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词条 2012 Myanmar by-elections
释义

  1. Changes during the term of office

     House of Representatives  House of Nationalities 

  2. Election observers

  3. Pre-election controversies

  4. Aftermath

  5. Results

     House of Nationalities  House of Representatives  State and Regional Hluttaws 

  6. By Constituency

     House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw)  Ayeyarwady Region  Bago Region  Magway Region  Sagaing Region  Shan State  House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw)  Ayeyarwady Region  Bago Region  Mandalay Region  Magway Region  Mon State  Naypyidaw Union Territory  Sagaing Region  Shan State  Taninthayi Region  Yangon Region  Regional Parliaments 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}{{Infobox election
| election_name = Myanmar by-election, 2012
| country = Myanmar
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Myanmar general election, 2010
| previous_year = 2010
| next_election = Myanmar general election, 2015
| next_year = 2015
| seats_for_election = 40 (of the 440) seats to the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives)
6 (of the 224) seats to the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities)
2 seats to Regional Parliaments
| election_date = 1 April 2012
| image1 =
| leader1 = Thein Sein
| leader_since1 = {{start date|df=yes|2010|6|2}}
| party1 = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| leaders_seat1 = Did not contest
| last_election1 =
| percentage1 =
| seats_before1 = 260 R / 128 N
| seats_after1 = 220 R / 123 N
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}40 R / {{decrease}}5 N
| image2 =
| leader2 = Aung San Suu Kyi
| leader_since2 = {{start date|df=yes|1988|9|27}}
| party2 = National League for Democracy
| leaders_seat2 = Kawhmu (Pyithu)
| last_election2 =
| percentage2 =
| seats_before2 = 0 R / 1 N
| seats_after2 = 37 R / 5 N
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}37 R / {{increase}}4 N
| image3 =
| leader3 = Sai Ai Pao
| leader_since3 = {{start date|df=yes|2010|4|8}}
| party3 = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
| leaders_seat3 = Did not contest
| last_election3 =
| percentage3 =
| seats_before3 = 18 R / 3 N
| seats_after3 = 18 R / 4 N
| seat_change3 = {{steady}} R / {{increase}}1 N
| title =
| posttitle =
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}{{Politics of Burma}}

The 2012 Myanmar by-elections were held on 1 April 2012.[1] The elections were held to fill 48 vacant parliamentary seats.[2][3] Three of those remained vacant as polling in three Kachin constituencies was postponed.[4] There was no plan to fill the additional 5 seats cancelled in the 2010 election and 1 seat after a deceased RNDP member.[4]

The main opposition party National League for Democracy was re-registered for the by-elections on 13 December 2011 as part of the reforms in Burma since 2010. It won in 43 of the 44 seats they contested (out of 45 available).[5] Its leader Aung San Suu Kyi ran in the seat of Kawhmu,[6] which she gained.

Changes during the term of office

House of Representatives

  • 9 September 2011: Tun Aung Khaing (USDP) replaced Aung Kyaw Zan (RNDP) who had been removed from office.[7]
  • 1 March 2012: Aung Sein Tha (RNDP, Arakan State's Minbya constituency) died in office and was not replaced.[4]

House of Nationalities

  • 28 January 2012: Bogyi a.k.a. Aung Ngwe (USDP, Sagaing Division constituency 2) died in office and was not replaced.[8]
  • 2012: Phone Myint Aung (Rangoon Division constituency 3) left the NDF to join the NNDP.
  • 5 February 2013: Tin Shwe (NDF, Rangoon Division constituency 6) resigned from his seat to become a Hotels and Tourism Deputy Minister and was not replaced.[8]
  • 2013: Maung Sa Pru (RNDP, Arakan State constituency 4) died in office and was not replaced.[8]

