1. History

2. Arsenal

3. Ranks
     Revolutionary Army enlisted ranks  

4. Branch colors

5. Recruitment and conscription

6. Flags and early banners of the revolution

7. General officers

8. Other notable officers

9. Notable foreign officers and servicemen

10. See also

11. References
     Bibliography 

12. In popular media
      Books    Films  

13. External links

• {{flagicon image|Flag of the Tagalog people.svg}} Republic of Biak-na-Bato {{small|from November 1, 1897 to December 14, 1897}}
• unknown following the December 14, 1897 signing of the Pact of Biak na Bato until April 17, 1898.
• {{flagicon image|Flag of the Tagalog people.svg}} Central Executive Committee {{small|from April 17, 1898 to May 19, 1899}}
• {{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} Dictatorial Government {{small|from May 19, 1898 to June 23, 1899}}
• {{flagdeco|First Philippine Republic}} Revolutionary Government {{small|from June 23, 1898 to January 22, 1899}}
• {{flag|First Philippine Republic|name=Philippine Republic}} {{small|from January 22, 1899 to perhaps November 13, 1899, when Aguinaldo decided to disperse his army and begin guerrilla war}}

The Philippine Revolutionary Army (Filipino: Panghimagsikang Hukbo ng Pilipinas/Hukbong Pilipinong Mapaghimagsik; Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Filipino), later renamed Philippine Republican Army{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} (Filipino: Hukbong Katihan ng Republika ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Ejército en la República de la Filipina){{citation needed|date=December 2018}} was founded on March 22, 1897 in Cavite. General Artemio Ricarte was designated as its first Captain General during the Tejeros Convention.^[4] This armed force of General Emilio Aguinaldo's central revolutionary government replaced the Katipunan's military force.^[5]

History

The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, {{citation needed|date=January 2016}} and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo. Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design.^[6][7] His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms.^[8] Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics.^[9] At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform.^[10] Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes.^[11][12] Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps.

Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers.^[5]

Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos.

When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles.^[13]

Arsenal

The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle.^[5] Moreover, while in Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo purchased rifles from the Americans.^[14] Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to Galicano Apacible, Mariano Ponce also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the Empire of Japan.^[15] He was offered different breech-loading single-shot rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless bolt-action rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the Murata rifle from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries.

Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included captured Spanish guns such as Krupp guns, Ordóñez guns, and Maxim-Nordenfelt multi-barreled guns. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber known as lantakas, which can only fire once or twice.^[5]

Ranks

The evolution of Philippine revolutionary insignia can be divided into three basic periods; early Katipunan, late Katipunan and the Republican army.

Revolutionary Army enlisted ranks

Branch colors

In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Recruitment and conscription

During the revolution against Spain, the Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution.

Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the Philippines and military service was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. Antonio Luna, the Chief Commander of the Army during the Philippine–American War.^[16]

Flags and early banners of the revolution

General officers

During the existence of the Revolutionary Army, over 100 individuals were appointed to General Officer grades. For details, see the List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War article.

Other notable officers

• Colonel Agapito Bonzón
• Colonel Felipe Salvador – Commander of the Santa Iglesia faction.
• Colonel Apolinar Vélez
• Colonel Alejandro Avecilla
• Colonel Francisco "Paco" Román – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
• Colonel Manuel Bernal – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
• Colonel Pablo Tecson – Leader, Battle of Quingua.
• Colonel Alipio Tecson – Supreme Military Commander of Tarlac in 1900 and exiled to Guam.
• Colonel Simón Tecson – Leader of Siege of Baler; signatory of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution.
• Colonel Simeón Villa
• Colonel Luciano San Miguel
• Colonel José Tagle – Known for his role in the Battle of Imus.
• Lieutenant Colonel Lázaro Macapagal – Commanding officer in-charge at the execution of Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio brothers.
• Lieutenant Colonel José Torres Bugallón – Hero of the Battle of La Loma.
• Lieutenant Colonel Regino Díaz Relova – Fought as one of the heads of columns under General Juan Cailles in the Laguna province.
• Captain José Bernal – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
• Captain Eduardo Rusca – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
• Captain Pedro Janolino – Commanding Officer of the Kawit Battalion.
• Captain Vicente Roa
• Captain Serapio Narváez – Officer of the 4th Company, Morong Battalion.
• Captain Cirilo Arenas- Captain of Maguagui (Naic), Cavite.
• Major Manuel Quezon – Aide to President Emilio Aguinaldo. Eventually succeeded him as the second President of the Philippines under the United States-sponsored Commonwealth.
• Major Juan Arce
• Lieutenant Pantaleon García – one of Gen. Luna's favorite sharpshooters of the Black Guard units.
• Corporal Anastacio Félix – 4th Company, Morong Battalion the first Filipino casualty of the Philippine–American War.^[17]

