| 词条 | Antoun Saadeh |
| 释义 |
| name = Antoun Saadeh {{lang|ar|أنطون سعادة}} | image = Antun Saadeh.jpg | image_size = 220px | birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|03|01|df=y}} | birth_place = Dhour El Choueir, Beirut Vilayet, Ottoman Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1949|07|08|1904|03|01|df=y}} | death_place = Beirut, Lebanon | death_cause = Executed | era = 20th-century philosophy | region = Levant | school_tradition = Romanticism, Nationalism, Syrian Social Nationalism | main_interests = Political philosophy, Philosophy, Sociology, History, Literature, Fine Arts | notable_ideas = Natural Syria, Syrian Social Nationalism | religion = Born to Greek Orthodox | party = Syrian Social Nationalist Party | influenced = Ghassan Tueni, Michel Aflaq, Hafez al-Assad, Said Akl }} Antoun Saadeh ({{lang-ar|أنطون سعادة|Anṭūn Sa‘ādeh}}; 1 March 1904 – 8 July 1949) was a Lebanese philosopher, writer and politician who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Life and careerEarly lifeSaadeh was born in 1904 in Dhour El Choueir, Mount Lebanon. He was the son of a Lebanese Christian Orthodox physician,{{sfn|Peretz|1994|p=384}} Khalil Saadeh[1] and Naifa Nassir Khneisser.[1] His father was himself a Syrian nationalist as well as democracy advocate, and also an intellectual and author, who has been described as "a prolific writer and polymath, whose works span the fields of politics, literature, journalism, novel-writing, and translation".[2] Antoun Saadeh completed his elementary education in his birth town and continued his studies at the Lycée des Frères in Cairo and came back to Lebanon at the death of his mother.[3] In the later part of 1919, Saadeh emigrated to the United States, where he resided for approximately one year with his uncle in Springer, New Mexico and worked at a local train station. In February 1921, he moved to Brazil with his father who was a prominent Arabic-language journalist. In 1924, Saadeh founded a secret society which aimed at the unification of Natural Syria. This society was dissolved the following year. Natural Syria, according to Saadeh, included the Levant, Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and parts of Southern Turkey. His concept of Syria included all religious, ethnic and linguistic groups living in this region.{{sfn|Peretz|1994|p=384}} During his time spent in Brazil, Saadeh learned German and Russian.[4] Ultimately, he became a polyglot fluent in seven languages : Arabic, English, Portuguese, French, German, Spanish and Russian.[5] Activity in LebanonIn July 1930, he returned to Lebanon. In 1931, he wrote "A Love Tragedy" which was first published with his "Story of the Holiday of Our Lady of Sidnaya" in Beirut in 1933. Also, in 1931, Saadeh worked at the daily newspaper Al-Ayyam, then in 1932 he taught German at the American University of Beirut.{{sfn|Peretz|1994|p=384}} In 1933, he continued to publish pamphlets in the Al-Majalia magazine in Beirut.[4] On 16 November 1932, Saadeh secretly founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Three years later, on 16 November 1935, the existence of the party was proclaimed, and Saadeh was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment. During his confinement, he wrote his first book, "The Rise of Nations". He was released from prison early, but was once again detained in June 1936 where he wrote another book, "Principles Explained". In November of the same year, he was released from prison, but in March 1937, he was arrested again. During the time he spent in prison, he wrote his third book, "The Rise of the Syrian Nation", but his manuscript was confiscated and the authorities refused to return it to him.[4] Activity in emigrationHe was released from prison in late May 1937. In November 1937, Saadeh founded the newspaper Al-Nahdhah. Saadeh led the party until 1938 then, for the second time, he left the country in order to establish party branches in the Lebanese emigration countries. Saadeh went to Brazil and founded the newspaper "New Syria". Soon afterwards he was arrested by the French colonial authorities and spent two months in prison. In 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, Saadeh moved to Argentina, where he remained until 1947. In Argentina, Saadeh continued his activities. He founded Al-Zawba'a (The storm) newspaper and wrote "The Struggle of the Intellect in Syrian Literature", which was printed in Buenos Aires. In 1943, Saadeh married Juliette Al-Mir and had three daughters with her. The French colonial court sentenced him in absentia to twenty years of imprisonment.[4] Return to Lebanon and executionSaadeh returned to Lebanon on 2 March 1947, following the country's independence from France. After his return, he made a revolutionary speech, upon which the authorities issued an arrest warrant which was in force for seven months and then withdrawn. In Lebanon, Saadeh founded the newspaper Al-Jil Al-Jadid. On 4 July 1949, the party declared a revolution in Lebanon in retaliation for a series of violent provocations staged by the government of Lebanon against party members. The revolt was suppressed and Saadeh traveled to Damascus to meet with Husni al-Za'im, the President of Syria at the time, who had previously agreed to support him. However, he was handed over by el-Zai'm to the Lebanese authorities. Saadeh and many of his followers were judged by a Lebanese military court, and were executed, Saadeh himself by a firing squad.{{sfn|Johnson|2001|p=150}} The capture, trial and execution happened in less than 48 hours.[6] Saadeh's execution took place at dawn of 8 July 1949.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} According to Adel Beshara, it was and still is the shortest and most secretive trial given to a political offender. His party continued to be active after his death. The President of Lebanon Camille Chamoun was supported by Saadeh's party during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. In 1961, the SSNP attempted a coup d'état against President Fuad Shihab, which ended in failure. During the 1960s, party leaders were arrested and eventually the party splintered into separate factions.