“Anseriformes”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Anseriformes is an order of birds that comprise about 180 living species in three families: Anhimidae (the 3 screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. Most modern species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. With the exception of screamers, all have phalli, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves. Due to their aquatic nature, most species are web-footed.

Taxonomy

The Anseriformes and the Galliformes (pheasants, etc.) are the most primitive neognathous birds, and should follow ratites and tinamous in bird classification systems. Together they belong to the Galloanserae. Several unusual extinct families of birds like the albatross-like pseudotooth birds and the giant flightless gastornithids and mihirungs have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] The genus Vegavis for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform crown group but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in the family Vegaviidae.^[7]

Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[7]

Systematics

In addition, a considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene fossils have been described where it is uncertain whether or not they are anseriforms. This is because almost all orders of aquatic birds living today either originated or underwent a major radiation during that time, making it hard to decide whether some waterbird-like bone belongs into this family or is the product of parallel evolution in a different lineage due to adaptive pressures.

Phylogeny

Anseriformes classification

1={{clade

label1=Anhimae

1={{clade

label1=Anhimidae

1={{clade

1=Anhima

2=Chauna

       }}     }}

label2=Anseres

2={{clade

label1=Anseranatidae

1={{clade

1=Anseranas

label2=Anatidae

2={{clade

label1=Dendrocygninae

1={{clade

1=Dendrocygna

2=Thalassornis

2={{clade

label1=?Plectropterinae

1={{clade

1=Plectropterus

label2=Stictonettinae

2={{clade

1=Stictonetta

3={{clade

label1=Anserinae

1={{clade

label1=?Nettapodini

1={{clade

1=Nettapus

label2=Biziurini

2={{clade

1=Biziura

3={{clade

label1=Oxyurini

1={{clade

1=Heteronetta

2={{clade

1=Nomonyx

2=Oxyura

                   }}                 }}

label2=Anserini

2={{clade

label1=Malacorhynchina

1={{clade

1=Malacorhynchus

2={{clade

label1=Cereopsina

1={{clade

1=Coscoroba

2=Cereopsis

2={{clade

label1=Cygnina

1={{clade

1=Sthenelides

2=Cygnus

label2=Anserina

2={{clade

1=Branta

2=Anser

                       }}                     }}                   }}                 }}               }}             }}

label2=Anatinae

2={{clade

label1=Tadornini

1={{clade

label1=Merganettina

1={{clade

1=Merganetta

2={{clade

label1=Chleophagina

1={{clade

1=Chloephaga

2={{clade

1=Oressochen

2=Neochen

                     }}                   }}

label2=Tadornina

2={{clade

1=Radjah

2={{clade

1=Tadorna

2=Alopochen

                     }}                   }}                 }}               }}

label2=Mergini

2={{clade

1=Histrionicus

2={{clade

1=†Camptorhynchus

2={{clade

1=Clangula

2={{clade

label1=Somanterina

1={{clade

1=Polysticta

2=Somateria

label2=Mergina

2={{clade

1=Melanitta

2={{clade

1=Bucephala

2={{clade

1=Mergellus

2={{clade

1=Lophodytes

2=Mergus

                             }}                           }}                         }}                       }}                     }}                   }}                 }}               }}

label3=Cairinini

3={{clade

1=Cairina

2=Aix

label4=Callonettini

4={{clade

1=Callonetta

5={{clade

1=?Salvadorina

6={{clade

label1=Aythyini

1={{clade

1=Chenonetta

2={{clade

1=Hymenolaimus

2=Sarkidiornis

                     }}                   }}

2={{clade

1={{clade

1=Pteronetta

2=Cyanochen

2={{clade

1=Marmaronetta

2={{clade

1=Asarcornis

2={{clade

1=Netta

2={{clade

1=Metopiana

2=Aythya

                           }}                         }}                       }}                     }}                   }}                 }}

label2=Anatini

2={{clade

1=Anas

2={{clade

1={{clade

1=Sibirionetta

2=Spatula

2={{clade

1=Tachyeres

2={{clade

1=Lophonetta

2={{clade

1=Amazonetta

2=Speculanas

                         }}                       }}                     }}                   }}                 }}               }}             }}           }}         }}       }}     }}   }}

