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLtcAAAAcAAJ|ref=harv}} {{cite book|editor1-last=Dodsley|editor1-first=Robert|editorlink=Robert Dodsley|title=A collection of Poems in six volumes by Several Hands|date=1765|publisher=Dodsley|location=London|url=http://www.thomasgray.org/cgi-bin/view.cgi?collection=primary&edition=1765|origyear=1748|accessdate=23 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book | last1 = Edgeworth | first1 = Richard Lovell |last2= Edgeworth|first2=Maria | title= The Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth | publisher=Hunter, Cradock & Joy | location = London | year= 1821a | volume = 1 | edition=2nd|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NKMDAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=17 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book | last1 = Edgeworth | first1 = Richard Lovell |last2= Edgeworth|first2=Maria | authormask1=2|authormask2=3|title= The Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth | publisher=Hunter, Cradock & Joy | location = London | year= 1821b | volume = 2 | edition=2nd|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tacDAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=17 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Lysons|first1=Daniel|last2=Amott|first2=John|title=Origin and progress of the meeting of the Three Choirs ... Commenced by ... D. Lysons and continued down to the present time by J. Amott. To which is prefixed a view of the condition of the parochial clergy of this kingdom, from the earliest times|date=1865|publisher=Cooks & Co|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSJcAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=26 February 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Mary|title=The Female Advocate; a poem occasioned by reading Mr. Duncombe's Feminead|date=1775|publisher=Joseph Johnson|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aVYAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=2 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal|editor1-last=A Society of Ladies|title=Polite Repository of Amusement and Instruction|journal=The Lady's Monthly Museum, New Series|date=1812|volume=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RolFAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 March 2015|ref={{harvid|Lady's Monthly|1812}}}}

Literary surveys

• {{cite book|editor1-last=Batchelor|editor1-first=Jennie|editor2-last=Kaplan|editor2-first=Cora|title=British women's writing in the long eighteenth century : authorship, politics and history|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke|isbn=9781403949318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-txQgAACAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2015|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Norma|title=Anna Seward: Swan, Duckling or Goose?|pages=34–47|ref={{harvid|Clarke|2005}}}} In {{harvtxt|Batchelor|Kaplan|2005}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Backscheider|editor1-first=Paula R.|title=Revising women: eighteenth-century "women's fiction" and social engagement|date=2002|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD, USA|isbn=9780801870958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1bGFVTuPCoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=21 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Backscheider|editor1-first=Paula R.|editor2-last=Ingrassia|editor2-first=Catherine E.|title=British women poets of the long eighteenth century : an anthology|date=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=9780801892776|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8v8qAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=11 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Stephen C.|title=British women poets and the romantic writing community|date=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=9780801895081|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC|accessdate=16 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Brewer|first1=John|title=The pleasures of the imagination : English culture in the eighteenth century|date=2013|origyear=1997|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Ill.|isbn=9780226074191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UaXyOW0rygC|accessdate=17 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Clarke|first1=Norma|title=The Rise And Fall Of The Woman Of Letters|date=2004|publisher=Random House|location=London|isbn=9781446444986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkLefUk41OsC|accessdate=22 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite web|last1=Fay|first1=Elizabeth|title=The Bluestocking Archive|url=http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/toc2.htm|publisher=English Department, UM Boston|accessdate=22 March 2015}}
• {{cite book|last1=Jennings|first1=Judith|title=Gender, religion, and radicalism in the long eighteenth century : the 'Ingenious Quaker' and her connections|date=2006|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|isbn=9780754655008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjOGPQxBxbUC|accessdate=22 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Lonsdale|editor1-first=Roger|title=Eighteenth century women poets : an Oxford anthology|date=1990|origyear=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780192827753|edition=Paperback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i27SIQifpkQC|accessdate=22 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor1-first=D.L.|editor2-last=McWhir|editor2-first=Anne|title=The Broadview anthology of literature of the Revolutionary period, 1770–1832|date=2010|publisher=Broadview Press|location=Peterborough, Ont.|isbn=9781551110516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WeAFzgcDlgC|accessdate=4 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite web|last1=Mark Ockerbloom|first1=Mary|title=A Celebration of Women Writers|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/credits.html|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=6 March 2015|date=2012|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Sitter|editor1-first=John|title=The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Poetry|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521658850|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hXtYGrriw0oC|accessdate=3 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Stafford|first1=William|title=English feminists and their opponents in the 1790s : unsex'd and proper females|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=9780719060823|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZvAkQENcWcC|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Staves|first1=Susan|title=A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139458580|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wZ5VM2qBYH4C|accessdate=2 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Jane|title=The Literary Women of England: Including a Biographical Epitome of All the Most Eminent to the Year 1700; & Sketches of the Poetesses to the Year 1850; with Extracts from Their Works, and Critical Remarks|date=1861|publisher=Sunders, Otley and Co.|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsBLAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=4 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Wu|editor1-first=Duncan|title=Romanticism : an anthology|date=2012|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=9781118256572|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSU8r1pDBb8C}}