{{sfn|Johnson|2001|p=150}} Syrian Social Nationalist PartyThe SSNP "Zawbaa" (Vortex, Tempest) is a glyph combining the Muslim crescent and the Christian cross, derived from Mesopotamian art, and it symbolizes the blood shed by the martyrs which makes the wheel of history whirl forward, dissipating the surrounding darkness (representing sectarianism and Ottoman occupation and the colonial oppression which followed). Within the party, Saadeh gained a cult of personality and advocated a totalitarian system of government, at the same time glorifying the pre-Christian past of the Syrian people. Saadeh was named the party leader for life. However, according to Haytham,[7] Saadeh stated that European fascism didn't influence him. Haytham claims that Saadeh's Syrian Social Nationalist ideology aimed at opposite ends; in contrast to National Socialism, Social Nationalism bases itself on a dynamic social entity (which is composed of many elements, from religion to language, culture, history, need, and mainly human interaction) defining its national identity and not the imposition of one ideal identity (e.g. blond hair, blue eyes) on the many factions. Saadeh emphasized the role of philosophy and social science in the development of his social ideology. He viewed social nationalism, his version of nationalism, as a tool to transform traditional society into a dynamic and progressive one. He also opposed colonization that broke up Greater Syria into sub-states. Secularization played an important role in his ideology. Secularization is taken by him beyond the socio-political aspects of the question into its philosophical dimensions. Saadeh rejected Arab Nationalism (the idea that the speakers of the Arabic language form a single, unified nation), and argued instead for the creation of the state of United Syrian Nation or Natural Syria, encompassing the Fertile Crescent, making up a Syrian homeland that "extends from the Taurus range in the northwest and the Zagros mountains in the northeast to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the south and includes the Sinai peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba, and from the Syrian Sea in the west, including the island of Cyprus, to the arch of the Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf in the east." (Kader, H. A.). Saadeh rejected both language and religion as defining characteristics of a nation, and instead argued that nations develop through the common development of a people inhabiting a specific geographical region. He was thus a strong opponent of both Arab nationalism and Pan-Islamism. He argued that Syria was historically, culturally, and geographically distinct from the rest of the Arab world, which he divided into four parts. He traced Syrian history as a distinct entity back to the Phoenicians, Canaanites, Assyrians, Babylonians etc.[8] and argued that Syrianism transcended religious distinctions.[9] These claims of alleged National Socialist and Fascist ideology of his party were denied by Saadeh himself. During a 1935 speech, Saadeh said: "I want to use this opportunity to say that the system of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party is neither a Hitlerite nor a Fascist one, but a pure social nationalist one. It is not based on useless imitation, but is instead the result of an authentic invention – which is a virtue of our people".[10] IdeologyPhilosophy{{quote box|width = 29em |border = 1px |align = left |bgcolor = #c6dbf7 |halign = left |quote = Al-Madrahiyyah consists of calling the nations to discard the doctrine which regards Spirit as the only motor of human progress, or Matter as the fundamental basis of human development ; to give up once and for all the idea that the world is by necessity in a state of war in which spiritual forces are continuously fighting with material forces ; and finally to admit with us that the basis of human development is spiritual-materialist and that superior humanity recognizes this basis and builds the edifice of the future on it. The world, which has come to realize, especially after the last world war [World War II], how destructive the partial philosophies and ideologies of capitalism, Marxism, fascism and national socialism have been, is today in need of a new social philosophy that can save it from the arbitrariness and error of these ideologies. |source = — Sa'adeh, Commentaries on the Ideology, p. 132.[11] }} Saadeh had an holistic notion of science, as "knowledge is that it revolves around interaction of the self with the surrounding physical conditions" and was against epistemological reductionism, considering that "the self plays an active role in creating the conditions that transform things into objects of knowledge. This self, as a social self, is the product of several dynamics – mind, intuition, the practical and the existential. It does not depend on one factor and exclude the others." His whole thought was a refutation of the "individualist doctrine, whether in its sociological or methodological orientations". For him, man was a totality by himself as much as in connection with his immediate surrounding, a social being but with its own dignity, which brings him closer to the personalism of someone like Nikolai Berdyaev, and in his vision, the society's main role was to shape the individual being-as-relation through the Khaldunian notion of assabiya (solidarity), which, through some common features (geography, language, culture, ...) brings out the best in him, but without oppressing his individual liberties nor negligible either the spiritual or the material aspect, like he witnessed in contemporary ideologies such as communism, fascism or national-socialism. Thus, "the concept of man-society is the axis of Sa'adeh’s theory