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词条 Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
释义

  1. Background

  2. Organisation

  3. Deployment

  4. Units

     Argentine Air Force  Argentine Navy  Argentine Army  Argentine Coast Guard  Argentine traffic planes 

  5. Armament

  6. Air Campaign

     Missions  Successes  Casualties and aircraft losses 

  7. See also

  8. Footnotes

  9. References

      Notes    Bibliography    Online sources  

  10. Further reading

      Online material    Printed material  

  11. External links

     Foreign Studies  Official Sites   Other sites  

This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War ({{lang-es|Guerra de las Malvinas}}), which comprised units of the Air Force, Army, Navy and other services.

Background

Despite initiating the war, Argentina had not prepared a plan for the subsequent defence of the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the British responded with a large-scale mobilization, and a task force to retake the islands.[1]

The Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina; FAA) had never considered the possibility of waging a long-range naval air campaign against a major NATO power. It was not trained or equipped for such a mission. The FAA had only two tanker aircraft to serve the whole air force and navy, and its fighter-bomber Mirage IIIs and IAI Daggers were not equipped for aerial refuelling. The FAA's training, tactics and equipment were focused on a possible war against Chile, resulting from disputes such as the Beagle conflict.[1][2]

The option to attack Chile[3] was a cause of great concern to the Argentina military during the war. The Chilean armed forces had deployed a significant force to Chile's common border with Argentina, and the FAA was forced to reinstate their retired F-86 Sabres to bolster Argentina's air defences.[4] In Argentina's favour, Peru immediately offered its support to the Argentine cause, with the Peruvian Air Force even offering to fly combat missions. This was politely declined by the Argentine government. As the war progressed, Peru and Venezuela sent critical aircraft spare parts to Argentina, urgently needed by the FAA and the Brazilian Air Force leased two EMB111 Bandeirantes maritime patrol aircraft to the Argentine Navy.[5] Finally on June 4, ten Peruvian Mirage 5 with AS-30 missiles arrived to Tandil but the war ended before they could be used.[6] Israel Aircraft Industries technicians that were in the country under the 1979 IAI Daggers contract continued their work during the conflict.[7]

By the best estimates, Argentina totaled about 240 planes when the war broke out. About half of those were posted in the interior and along the Chilean border.[8] The long distances from their bases prevented them from using their top speed or they risked running out of fuel.[9][10] Although the Argentines had more aeroplanes than the British Task force, a good number of them were Pucara turboprops.[11][12] Also, the A-4 Skyhawk force were dependent on the two available KC-130 tankers, limiting the amount of aeroplanes that could attack simultaneously.[13]

Argentina's fleet of A-4 Skyhawk attack jets was in very poor condition. The arms embargo placed by the United States in 1976, due to the "Dirty War", had made most airframes unusable. The involvement of Israel in helping to return the A-4 to full operational status has been alleged, but has never been confirmed.[14]

The small air arm of the Argentine Navy (Armada Republica Argentina; ARA) was in the middle of the transition from the A-4Q Skyhawk to the new Super Etendard. Only five of the Etendard's anti-ship Exocet missiles had been delivered at the time of the conflict, at which point an arms embargo prevented the delivery of further shipments. Additionally, the required programming for the missiles to interact with the Etendard's computers had not been completed by French engineers when the conflict broke out. France, being an ally of the United Kingdom, recalled all technicians, which left Argentine scientists and electronic engineers to figure out a way to make the missiles take input from the plane's computers. Navy pilots, particularly those of the 3rd Naval Fighters Squadron flying A-4Qs were the only ones trained in bombing warships. Air Force pilots trained during April against the two Argentine Type 42 destroyers, similar to those of the British Fleet, and according to the Naval officers all the sorties were shot down, causing great concern to the High Command until the successful May 1 strikes which proved that aircraft could survive.[14][15]

Finally, Argentine military aviation had never been involved in an international conflict, indeed the last time the Argentine military had been involved in an international conflict was the War of the Triple Alliance more than a century before.