Election observers

In February 2012, President Thein Sein remarked that the government would "seriously consider" allowing Southeast Asian observers from the Association of South East Asian Nations to observe the election.[9] The Burmese government confirmed that it had requested for ASEAN election observers to arrive on 28 March, five days before the election.[10] Canada, United States, European Union, China, and North Korea, as well as ASEAN dialogue partners (India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia and Australia), were also invited to observe the election, although it remained unclear the degree of access these international observers would have.[11][12] The United States sent two election observers and three journalists.[13]

On 13 March 2012, the Union Election Commission, approved political party monitors to monitor polling stations during the election.[14] In the previous election, only Union Solidarity and Development Party monitors had been allowed to observe the elections and ballot counts.[14] A civilian-led monitoring group, including members of the 88 Generation Students Group, will also be scrutinising election irregularities.[15]

On 28 March 2012, Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade sent a delegation consisting of Senator Consiglio Di Nino and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Deepak Obhrai.[16]

Pre-election controversies

Aung Din of the US Campaign for Burma has said that the Burmese government is exploiting the elections to have Western sanctions lifted as quickly as possible, since a free and transparent election has been one of the conditions set by the European Union and American governments.[11] Moreover, the National League for Democracy has pointed out irregularities in voter lists and rule violations by local election committees.[17] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[17]

With regard to the invitations of international election observers, a US State Department spokesperson said that the Burmese government fell short of expectations to accommodate observers during the entirety of the campaign season (as typically done), which is nearing the end, as a select number of observers were allowed only to observe the election:[18][19]

{{cquote|"...it does fall short of international complete transparency on an election, and we hope they’ll continue to keep the system open, and open it further... A full-scale international observation effort would typically include quite a bit of pre-Election Day observation, systematic coverage on Election Day, post-election follow-up, and professional monitors from non-governmental organisations."}}

Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a Bangkok-based election monitoring organisation, has publicly called the election observations inadequate, failing to meet international standards, being too restrictive (only two observers are allowed per government, or five for ASEAN nations), and coming too late (invitations were sent less than two weeks before the election date), all of which make it logistically impossible to monitor all 48 polling stations.[20] On 20 March 2012, Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of ANFREL, was deported from Yangon, purportedly for entering the country on a tourist visa.[21]

On 23 March 2012, the three by-elections in Kachin State, namely in the constituencies of Mogaung, Hpakant and Bhamo Townships, were postponed due to the security situation there.[22][23]

Two days before the by-elections, at press conference, Suu Kyi remarked that the voter irregularities were "beyond what is acceptable for democratic elections," said she did not consider the campaign "genuinely free and fair" and referred to acts of intimidation (such as stone-throwing incidents and vandalism) toward party members.[24][25] On 1 April, the opposition National League for Democracy alleged irregularities, claiming that ballot sheets had been tampered to allow the election commission to cancel the vote for Suu Kyi's party.[26]

Two Australian MPs (Janelle Saffin and Mathias Cormann), who were selected to observe the by-elections as part of Australia's monitoring team, were denied visas to enter the country.[27]

Aftermath

Much of the international reaction on the by-elections has revolved around the sanctions imposed by Western countries (including the United States, Australia, and the European Union). President Thein Sein and the Burmese government have been eager to work with Aung San Suu Kyi to remove these measures.[28]

President Thein Sein remarked that the by-elections were conducted "in a very successful manner."[29]

The Union Solidarity and Development Party has said it will lodge official complaints to the Union Election Commission on poll irregularities, voter intimidation, and purported campaign incidents that involved National League for Democracy members and supporters.[30][31] The National League for Democracy has also sent an official complaint to the commission, regarding ballots that had been tampered with wax.[32]

In response to the by-elections, a Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman said:[33]

{{cquote|China has noted that some Western countries have said they will lift sanctions on Myanmar. China has had a consistent stance on this issue. We welcome moves by these countries to lift sanctions on Myanmar and call on all parties to fully lift sanctions on Myanmar as soon as possible.}}ASEAN leaders, including those from Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia, have called for the immediate removal of sanctions.[34] Singapore's Prime Minister said the following: "President Thein Sein has been much bolder than many observers have expected. ASEAN is happy that Myanmar has been able to take these steps forward."[35] Australia's foreign minister, Bob Carr, said the Australian government was planning to loosen sanctions, but not abolish them altogether.[36]