of human existence. What is meant by this concept is that existence at a human level and existence at a social level are not independent phenomena ; rather, they are one phenomenon, two aspects of the same social essence." [12] NationalismHe had a regionalist vision of nationalism because he gave some utmost importance to geography : even if he was not an utmost environmental determinist, he thought that a man's relation with his milieu involves a certain way of acting, because of the different climate, fauna or flora ; men will manage their resources differently whether they're in mountains or desert, which will also have consequences on their interactions with foreign groups (over the control of the same resources and so on). Thus the notion of homeland was dear to him. On racialism - which was associated with nationalism in many European ideologies -, "he argued that, contrary to common belief, race is a purely physical concept that has nothing to do with the psychological or social differences between human communities. People differ among themselves by their physical features – that is, colour, height, appearance – and are accordingly divided into races. Nationalism, however, cannot be founded on this reality. Every nation is made up of diverse racial groups, and none of them is the product of one race or one specific tribe." [13] The socio-economic cycleContrarily to Zaki al-Arsuzi and other Arab nationalists who were influenced by European thinkers' vision of race and language - notably Fichte -, Saadeh thus developed his own vision, more inclusive and synthetic. It's a "dynamic theory of nationalism for the whole society based on union in life and the socio-economic cycle (...) not deterministic. Land and people are two important ingredients of the nation but are not the nation themselves (...) is a civilizing theory because it recognizes the necessity and inevitability of interaction between nations (...) the interaction process has two poles: the first, economic possibilities of the environment; and the second, society’s ability to benefit from such possibilities (...) interaction takes place on two levels: horizontally, which determines the extent and character of regional interaction; and, vertically, between man and land, out of which a horizontal interaction may or may not occur (...) unlike Marxism, which reduced the economic question to one of class and considered the national question synonymous with the bourgeoisie, the concept of the socio-economic cycle is basically a societal concept (...) the mind is a primary factor in human progress. It is a liberating force and a complex entity that should not be viewed from just one angle. For Sa'adeh, the mind represents the liberation of human energy and its incorporation into the process of socio-economic interaction." [14] WorksBooks
Articles
See also
References
1. ^{{cite web|url=http://ssnp.net/content/view/104/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181231/http://ssnp.net/content/view/104/ |archivedate=16 April 2014 |df=dmy }} 2. ^Adel Beshara, The Origins of Syrian Nationhood : Histories, Pioneers and Identity, Taylor & Francis (2012), p. 13 3. ^antounsaadeh.com/bio 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.ssnp.org/new/Saadeh/saadeh_en.htm |title=Antun Saadeh |date= |work= |publisher=Syrian Social Nationalist Party |accessdate=22 May 2012}} 5. ^Rabi'a Abifadel, Sa'adeh : The Expatriate Critic and Man of Letters in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh : The Man, His Thought : an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), p. 442 6. ^{{cite news|last=Armanazi |first=Ghayth |title=The Arab Poet Laureate: An Appreciation of Adonis |url=http://thelondonmagazine.org/issues/oct-nov-2011/the-arab-poet-laureate-an-appreciation-of-adonis/ |accessdate=24 October 2012 |newspaper=The London Magazine |date=October–November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184957/http://thelondonmagazine.org/issues/oct-nov-2011/the-arab-poet-laureate-an-appreciation-of-adonis/ |archivedate=20 June 2013 |df= }} 7. ^"Antun Saadeh, the man,his thought, an anthology" 8. ^Saadeh 9. ^{{cite web|last=Kader|first=Dr. Haytham A.|title=Syrian Social Nationalist Party – Ideology|url=http://www.ssnp.org/new/ssnp/en/ssnp.htm|accessdate=4 May 2012}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Götz Nordbruch|title=Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAWBkDAv4TkC&pg=PA45|accessdate=23 October 2012|date=4 February 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-45714-9|pages=45–}} 11. ^Moueen Haddad, "Sa'adeh and Marxism" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh : The Man, His Thought : an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), p. 550 12. ^Adnan Amshi, "Sa'adeh’s Philosophical Doctrine" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh : The Man, His Thought : an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), pp. 353-372 13. ^Nassif Nassar, "Sa'adeh and the Concept of Regional Nationalism" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh : The Man, His Thought : an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), pp. 19-25 14. ^In'am Raad, "Union in Life : Sa'adeh’s Notion of the Socio-Economic Cycle" in Adel Beshara (ed.), Antun Sa'adeh : The Man, His Thought : an Anthology, Ithaca Press (2007), pp. 48-70
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17 : 1904 births|1949 deaths|20th-century executions by Lebanon|20th-century Lebanese philosophers|Lebanese writers|Lebanese philosophers|Lebanese politicians|Executed Lebanese people|American University of Beirut alumni|Articles containing video clips|Critics of Arab nationalism|Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lebanon|Greek Orthodox Christians from Lebanon|People executed by Lebanon by firing squad|People from Matn District|Syrian Social Nationalist Party politicians|Independence activists |
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