Anna Seward

• {{cite web|title=People, Places, and Contexts in Anna Seward's Elegy on Captain Cook|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ebb8/ElegyCaptainCook/Versioning%20Machine/v-machine-2/samples/PPC.html|publisher=University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg|accessdate=6 March 2015|date=2012|ref={{harvid|UPG|2012}}}}
• {{cite book | author=Ashmun, M. | title=The Singing Swan: An Account of Anna Seward and her Acquaintance with Dr Johnson, Boswell and Others of Their Time | location=New Haven | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivI-AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Yale University Press | year=1931|ref=harv }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Bailes|first1=Melissa|title=The Evolution of the Plagiarist: Natural History in Anna Seward's Order of Poetics|journal=Eighteenth-Century Life|date=2009|volume=33|issue=3|pages=105–126|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/eighteenth-century_life/v033/33.3.bailes.html|accessdate=11 March 2015|ref=harv|doi=10.1215/00982601-2009-005}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=Teresa|title=Anna Seward and the Battle for Authorship|journal=Corvey Women Writers on the Web 1796–1834|date=2004|issue=1 Summer|url=https://www2.shu.ac.uk/corvey/CW3journal/Issue%20one/barnard.html|accessdate=28 February 2015|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153200/https://www2.shu.ac.uk/corvey/CW3journal/Issue%20one/barnard.html|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
• {{cite book|last1=Barnard|first1=Teresa|title=Anna Seward: A Constructed Life: A Critical Biography|date=2013|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham|isbn=9781409475330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hf3W3VwN7kC|accessdate=24 February 2015|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Grundy|first1=Isobel|title=Anna Seward: A Constructed Life, A Critical Biography|format=review|journal=Times Higher Education Book Reviews|date=4 February 2010|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/books/anna-seward-a-constructed-life-a-critical-biography/410244.article|accessdate=24 February 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{ cite journal | author=Clifford, J. L. | title=The authenticity of Anna Seward's published correspondence | journal=Modern Philology | volume=39 | issue=2 | pages=113–122 | year=1941 | doi=10.1086/388516 }} (1941–1942)
• {{cite web | url=http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?txtKeywords=seward&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault%5Fhndlr%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=9&text=0&resource=4 | title=A Portrait of Anna Seward | work=Revolutionary Players | publisher=Museums, Libraries and Archives – West Midlands | author=Dick, M. | accessdate=2008-02-05 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Grumbach|first1=Doris|author-link=Doris Grumbach|title=The Ladies: A Novel|date=1984|publisher=Open Media|isbn=9781497676695|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnmMBAAAQBAJ|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Kairoff|first1=Claudia Thomas|title=Anna Seward and the end of the eighteenth century|date=2012|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=9781421403281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02n9Th5RklAC|accessdate=24 February 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite web|last1=Landseer|first1=Henry|authorlink=Henry Landseer|title=Possibly Anna Seward, after John Downman|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portraitLarge/mw40364/possibly-Anna-Seward|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=24 March 2015|format=Portrait}}
• {{cite book | authorlink=E. V. Lucas | author=Lucas, E. V. | title=A Swan and her Friends | year=1907 | publisher=Methuen | location=London }}
• {{cite book | last=Martin|first=Stapleton | title=Anna Seward and Classic Lichfield | year=1909 |publisher=Deighton and Co.|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26383/26383-h/26383-h.htm|accessdate = 1 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite web|last1=North|first1=Alix|title=Anna Seward 1747–1809|url=http://www.sappho.com/poetry/a_seward.html|website=Isle of Lesbos|accessdate=4 March 2015|date=2007|ref=harv}}
• Pearson, H. (ed.) (1936) The Swan of Lichfield. Being a Selection from the Correspondence of Anna Seward
• {{cite journal | author=Roberts, M. | title=Anna Seward – 'The Queen Muse of Britain' | journal=The Female Spectator, Chawton House Library | volume=9 | issue=2 | date=Winter 2005 | pages=1–4 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Marion|title=Close encounters: Anna Seward, 1742–1809, A Woman in provincial cultural life|date=December 2010|publisher=University of Birmingham|url=http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/1581/1/Roberts11MLitt.pdf|format=Master of Letters Thesis, School of Humanities, University of Birmingham|ref=harv}}
• {{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Marion|title=Anna Seward|url=http://www.chawtonhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Anna-Seward.pdf|work=Biographies of Women Writers|publisher=Chawton House Library|accessdate=1 March 2015|date=2012|ref=harv}}

