词条 | Antiseptic |
释义 |
Some antiseptics are true germicides, capable of destroying microbes (bacteriocidal), while others are bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth.[4] Antibacterials include antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals. Antifungals, also known as an antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection). SurgeryThe widespread introduction of antiseptic surgical methods was initiated by the publishing of the paper Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery in 1867 by Joseph Lister, which was inspired by Louis Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by:
Some common antiseptics
Evolved resistance{{see also|Antibiotic resistance|Multiple drug resistance}}After continued exposure to antibiotics, bacteria may evolve to the point where they are no longer harmed by these compounds. Bacteria can also develop a resistance to antiseptics, but the effect is generally less pronounced.[21][22] The mechanisms by which bacteria evolve may vary in response to different antiseptics. Low concentrations of an antiseptic may encourage growth of a bacterial strain that is resistant to the antiseptic, where a higher concentration of the antiseptic would simply kill the bacteria. In addition, use of an excessively high concentration of an antiseptic may cause tissue damage or slow the process of wound healing.[10] Consequently, antiseptics are most effective when used at the correct concentration—a high enough concentration to kill harmful bacteria, fungi or viruses, but a low enough concentration to avoid damage to the tissue. See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F|title=ἀντί|first1=Henry George|last1=Liddell|first2=Robert|last2=Scott|work=A Greek-English Lexicon|publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011324/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nti%2F|archivedate=10 October 2012|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshptiko%2Fs|title=σηπτικός|first1=Henry George|last1=Liddell|first2=Robert|last2=Scott|work=A Greek-English Lexicon|publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011344/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shptiko%2Fs|archivedate=10 October 2012|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^{{cite journal|title=Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance|first1=Gerald|last1=McDonnell|first2=A. Denver|last2=Russell|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|pmc=88911|pmid=9880479|volume=12|issue=1|date=January 1999|pages=147–79|doi=10.1128/CMR.12.1.147}} 4. ^{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Antiseptics |volume=2 |page=146}} This source provides a summary of antiseptic techniques as understood at the time. 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM |title=Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=514–25 |year=2007 |pmid=17299434 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700701 |url=}} 6. ^{{cite journal | author = Edwards H | year = 1976 | title = Theodoric of Cervia, a medieval antiseptic surgeon | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume = 69 | issue = 3| pages = 553–5 | pmc=1864551 | pmid=790395}} 7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Best M, Neuhauser D |title=Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=233–4 |year=2004 |pmid=15175497 |pmc=1743827 |doi=10.1136/qhc.13.3.233 |url=}} 8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Dipietro LA, Oberyszyn TM |title=Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair |journal=Wound Repair Regen |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=513–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16176460 |doi=10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.00072.x }} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Vermeulen|first1=H.|last2=Westerbos|first2=S.J.|last3=Ubbink|first3=D.T.|title=Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Hospital Infection|volume=76|issue=3|year=2010|pages=191–199|issn=0195-6701|doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.026}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |title=Antiseptics on Wounds: An Area of Controversy: Hydrogen Peroxide |publisher=Medscape.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-04 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075630/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |archivedate=19 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^{{cite journal |author=Kaehn K |title=Polihexanide: a safe and highly effective biocide |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |issue= |pages=7–16 |year=2010 |pmid=20829657 |doi=10.1159/000318237 }} 12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Assadian O |title=Clinical use of polihexanide on acute and chronic wounds for antisepsis and decontamination |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |issue= |pages=45–51 |year=2010 |pmid=20829662 |doi=10.1159/000318267 }} 13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Haemmerle G, Signer M |title=Comparison of PHMB-containing dressing and silver dressings in patients with critically colonised or locally infected wounds |journal=J Wound Care |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=12, 14–6, 18–20 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22240928 |doi=10.12968/jowc.2012.21.1.12 |url=http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |display-authors=etal |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618003547/http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |archivedate=18 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 14. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UhSIFJg75VwC&pg=PA460&lpg=PA460&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+Cinnamaldehyde#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20Cinnamaldehyde&f=false|title=Chemistry: general, medical, and pharmaceutical — Google Books|page=460|accessdate=2016-03-15|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429075253/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhSIFJg75VwC&pg=PA460&lpg=PA460&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+Cinnamaldehyde&source=bl&ots=t69WEUgvGg&sig=DKzLkwjDZyD_Z4N5H9D6lQAYNk4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OZtYU9TrN5TKsQTWoICYAw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20Cinnamaldehyde&f=false|archivedate=29 April 2016|df=dmy-all|year=1906}} 15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kIP2Lf9H4dkC&pg=PA41&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+antiseptic#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20antiseptic&f=false|page=41|title=Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients: Used in Food, Drugs and ... - Ikhlas A. Khan, Ehab A. Abourashed — Google Books|date=2011-09-21|accessdate=2016-03-15|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416184018/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIP2Lf9H4dkC&pg=PA41&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+antiseptic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NJxYU6_SLei0sQT9zYCwBQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20antiseptic&f=false|archivedate=16 April 2016|df=dmy-all|isbn=9781118213063|last1=Khan|first1=Ikhlas A.|last2=Abourashed|first2=Ehab A.}} 16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mrreTHuo54wC&pg=PA352&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+antiseptic#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20antiseptic&f=false|page=352|title=Biocompatibility of Dental Materials — Gottfried Schmalz, Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev — Google Books|accessdate=2016-03-15|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412230055/https://books.google.com/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&pg=PA352&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+antiseptic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NJxYU6_SLei0sQT9zYCwBQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20antiseptic&f=false|archivedate=12 April 2016|df=dmy-all|isbn=9783540777823|last1=Schmalz|first1=Gottfried|last2=Bindslev|first2=Dorthe Arenholt|date=2008-10-10}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://todaysveterinarypractice.navc.com/unique-therapies-for-difficult-wounds/|title=Unique Therapies for Difficult Wounds - Today's Veterinary Practice|author=|date=July 2011|website=todaysveterinarypractice.navc.com|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151420/http://todaysveterinarypractice.navc.com/unique-therapies-for-difficult-wounds/|archivedate=19 March 2018|df=dmy-all}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Landa-Solis|first=C.|last2=González-Espinosa|first2=D.|last3=Guzmán-Soriano|first3=B.|last4=Snyder|first4=M.|last5=Reyes-Terán|first5=G.|last6=Torres|first6=K.|last7=Gutierrez|first7=A.A.|date=December 2005|title=Microcyntm: a novel super-oxidized water with neutral pH and disinfectant activity|journal=Journal of Hospital Infection|volume=61|issue=4|pages=291–299|doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2005.04.021|pmid=16242210|issn=0195-6701}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kramer|first=Axel|last2=Dissemond|first2=Joachim|last3=Kim|first3=Simon|last4=Willy|first4=Christian|last5=Mayer|first5=Dieter|last6=Papke|first6=Roald|last7=Tuchmann|first7=Felix|last8=Assadian|first8=Ojan|date=2017-12-21|title=Consensus on Wound Antisepsis: Update 2018|journal=Skin Pharmacology and Physiology|language=english|volume=31|issue=1|pages=28–58|doi=10.1159/000481545|pmid=29262416|issn=1660-5527}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kramer|first=Axel|last2=Dissemond|first2=Joachim|last3=Kim|first3=Simon|last4=Willy|first4=Christian|last5=Mayer|first5=Dieter|last6=Papke|first6=Roald|last7=Tuchmann|first7=Felix|last8=Assadian|first8=Ojan|date=2017-12-21|title=Consensus on Wound Antisepsis: Update 2018|journal=Skin Pharmacology and Physiology|language=english|volume=31|issue=1|pages=28–58|doi=10.1159/000481545|pmid=29262416|issn=1660-5527}} 21. ^{{cite journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/7/7/01-7705_article|title=CDC – Antibacterial Household Products: Cause for Concern (Stuart B. Levy)Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Presentation from the 2000 Emerging Infectious Diseases Conference in Atlanta, Georgia)|volume=7|issue=7|pages=512–515|journal=Cdc.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194152/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/7/7/01-7705_article|archivedate=4 September 2017|df=dmy-all|doi=10.3201/eid0707.017705|year=2001|last1=Levy|first1=Stuart B.}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://content.stockpr.com/qmdt/media/5e964c580a351c19008000660d79c9b4.pdf |title=Bacterial Resistance Issues in Wound Care and Wound Dressings |publisher=QuickMedTechnologies |year=2009 |author=Albina Mikhaylova |author2=Bernd Liesenfeld |author3=William Toreki |author4=David Moore |author5=Jillian Vella |author6=Roy Carr |author7=Gerald Olderman |author8=Christopher Batich |author9=Gregory Schultz |id=Symposium on Advanced Wound Care and Wound Healing Society Meeting, Poster LB-051 |accessdate=2014-03-04 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213334/http://content.stockpr.com/qmdt/media/5e964c580a351c19008000660d79c9b4.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} External links
2 : Antiseptics|Bactericides |
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