In spite of these disadvantages, Argentine air units bore the brunt of the battle during the six-week war, and inflicted serious damage and losses to the naval forces of the United Kingdom. Low-flying jets attacking British ships provided some of the most sobering and dramatic images of the war. By the end of the conflict, the British forces had come to admire the FAA's spirited conduct in the face of an effective air defence network.[16] [17] Admiral Sandy Woodward, the British Task Force commander said: "[t]he Argentine Air Force fought extremely well and we felt a great admiration for what they did."[18]

The British Operational Research Branch Report declassified and released to the public in February 2013 states:

{{cquote| The Argentine air arms conducted a 10 week campaign during which time they carried out air supply of their forces in the Falkland Islands, reconnaissance of UK forces in the South Atlantic, and engaged units of TF317. Though they sustained considerable damage, it is fair to say that their air forces were not beaten and remained as a viable force at the end of hostilities. The 4 air arms (ndlr: FAA, COAN, CAE, PNA ) were, within their own spheres, generally capable and well organised, though limited in AAR and reconnaissance assets. A lack of aircraft spares may also have limited their effectiveness. Of the 3 facets of operations, the Argentine air arms are considered to have been successful in the air supply of their forces, only partially successful in the reconnaissance task, and to have inflicted significant attrition on UK naval forces. No militarily significant success was achieved against UK land forces ashore.[19]}}

Organisation

The air units involved in the Falklands War were under the following chain of command:

  • Military junta – Brigadier General (Lieutenant General) Basilio Lami Dozo
    • Air Defence Command ({{lang-es|Comando Aéreo de Defensa}}) – Brigadier Jorge Hughes was in charge of the radar network, Mirage IIIEA interceptors and anti-aircraft defences on the mainland.
    • Strategic Air Command ({{lang-es|Comando Aéreo Estratégico}}) - Brigadier Helmuth Weber. Coordinated air assets through all the country. The CAE also had the main role of long range maritime surveillance with Boeing 707s and C-130 Hercules.
    • Southern Air Force ({{lang-es|Fuerza Aérea Sur}}) – Brigadier Ernesto Crespo. The FAS was the main organisation involved in combat over the conflict zone.
    • South Atlantic Military Theatre ({{lang-es|Teatro Operaciones Atlantico Sur}}) - Vice Admiral Juan Lombardo. Basically a naval command with the role of coordinating the air, surface and submarine assets in the South Atlantic area. Initially, during the invasion of the islands on 2 April and before hostilities broke out, the islands were supposedly to be under their command and was considered as the only organisation needed to manage the crisis.
    • Falklands Military Garrison ({{lang-es|Guarnicion Militar Malvinas}}) - Brigade General Mario Menéndez (Army)
    • Air Component ({{lang-es|Componente Aéreo}}) - Brigadier Luis Castellano

Deployment

Air units moved from home bases to southern facilities. Amid fears about British/Chilean air strikes and/or SAS raids, Argentine aircraft were dispersed in the surrounding areas of their southern airfields, e.g., several parts of the national route #3 were used for this purpose.

  • Ezeiza International Airport, Buenos Aires
    • Boeing 707
  • NAS Almirante Zar, Trelew, Chubut Province
    • B.Mk62 Canberra
  • AFB Comodoro Rivadavia, IX Air Brigade, Chubut Province ( FAS command site ) [https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&safe=off&q=Comodoro+Rivadavia,&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-8&z=15&ll=-45.784016,-67.465196&spn=0.012689,0.043259&t=k&om=1 map]
    • KC/C-130 Hercules
    • Fokker F28
    • Escuadron Fenix
    • Mirage IIIEA
    • FMA IA 58 Pucará
    • CIC Comodoro, air traffic control center
  • Airfield Puerto San Julián, Santa Cruz Province
    • IAI Dagger - La Marinete Squadron
    • A-4C Skyhawk
    • Cardion AN/TPS-44 radar w/ GADA 601 Army
  • Airfield Puerto Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Province
    • A-4P Skyhawk
  • AFB Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz Province
    • Mirage IIIEA
    • A-4P Skyhawk
    • FMA IA 58 Pucará
    • Navy Exploration Squadron after 13 May: S-2E Trackers and 2 leased Brazilian Air Force EMB111 Bandeirantes (2-P-201 & 2-P-202)[21]
    • CIC Gallegos, air traffic control center
  • NAS Almirante Quijada, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego
    • IAI Dagger - Las Avutardas Salvajes Squadron
    • A-4Q Skyhawk
    • Super Étendard
    • SP-2H Neptune
  • AFB Puerto Argentino, Port Stanley Airport, Falkland Islands
    • FMA IA 58 Pucará Air Force
    • Aermacchi MB.339A Navy
    • T-34 Mentor Navy
    • Helicopters from all services
    • CIC Malvinas, AN/TPS-43 radar and anti-aircraft defences from all services
  • AFB Condor, Goose Green grass airfield, Falkland Islands
    • FMA IA 58 Pucará Air Force
    • Anti-aircraft cannons Air Force
  • NAS Calderon, Pebble Island grass airfield, Falkland Islands
    • FMA IA 58 Pucará Air Force
    • T-34 Mentor Navy
    • Short Skyvan Coast Guard
  • Aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, April 2 to May 3
    • McDonnell Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk
    • Grumman S-2E Tracker
    • Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King

Units

The numbers in bold are the number of aircraft engaged in combat without counting those in reserve, the numbers in brackets are the number of aircraft lost during the war.