US Senator John McCain, who had met with Aung San Suu Kyi in January 2012, said:[37][38]

{{cquote| We should now work with our many international partners to begin the process of easing sanctions on Burma. This will be a gradual and incremental process, and the U.S. Congress will have a critical role to play.}}

On 4 April 2012, the Obama administration announced that it would nominate an ambassador to the country and ease some travel and finance restrictions, without specifying a time table.[39] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said of the elections:[40]

{{cquote|The results of the April 1st parliamentary by-elections represents a dramatic demonstration of popular will that brings a new generation of reformers into government. This is an important step in the country’s transformation, which in recent months has seen the unprecedented release of political prisoners, new legislation broadening the rights of political and civic association, and fledgling process in internal dialogue between the government and ethnic minority groups.}}

To normalise diplomatic relations between the countries, she also said that following the nomination of an ambassador, the US would establish USAID mission in Burma, ease restrictions on export of finance services and developmental assistance and facilitate travel for some government officials, although targeted sanctions toward "individuals and institutions that remain on the wrong side of these historic reform efforts" would remain in place.[40] A few sanctions (in the financial, agriculture, tourism and telecommunications sectors), are directly controlled by the executive branch, but most of the imposed sanctions were legislated by Congress, and will take a lengthy process to remove.[41] On 6 April 2012, the Obama administration nominated Derek Mitchell, who is currently the American special envoy to Burma, as United States Ambassador to Burma.[42]

The European Union, which has already eased some sanctions and travel restrictions (including on Thein Sein), will review travel bans and asset freezes on individuals tied to the previous ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council on 23 April 2012.[43] UK Foreign Secretary William Hague suggested that easing of restrictions would be contingent on the release of political prisoners and further progress.[44]

Other scholars have noted that the by-elections, which were a relatively minor event, given the number of seats at stake, are not as defining and important as other steps toward national reconciliation.[45] Some have called removal of sanctions premature, while others have considered sanctions ineffective in the reform process.[45]

Results

House of Nationalities

6 of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) were up for election. A by-election was not held in 1 remaining vacant seat, with this seat instead continuing to remain vacant until the 2015 General Election.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Party Votes Votes % Seats Won Seats % Change Seats Before Seats After[46]
National League for Democracy}} 4 66.6 {{increase}} 4 group=note|In December 2011, Myat Nyana Soe (Rangoon Region constituency No. 4) left NDF and joined NLD.[47]}} 5
Union Solidarity and Development Party}} 1 16.7 {{decrease}} 5 group=note|name=Bogyi|On 28 January 2012, Bogyi a.k.a. Aung Ngwe (USDP, Sagaing Division constituency 2) deceased and was not replaced.[8]}} 123
National Unity Party (Burma)}} 0 0 {{steady}}
Kokang Democracy and Unity Party}} 0 0 {{steady}}
Lahu National Development Party}} 0 0 {{steady}}
Shan Nationalities Democratic Party}} 1 16.7 {{increase}} 1 3 4
Unity and Peace Party}} 0 0 {{steady}}
Vacant 0 0 {{steady}} 1 1
Total 100 6 100 224 224
Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002616/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/By-elections/By-elections.php ALTSEAN Burma]

House of Representatives

37 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) were up for election. By-elections were not held in 7 remaining vacant seats, with these seats instead continuing to remain vacant until the 2015 General Election.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

{{Election summary begin|title = House of Representatives by-elections, 2012}}{{Election summary party|
|party = National League for Democracy
|seats = 37
|net = {{increase}} 37
|gain = {{increase}} 37
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 92.5
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{decrease}} 40
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{decrease}} 40
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = National Unity Party (Burma)
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = National Democratic Force
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = New National Democracy Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Myanmar National Congress
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = All Mon Region Democracy Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Democratic Party (Burma)
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Pa-O National Organisation
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Modern People's Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Independent (politician)
|seats = 0
|net = {{steady}}
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|other = Vacant due to postponement
|seats = 3
|net = {{increase}} 3
|gain = {{increase}} 3
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 7.5
|plus/minus =
}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|Total||40|| || || ||100||100|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002616/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/By-elections/By-elections.php ALTSEAN Burma]
|-{{Election box end}}

State and Regional Hluttaws

2 of the 860 seats in the State and Regional Hluttaws were up for election.