}}

Molecular studies

Studies of the mitochnodrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches – Anseranatidae, Dendrocygninae, Anserinae and Anatinae – with Dendrocygninae being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing an

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Andors | first1 = A. | year = 1992 | title = Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Anserimorphae) | url = | journal = Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 36 | issue = | pages = 109–125}}
2. ^¹{{cite book | last1 = Murrary | first1 = P.F | last2 = Vickers-Rich | first2 = P. | year = 2004 | title = Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime | url = | publisher = Indiana University Press}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Bourdon | first1 = E. | year = 2005 | title = Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes) | pmid = 16240103 | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 92 | issue = 12 | pages = 586–91 | doi=10.1007/s00114-005-0047-0}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolín | first1 = F. | year = 2007 | title = Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina. | url = | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 15–25 | doi=10.22179/revmacn.9.361}}
5. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Livezey | first1 = B.C. | last2 = Zusi | first2 = R.L. | year = 2007 | title = Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion | pmc = 2517308 | journal = The Science of Nature | volume = 149 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–95 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x | pmid=18784798}}
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Louchart | first1 = A. | last2 = Sire | first2 = J.-Y. | last3 = Mourer-Chauviré | first3 = C. | last4 = Geraads | first4 = D. | last5 = Viriot | first5 = L. | last6 = de Buffrénil | first6 = V. | year = 2013 | title = Structure and Growth Pattern of Pseudoteeth in Pelagornis mauretanicus (Aves, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithidae) | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | page = e80372| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080372| pmid = 24244680 | pmc = 3828250 }}
7. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolín | first1 = F.L. | last2 = Egli | first2 = F.B. | last3 = Chatterjee | first3 = S. | last4 = Marsà | first4 = J.A.G | year = 2017 | title = Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary | journal = The Science of Nature | volume = 104 | issue = 87 | pages = 87| doi=10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y| pmid = 28988276 }}
8. ^{{ cite journal | last1=Gonzalez | first1=J. | last2=Düttmann | first2=H. | last3=Wink | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=279 | issue= 3| pages=310–318 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x }}
9. ^Mikko's Phylogeny Archive {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=Anseriformes – waterfowls |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/aves/galloanserae/anseriformes/anseriformes_1.html |accessdate= 30 December 2015}}
10. ^Paleofile.com (net, info) {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |df= }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Taxonomic lists- Aves |accessdate=30 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=11 January 2016 |df= }}
11. ^¹John Boyd's website {{cite web|last=Boyd|first=John|year=2007|title=Anseriformes – waterfowl |url=http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List1a.html#anseriformes |accessdate= 30 December 2015}}
12. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = G | last2 = Zhou | first2 = L | last3 = Zhang | first3 = L | last4 = Luo | first4 = Z | last5 = Xu | first5 = W | year = 2013 | title = The complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose (Anser fabalis) and implications for anseriformes taxonomy | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5| page = e63334 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0063334 | pmid = 23717412 | pmc = 3662773 }}

Cited texts

{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolin | first1 = F | year = 2007 | title = Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina | url = | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 15–25 | doi=10.22179/revmacn.9.361}}

{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = J. A. | last2 = Tambussi | first2 = C. P. | last3 = Noriega | first3 = J. I. | last4 = Erickson | first4 = G. M. | last5 = Ketcham | first5 = R. A. | year = 2005 | title = Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 433 | issue = 7023| pages = 305–308 | doi = 10.1038/nature03150 | pmid = 15662422 }}

{{cite journal | last1 = Livezey | first1 = B. C. | last2 = Zusi | first2 = R. L. | year = 2007 | title = Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion | url = | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 149 | issue = 1| pages = 1–95 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x| pmid = 18784798 | pmc = 2517308 }}

Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004) Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.