Argentine Air Force

{{lang-es|Fuerza Aérea Argentina}}
  • 1st Air Brigade -
    • Lockheed C-130H Hercules, 7 (1)
    • Lockheed KC-130H Hercules Tanker 2
    • Boeing 707 3
    • Fokker F-28 6
    • Fokker F-27 12
  • 2nd Air Brigade - English Electric B.Mk62 Canberra 8 (2)
    • Grupo Aérofotográfico - Learjet 35A-L 2 (1)
  • 3rd Air Brigade -
    • Falkland Islands - FMA IA 58 Pucará 24 (13)
    • Comodoro Rivadavia - FMA IA 58 Pucará ? (1)
  • 4th Air Brigade - McDonnell Douglas A-4C Skyhawk 15 (9)
  • 5th Air Brigade - McDonnell Douglas A-4B Skyhawk <35 (10)
  • 6th Air Brigade - Israel Aircraft Industries Dagger 30 (11)
  • 7th Air Brigade -
    • Boeing CH-47C Chinook 2
    • Bell 212 2
  • 8th Air Brigade - Dassault Mirage IIIEA 17 (2)

Argentine Navy

{{lang-es|Comando de Aviación Naval Argentina - COAN}} (Argentine Naval Aviation)
  • 1st Naval Air Attack Squadron - Aermacchi MB.339A 6 (2)
  • 2nd Naval Air Fighter/Attack Squadron - Dassault Super Étendard 4 (sn. 3-A-201 was cannibalized for spare parts)
  • 3rd Naval Air Fighter/Attack Squadron - McDonnell Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk 8 (3)
  • Naval Air Antisubmarine Squadron - Grumman S-2E Tracker 6
  • Naval Air Training Squadron - Beechcraft T-34 Mentor 4 (4)
  • Naval Air Exploration Squadron - Lockheed SP-2H Neptune 2 (both retired by end of May due to airframe attrition)
  • 1st Naval Air Helicopter Squadron -
    • Aérospatiale Alouette AI03 10 (1)
    • Sea Lynx 2 (1)
  • 2nd Naval Air Helicopter Squadron - Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King 5
  • Naval Air Transport Squadrons -
    • Lockheed L-188 Electra 3
    • Fokker F-28 3

Argentine Army

{{lang-es|Comando de Aviación del Ejército Argentino}} ( Argentine Army Aviation )
  • 601 Army Aviation Battalion -
    • Boeing CH-47C Chinook 2 (1)
    • Agusta A109 3 (1)
    • Bell UH-1H Iroquois 9
    • Aérospatiale Puma SA330L 5 (5).
    • South Georgia April 3 - Aérospatiale Puma SA330L 1 (1)

Argentine Coast Guard

{{lang-es|Prefectura Naval Argentina}}
  • Aviation Service -
    • Aérospatiale Puma SA330L 1
    • Short Skyvan 2 (2)

Argentine traffic planes

  • Escuadrón Fénix — 30 civilian business planes:

Gates Learjet, Cessna Citation, Hawker Siddeley HS-125, Aero Commander 690 and Mitsubishi MU-2.

  • Aerolíneas Argentinas and Austral airlines:

Boeing 737[22] and BAC 1-11 (airlift to Patagonia and Port Stanley).