{{Election summary begin| title = Regional Parliaments by-elections, 2012}}{{Election summary party|
|party = National League for Democracy
|seats = 2
|net = {{increase}} 2
|gain = {{increase}} 2
|loss = {{steady}}
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 100
|plus/minus =
}}{{Election summary party|
|party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
|seats = 0
|net = {{decrease}} 2
|gain = {{steady}}
|loss = {{decrease}} 2
|votes =
|votes % =
|seats % = 0
|plus/minus =
}}
|-
| colspan=2|Total||2|| || || ||100|| || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Source:[48]
|-{{Election box end}}

By Constituency

House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw)

Ayeyarwady Region

Pyapon and Dedaye Townships make up Constituency No. 10.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Ayeyarwady Region's Constituency № 10 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Thein Swe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aye Kyaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Mahn Thein Hla
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Bago Region

Oktwin and Htantabin Townships make up Constituency No. 7.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Bago Region's Constituency № 7 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Min Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Than Than Nwe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Magway Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Magway Region's Constituency № 4 (Taungdwingyi Township) by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Aung Kyi Nyunt
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Maung Maung Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Maung Win (Aung Win)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Unity and Peace Party
| candidate = Aung Than Tin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Sagaing Region

Kanbalu, Kyunhla, Ye-U and Taze Townships make up Constituency No. 3.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Sagaing Region's Constituency № 3 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myint Naing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tin Maung Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Bo Myint Aung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
| candidate = Sai Sam Min
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Banmauk, Kawlin, Wuntho and Pinlebu Townships make up Constituency No. 7.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Sagaing Region's Constituency № 7 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tin Mya
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Saw Hlaing (disqualified)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Chit Han
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
| candidate = Mar Kyin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Shan State

Lashio, Tangyan, Mongyai, Hsenwi and Kunlong Townships make up Constituency No. 3.

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Shan State's Constituency № 3 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
| candidate = Sai Sam Min
| votes = 47,226
| percentage = 29.1
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Sai Myint Maung
| votes = 45,700
| percentage = 28.1
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Nang Keng Phawng Tip
| votes = 45,220
| percentage = 27.8
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Kokang Democracy and Unity Party
| candidate = Luo Xingguang (Law Shin Kwan)
| votes = 17,894
| percentage = 11.0
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Lahu National Development Party
| candidate = Yaw Thup
| votes = 6,360
| percentage = 3.9
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes = 162,400
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw)

Ayeyarwady Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maubin Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Sein Win Han (Sein Win)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Myo Thant Tin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Maung Maung Thin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Khin Su Su Aung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Modern People's Party
| candidate = Thein Shwe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Myanaung Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Kyaw Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Than Htut
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Win Hlaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Myaungmya Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Mahn Johnny
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Phyo Ko Ko Tint San
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Aung Myo Hlaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Pathein Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Win Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Tin Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Tin Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Wakema Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myint Myint San
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Htun Aung Kyaw
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Than Aung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Bago Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Htantabin Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Sein Htun
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Kyaw Kyaw Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Tin Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Unity and Peace Party
| candidate = Thet Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Letpadan Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Kyaw Min
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Thein
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Win Hlaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Nan Kyu Than Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Taungoo Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Aung Soe Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Wai Wai Tha
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Win Tun
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Thanatpin Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myint Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Sein Htoo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Than Hlaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Mandalay Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Kyaukpadaung Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Zaw Myint Maung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Win Kyi
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maha Aungmye Township by-election, 2012[49]
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Ohn Kyaing
| votes = 87,598
| percentage = 89.54
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Than Htun
| votes = 6,785
| percentage = 7.74
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Tun Kyi
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Hla Ko
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kyaw Kyaw
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nyunt Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sein Hla
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Meiktila Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Win Htein
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Hla Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics
| candidate = Win Zan
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Myint Myint Aye
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Natogyi Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Paw Khin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Soe Naing Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Aung Than
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Pyinoolwin Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Kyaw Thiha
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Khin Maung Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Tada-U Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Khin Thanda
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Mon
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Nan Htaik Zaw
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Unity and Peace Party
| candidate = San Htun
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Magway Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Magway Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myint Thein
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Thein Kyaw
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Hla Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Kyaw Sein Han
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics
| candidate = Kyaw Swa Soe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Myaing Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myint Aung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Kyaw Myint Than
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Win Hlaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Pakokku Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Paik Ko
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Kyaw Tint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Pwintbyu Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Aung Myo Nyo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tint Lwin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Tint Lwin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Yezagyo Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Tin Htay Aung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Bo Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Han Shin Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Mon State