Botany

• {{cite book|last1=Fara|first1=Patricia|authorlink=Patricia Fara|title=Erasmus Darwin : sex, science, and serendipity|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199582662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fV5YB9M2cGIC|accessdate=12 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal|last1=George|first1=Sam|authorlink=Samantha George|title='Not Strictly Proper For A Female Pen': Eighteenth-Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany|journal=Comparative Critical Studies|date=June 2005|volume=2|issue=2|pages=191–210|doi=10.3366/ccs.2005.2.2.191|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal|last1=George|first1=Sam|authorlink=Samantha George|title=Carl Linnaeus, Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward: Botanical Poetry and Female Education|journal=Science & Education|date=30 January 2014|volume=23|issue=3|pages=673–694|doi=10.1007/s11191-014-9677-y|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Shteir|first1=Ann B.|title=Cultivating women, cultivating science: Flora's daughters and botany in England, 1760-1860|date=1996|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-6175-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtzaAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 February 2015|ref=harv}}

Sexuality

• {{cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Redfern Jon|title="My Stand": Queer Identities in the Poetry of Anna Seward and Thomas Gray|journal=Gender Forum|date=2012|issue=39|url=http://www.genderforum.org/issues/buddies-that-matter/my-stand/|accessdate=17 March 2015|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402085953/http://www.genderforum.org/issues/buddies-that-matter/my-stand/|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Castle|editor1-first=Terry|title=The literature of lesbianism : a historical anthology from Ariosto to Stonewall|date=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231125109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dBWMz-FpZcC}}
• {{cite book|last1=Faderman|first1=Lillian|authorlink=Lillian Faderman|title=Surpassing the love of men: romantic friendship and love between women from the Renaissance to the present|date=1985|publisher=Women's Press|location=London|isbn=9780704339774|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZNIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=17 March 2015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Summers|editor1-first=Claude J.|title=The gay and lesbian literary heritage : a reader's companion to the writers and their works, from antiquity to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dBWMz-FpZcC|date=2013|origyear=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=9781135303990|edition=2}}

Works by Seward

• {{cite book|editor1-last=Constable|editor1-first=Archibald|editorlink=Archibald Constable|title=Letters of Anna Seward: written between the years 1784 and 1807|date=1811|publisher=Ramsay|location=Edinburgh||type=6 vols.|ref=harv}}
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ Volume 1]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=z0sJAAAAQAAJ Volume 2]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBsSAAAAMAAJ Volume 3]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UsJAAAAQAAJ Volume 4]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=3BsSAJB0oPgC Volume 5]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=-GvGd_Xq7VgC Volume 6]
• {{ cite journal | author=Heiland, D. | title=Swan songs: the correspondence of Anna Seward and James Boswell | journal=Modern Philology | volume=90 | year=1992 | pages=381–91 | doi=10.1086/392085 | issue=3 }} (1992–1993)
• {{ cite book |editor1-last=Moore |editor1-first=Lisa L. | title=The Collected Poems of Anna Seward |publisher=Pickering and Chatto|isbn=978-1848935631| date = 2015 |type=forthcoming July, 2 volumes|ref=harv}}
• {{ cite book | editor1-last=Scott|editor1-first=Walter| editorlink=Walter Scott | authorlink=Walter Scott|title=The Poetical Works of Anna Seward with Extracts from her Literary Correspondence | location=Edinburgh | publisher=James Ballantyne | year=1810|accessdate=|type=3 vols. |ref=harv}}
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=KEE1AAAAMAAJ Volume 1]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEE1AAAAMAAJ Volume 2]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=B0IgAAAAMAAJ Volume 3]
• {{ cite book | last=Seward|first= Anna | title=Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin: Chiefly During His Residence in Lichfield: With Anecdotes of His Friends, and Criticisms on His Writing | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fQ0AAAAMAAJ| publisher = W.M. Poyntell | location = Philadelphia | year = 1804|accessdate=24 February 2015|ref=harv }}

Reference materials

• {{EB1911 |wstitle=Seward, Anna||volume=24|page=733}}
• {{Cite ODNB|id=25135 |title=Seward, Anna (1742–1809)|first=S|last=Bowerbank|authorlink=|ref={{harvid|Bowerbank|2015}}}}
• {{Cite ODNB|id=25136 |title=Seward, Thomas (1708–1790)|first=Pat|last=Bancroft|authorlink=|ref={{harvid|Bancroft|2015}}}}

Further reading

• Teresa Barnard: Anna Seward : a constructed life; a critical biography, Farnham [u.a.] : Ashgate, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-6616-5}}

External links

• Anna Seward at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
• {{UK National Archives ID}}
• {{Gutenberg author | id=Seward,+Anna | name=Anna Seward}}
• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Anna Seward |sopt=t}}
• {{Librivox author |id=2897}}
• [https://archive.org/details/poeticalworksan00scotgoog The poetical works of Anna Seward; with extracts from her literary correspondence, Volume 1]
• [https://archive.org/details/poeticalworksan00sewagoog The poetical works of Anna Seward; with extracts from her literary correspondence. Volume 2]
• [https://archive.org/details/poeticalworksan01scotgoog The poetical works of Anna Seward; with extracts from her literary correspondence, Volume 3]
• Portrait of Anna Seward, National Portrait Gallery

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