| 释义 |
- See also
- Sources References Bibliography
{{for |the New Zealand Northern War of 1845|Flagstaff War}}"Northern Wars" is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe in the 16th and 17th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.[2] Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise: - The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti[2]
- The Livonian War (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack[2]
- The Northern Seven Years' War (1562–1570), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians[2]
- The Russo-Polish or Thirteen Years' War (1654–1667), "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians[2]
- The Second Northern War (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography[2]
- The Scanian War (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
- The Great Northern War (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War"[2] or "Second Northern War"[3]
See also- War in the North (1937), a campaign in the Spanish Civil War
- Russo-Swedish Wars
- Polish–Swedish wars
- Early modern warfare
SourcesReferences1. ^Frost (2000), pp. 12–13
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Frost (2000), p. 13
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419949/Second-Northern-War |title=Second Northern War |author= |date=23 October 2008 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |accessdate=31 March 2014}}
Bibliography- {{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|publisher=Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} 1 : Northern Wars |