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Mawlamyine Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Khin Htay Kywe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tin Soe Moe Naing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Aung Than Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = All Mon Region Democracy Party
| candidate = Myint Myint Wai
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Naypyidaw Union Territory

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Dekkhinathiri Township by-election, 2012[50]
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Naing Ngan Lin
| votes = 7,681
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Maung Shein
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Ottarathiri Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Min Thu
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Hla Thein Swe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Kyi Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Pobbathiri Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Zayar Thaw (Phyo Zeyar Thaw)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tha Htay
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lwin Myint Than
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Zabuthiri Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Sanda Min (Shwee)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Win Htay
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Sagaing Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Mingin Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Khin Hmway Lwin
| votes = 27,989
| percentage = 56.43
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = San Win
| votes = 19,779
| percentage = 39.88
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Htay Aung
| votes = 1,828
| percentage = 3.69
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes = 49,596
| percentage = 100
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Pale Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Khin San Hlaing
| votes = 43,946
| percentage = 68.49
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Htay Naing
| votes = 20,133
| percentage = 31.38
}}{{Election box candidate no change
| party = People's Democracy Party
| candidate = Hein Htet Aung
| votes = 831
| percentage = 1.29
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes = 64,162
| percentage = 100
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Sagaing Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Khin Maung Thein
| votes = 94,703
| percentage = 75.98
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Soe Naing
| votes = 29,932
| percentage = 24.02
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes = 124,635
| percentage = 100
}}{{Election box hold with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
}}{{Election box end}}

Shan State

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Kalaw Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Daw Than Ngwe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Mya Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Khin Maung Hla
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
| candidate = Sao Tha Oo
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Pa-O National Organisation
| candidate = Khun Than Maung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Taninthayi Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Launglon Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Aung Soe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Sein Maung
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Kyunsu Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Tin Tin Yi
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Chit Than
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Yangon Region

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Dagon Seikkan Township by-election, 2012[51]
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myo Aung
| votes = 36,126
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Win Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Kyee Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = New National Democracy Party
| candidate = Win Shwe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box gain with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
| loser = Union Solidarity and Development Party
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Hlegu Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Phyo Min Thein
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Myat Thu
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box gain with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
| loser = Union Solidarity and Development Party
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Kawhmu Township by-election, 2012[52]
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Aung San Suu Kyi
| votes = 55,902
| percentage = 85.38
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Soe Min
| votes = 9,172
| percentage = 14.10
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Unity and Peace Party
| candidate = Tin Yi
| votes = 397
| percentage = 0.61
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes = 65,471
| percentage = 100%
}}{{Election box gain with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
| loser = Union Solidarity and Development Party
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Mayangon Township by-election, 2012[53]
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = May Win Myint
| votes = 60,216
| percentage = 77.5
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Ye Htut
| votes = 14,475
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Khin Phyu Phyu Nyein
| votes = 1,162
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = New National Democracy Party
| candidate = Ye Min Thein (Yatha)
| votes = 414
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Khin Hlaing (Zawtika)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Myanmar National Congress
| candidate = Hayma Htay
| votes = 149
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box gain with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
| loser = Union Solidarity and Development Party
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Mingala Taungnyunt Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Phyu Phyu Thin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Lei Lei Aye
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Sanda Myint (disqualified)
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = New National Democracy Party
| candidate = Phone Myint
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (Burma)
| candidate = Thu Wai
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Myanmar National Congress
| candidate = Kaung Myint Htut
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box gain with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
| loser = Union Solidarity and Development Party
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Thongwa Township by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Su Su Lwin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aung Kyaw Min
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Democratic Force
| candidate = Kyi Than
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box gain with party link no change
| winner = National League for Democracy
| loser = Union Solidarity and Development Party
}}{{Election box end}}