Notable foreign officers and servicemen

Army

• General Juan Cailles – Franco-Indian mestizo who led Filipino forces in Laguna^[18]
• General José Valesy Nazaraire – Spanish.^[18]
• Brigadier General José Ignacio Paua – Full-blooded Chinese general in the Army.^[19]
• Brigadier General B. Natividad – Brigade Acting Commander in Vigan under General Tinio.^[24]
• Colonel Manuel Sityar – Half-Spanish Director of Academía Militar de Malolos. A former captain in the Spanish colonial army who defected to the Filipino side.^[20]
• Colonel Sebastian de Castro – Spanish director of the military hospital at Malasiqui, Pangasinan.^[18]
• Colonel Dámaso Ybarra y Thomas – Spanish.^[18]
• Lieutenant Colonel Potenciano Andrade – Spanish.^[18]
• Estaquio Castellor – French mestizo who led a battalion of sharpshooters.^[18]
• Major Candido Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army.^[21]
• Major José Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army.^[21]
• Major José Torres Bugallón – Spanish officer who served under General Luna.^[18]
• Captain Antonio Costosa – Former officer in the Spanish Army.
• Captain Tei Hara - Japanese officer who fought in the Philippine-American war with volunteer soldiers.^[22]
• Captain Chizuno Iwamoto - Japanese officer who served on Emilio Aguinaldo's staff.^[23] Returned to Japan after Aguinaldo's capture.^[23]
• Captain David Fagen – An African-American Captain who served under Brigadier General Urbano Lacuna. A former Corporal in United States Army 24th Colored Regiment.^[24][25][38]
• Captain Francisco Espina – Spanish.^[26]
• Captain Estanislao de los Reyes – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio.^[26]
• Captain Feliciano Ramoso – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio.^[26]
• Captain Mariano Queri – Spanish officer who served under General Luna as an instructor in the Academía Militar de Malolos and later as the director-general of the staff of the war department.^[18]
• Captain Camillo Richairdi – Italian.^[18]
• Captain Telesforo Centeno – Spanish.^[18]
• Captain Arthur Howard – American deserter from the 1st California Volunteers.^[38]
• Captain Glen Morgan – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao.^[38]
• Captain John Miller – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao.^[38]
• Captain Russel – American deserter from the 10th Infantry.^[38]
• Lieutenant Danfort – American deserter from the 10th Infantry.^[38]
• Lieutenant Maximino Lazo – Spanish.^[18]
• Lieutenant Gabriel Badelly Méndez – Cuban.^[18]
• 2nd Lieutenant Segundo Paz – Spanish.^[18]
• Lieutenant Alejandro Quirulgico – Spanish.^[26]
• Lieutenant Rafael Madina – Spanish.^[26]
• Lieutenant Saburo Nakamori - Japanese.^[27]
• Lieutenant Arsenio Romero – Spanish.^[26]
• Private John Allane – United States Army.^[28]
• Private Harry Dennis – United States Army.^[28]
• Private William Hyer – United States Army.^[29]
• Private Meeks (given name not specified) – United States Army.^[28]
• Private George Raymond – 41st Infantry, United States Army.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
• Private Maurice Sibley – 16th Infantry, United States Army.^[30]
• Private John Wagner – United States Army.^[28]
• Private Edward Walpole – United States Army.^[28]
• Henry Richter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry.^[38]
• Gorth Shores – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry.^[38]
• Fred Hunter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry.^[38]
• William Denten – American deserter who joined General Lukban in Samar.^[38]
• Enrique Warren – American deserter who served under Francisco Makabulos in Tarlac.^[38]
• Antonio Prisco – Spanish.^[18]
• Manuel Alberto – Spanish.^[18]
• Eugenia Plona – Spanish aide-de-camp to Baldermo Aguinaldo.^[18]
• Alexander MacIntosh – English.^[31]
• William McAllister – English.^[31]
• Charles MacKinley – Englishman who served in Laoag.^[31]
• James O'Brian – English.^[31]

Navy

• Captain Vicente Catalán – Flag officer in-Command of the Philippine Navy. A former member of the Royal Spanish Navy.

See also

• Armed Forces of the Philippines
• Military History of the Philippines
• Philippine Army
• Katipunan
• Philippine Commonwealth Army
• Luna sharpshooters

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book|last1=Bowers|first1=William T. |last2=Hammond|first2=William M. |last3=MacGarrigle|first3=George L. |title=Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC|year=1997|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-3990-1|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal|last=Deady |first=Timothy K. |title=Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899–1902 |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05spring/deady.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326184120/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05spring/deady.pdf|archivedate=2009-03-26|format=PDF |journal=Parameters |volume=35|issue=1|pages=53–68 |date=Spring 2005|publisher=US Army War College|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last=Fantina|first=Robert |title=Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776-2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC|year=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-453-2|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last=Halili|first=Christine N.|title=Philippine History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC|year=2004|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-3934-9|page=|ref=harv}}
• {{citation |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister |title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?unstot=PSJGPgAACAAJ |year=2000a |publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3}}
• {{cite book|last=Linn|first=Brian McAllister |title=The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC|date=2000b|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4948-4|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last=Scott|first=William Henry |title=Ilocano responses to American aggression, 1900-1901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_1wAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=New Day Publishers|isbn=978-971-10-0336-4|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last=Tan|first=Samuel K.|title=The Filipino-American War, 1899-1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_qRAAAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=University of the Philippines Press|isbn=978-971-542-339-7|ref=harv}}

In popular media

The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several Books and movies.

Books

Films

• Tiniente Rosario - A 1937 Biopic Movie
• Dugo sa Kapirasong Lupa
• Jose Rizal - Biopic movie about the National hero of the Philippines
• Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?
• El Presidente
• Heneral Luna
• Aguila (1980)
• Baler
• Amigo (Friend) - The story about the decline of the Philippine revolutionary forces
• Tirad Pass: The story of Gen.Gregorio Del Pilar - 1993 Biopic film
• Ang Unang Pangulo
• Ang Batang Heneral

External links

• Philippines Independence Armies: Insignia 1896 - 1902
• {{cite web |title=Artemio Ricarte |url=http://server.pvao.mil.ph/artemio_ricarte.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809163308/http://server.pvao.mil.ph/artemio_ricarte.html |archivedate=2011-08-09 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}
• Images of Filipino Republican Army rayadillo tunics

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