Regional Parliaments

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Bago Region Hluttaw's Kawa Township № 2 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Myo Khaing
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Aye Win
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Kyi Lwin
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no change
| title = Ayeyarwady Region Hluttaw's Yekyi Township № 2 by-election, 2012
}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = National League for Democracy
| candidate = Hla Myat Thway
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Union Solidarity and Development Party
| candidate = Tin Soe
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = National Unity Party (Burma)
| candidate = Win Kyi
| votes =
| percentage =
}}{{Election box total no change
| votes =
| percentage =
}}

{{Election box end}}

See also

  • 2011–2012 Burmese political reforms

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/elections.htm |title=Electoral Calendar – international elections world elections |accessdate=12 May 2011 }}
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2012/03/2012329184512429532.html|first=Aela|last=Callan|title=High stakes in Myanmar election|date=29 March 2012|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=2 April 2012}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hgbHIX2zt3sT0p0HfJA2YoIgPxYw?docId=CNG.30b3d6dd8339de2bcb1a783e5b922d18.751|title=Myanmar sets by-election date|author=Hla Hla Htay|date=30 December 2011|agency=AFP|accessdate=15 March 2012|archive-url=http://burmanationalnews.org/burma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1264&Itemid=1|archive-date=2012-01-02}}
4. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/Overview.php | title = People's Assembly - Overview - Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | accessdate = 2015-11-24 }}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/myanmar-elections/|title=Myanmar confirms sweeping election victory for Suu Kyi's party|author=Kocha Olarn|newspaper=CNN|date=2012-04-04|accessdate=2015-11-23}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16606608|title=Aung San Suu Kyi registers for Burma election run|date=18 January 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=15 March 2012}}
7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/MPs.php | title = People's Assembly - MPs - Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | accessdate = 2015-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151204052308/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/Peoples%20Assembly/MPs.php# | archive-date = 4 December 2015 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }}
8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | title = National Assembly - Overview - Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | accessdate = 2015-11-24 }}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/21/us-myanmar-election-idUSTRE81K0GK20120221|title=Myanmar says will consider ASEAN poll observers|last=Petty|first=Martin|date=21 February 2012|work=Reuters|accessdate=15 March 2012}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-gets-asean-poll-monitor-boost/20949|title=Burma gets ASEAN poll monitor boost|date=20 March 2012|work=Democratic Voice of Burma|accessdate=20 March 2012}}
11. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/myanmar-allow-us-eu-monitors-april-vote-144855008.html|title=Myanmar will allow US, EU monitors for April vote|last=Sopheng Cheang|date=21 March 2012|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17455883|title=Burma invites US and EU observers to April by-elections|date=21 March 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=22 March 2012}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/US-Accepts-Burmas-Invitation-to-Observe-April-Vote-143686666.html|title=US Accepts Burma's Invitation to Observe April 1 Vote|date=21 March 2012|work=Voice of America|accessdate=22 March 2012}}
14. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.dvb.no/news/uec-okays-poll-monitors/20768|title=UEC okays poll monitors|last=Shwe Aung|date=14 March 2012|work=Democratic Voice of Burma|accessdate=15 March 2012}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/monitor-03232012154753.html|title=Citizens to Monitor Elections|date=23 March 2012|work=Radio Free Asia|accessdate=24 March 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/03/28a.aspx?lang=eng&view=d|title=Canada Sends Witnesses to Burmese By-Elections|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade|accessdate=7 April 2012|date=28 March 2012}}
17. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/election-03212012170629.html|title=Western Election Observers Invited|date=21 March 2012|work=Radio Free Asia|accessdate=22 March 2012}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=23261|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322143844/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=23261|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 March 2012|title=Good First Step, But Short of Complete Transparency: US|last=Kha|first=Lalit K.|date=22 March 2012|work=The Irrawaddy|accessdate=24 March 2012}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2012/03/186587.htm#BURMA|title=Daily Press Briefing|last=Nuland|first=Victoria|date=21 March 2012|work=US Department of State|accessdate=24 March 2012|location=Washington, DC}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://anfrel.org/myanmar-election-observation-encouraging-but-inadequate/|title=Myanmar Election Observation Encouraging But Inadequate|date=22 March 2012|work=Asian Network for Free Elections|accessdate=7 November 2015|location=Bangkok}}
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34. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9TUFA0O0.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407235530/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9TUFA0O0.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=7 April 2012|title=Southeast Asian leaders: Lift Myanmar sanctions|date=4 April 2012|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=7 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}
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38. ^{{cite news|url=http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?ContentRecord_id=7948a44d-af80-89dd-2292-175c349884e9&FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases|title=Statement By Senator John McCain On Election In Burma|last=McCain|first=John|date=3 April 2012|publisher=United States Senate|accessdate=5 April 2012|location=Washington, D.C.}}
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40. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/04/04/secretary-hillary-clinton-on-recognizing-and-supporting-burma%E2%80%99s-democratic-reforms/|title=Secretary Hillary Clinton On Recognizing And Supporting Burma’s Democratic Reforms|last=Clinton|first=Hillary Rodham|date=4 April 2012|work=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=5 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409192701/http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/04/04/secretary-hillary-clinton-on-recognizing-and-supporting-burma%E2%80%99s-democratic-reforms/|archivedate=9 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}
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46. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | title = National Assembly - Overview - Parliament Watch | website = ALTSEAN Burma | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719183759/http://www.altsean.org/Research/Parliament%20Watch/Legislative/National%20Assembly/Overview.php | archive-date = 2012-07-19 }}
47. ^{{cite web | url = http://archive-2.mizzima.com/news/by-election-2012/6922-ndf-mps-rejoin-nld.html | title = NDF MPs rejoin NLD | publisher = Mizzima | date = 2012-04-09 | accessdate = 2015-11-24 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125082754/http://archive-2.mizzima.com/news/by-election-2012/6922-ndf-mps-rejoin-nld.html | archivedate = 25 November 2015 | df = dmy-all }}
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50. ^{{cite news|url=http://mmtimes.com/2012/news/622/news62219.html|title=NLD sweeps Nay Pyi Taw in surprise win|last=Win Ko Ko Latt |author2=Nyein Ei Ei Htwe |author3=Su Hlaing Tun |author4=Yu Yu Maw |date=9 April 2012|publisher=Myanmar Times|accessdate=10 April 2012}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://mmtimes.com/2012/news/622/news62221.html|title=Parties struggle for Dagon Seikkan win|author=Aung Si Hein|author2=Zon Pann Pwint|date=9 April 2012|publisher=Myanmar Times|accessdate=10 April 2012}}
52. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm|title=Myanmar election commission announces NLD wins overwhelmingly in by-elections|date=2 April 2012|publisher=Xinhua|accessdate=2 April 2012}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=http://mmtimes.com/2012/news/622/news62226.html|title=Mayangone sees 60pc turnout|author=Aye Sapay Phyu|author2=Nuam Bawi|date=9 April 2012|publisher=Myanmar Times|accessdate=10 April 2012}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}{{Burmese elections}}

5 : By-elections in Myanmar|2012 elections in Asia|2012 in Myanmar|Burmese democracy movements|Politics of Myanmar
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