Armament

  • Machineguns and cannons:
    • 7.62 mm FM M2-20: Pucaras
    • 20 mm Colt Mk.12 Cannon: A-4s
    • 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.804 Cannon: Pucaras
    • 30 mm DEFA cannon: IAI Daggers and Mirage IIIEA
  • Unguided rockets:
    • ZUNI 127 mm: MB.339s
    • 70 mm: MB339s
    • 105 mm: Pucaras
  • Missiles:
    • Air-to-Air:
    • AIM-9B Sidewinder short-range IR: only Navy A-4Q Skyhawks up to May 1
    • Rafael Shafrir 2 short-range IR: only IAI Daggers on May 1
    • Matra R550 Magic short-range IR: received April 15 for Mirage IIIEA[23] [24]
    • Matra R530 short-range semi-active radar: Mirage IIIEA
    • Air-to-Surface:
    • Aérospatiale AM.39 Exocet Anti-Ship Missile: 5 units on Super Etendards
    • AS 30 air-surface missiles. Supplied by the Peruvian Air Force and arriving at the Tandil AFB (home base of the FAA Dagger) at the end of May, the war ended before they could be used.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
  • Unguided retarded Gravity bomb: Thirteen bombs[25] hit British ships without detonating as they were dropped from very low altitude and there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves. The problem was solved by June with new fuzes (Kappa) bought in Spain {{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}.
    • US built Mark 82 (500 lb / 227 kg) : A-4s and IAI Daggers
    • British built "1000 lb" (450 kg) : A-4s, IAI Daggers and Canberras
    • Napalm : Pucaras[26] [27]

Air Campaign

  • Battle of San Carlos (1982)
  • Bluff Cove Air Attacks

Missions

  • Attack Missions:
SystemObs
A-4 Skyhawk 133 sorties by the A-4B and 86 by the A-4C. They flew with unreliable ejection seats due to the US embargo placed from 1977. Naval A-4Q performed 12 sorties. They were highly dependent on the two available KC-130 tankers, limiting the number of aeroplanes that could attack simultaneously.
Canberra 46 bombing sorties against ground targets, operating from Trelew, to avoid more congestion on the closer southern airfields.
Dagger 153 sorties against naval/ground targets by the two squadrons. Their lack of aerial refueling capacity severely affected their performance without any chance of manoeuvring over the islands. They were obliged to fly the shortest flightpath and had less than 10 minutes to find their targets. The discovery of their approach corridor by the British led to 7 aircraft being shot down by Sea Harriers CAP, something just realized when one of the downed Dagger pilots was recovered by own troops. By the end of May they began carrying an improvised chaff dispenser consisting of aluminium strips inside their airbrakes.
Total Sorties: The above figures shown a total of 430 attack sorties from the mainland of which 18 aircraft were intercepted by the Sea Harriers and another 14 were shot down by anti aircraft defences.
  • Other Missions:
SystemObs
Mirage IIIEA Argentine sources indicate that a number were withdrawn from operations over the islands to protect the mainland against Vulcan strikes,[2][28][29]

[30][31] [32] however, they made 58 sorties providing decoys for the strike units with particular success on the June 8 attacks against the British landings ships.[33] Their lesser internal fuel capacity, compared to the Daggers, prevented them from being used in their escort role.

Boeing 707 The unarmed airliner made 54 cargo flights and other 61 for reconnaissance and surveillance duties[34] against the British Task Force heading south[https://web.archive.org/web/20071024064142/http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/538-550/548/site/fotos/b707.gif FAA map] locating the fleet for the first time on April 21 when a Sea Harrier shepherded the 707 away. On May 22 another 707 managed to evade 4 Sea Dart missiles launched against it but the risk of further sorties was too great and from that point on the 707's made no further attempt to find the Task Force.[35] On another occasion they made a casual encounter with a British Nimrod both unarmed aircraft looked each other over and continued their missions.
Embraer P-95 Bandeirulha Two aircraft were incorporated into the naval aviation on May 21. They flew 39 maritime patrol sorties from Rio Gallegos airbase. They were returned to the Brazilian air force on June 24[36]
IA 58 Pucará They performed reconnaissance and ground attack missions from the Falklands airfields and surveillance of the Patagonian coast from bases in Southern Argentina. Most of the island-based Pucarás were destroyed on the ground, due to the lack of Hardened Aircraft Shelters. They shot down a Royal Marines Westland Scout during the battle of Goose Green.
Fenix Squadron 126 decoying plus 52 reconnaissance sorties. They were also extensively used as communications relay and pathfinder flights to guide the combat jets with the Learjets’ superior navigation systems.
C-130 Hercules 33 night flights to BAM Puerto Argentino in May/June (Blockade runner). Among the cargo transported in those flight were the 602 Army Commandos Coy, 155 mm CITEFA cannons, an improvised land based Exocet launcher, the Roland SAM system and a RASIT radar replacement. They evacuated 263 wounded and a British PoW in their returning flights.
Starting 15 May, they also took over the dangerous task of searching for naval targets for the strike units, after the retirement of the last SP-2H Neptune available. On one of these daylight missions, a Hercules was intercepted and shot down by a Sea Harrier.
29 May, the British tanker British Wye was hit by bombs dropped by a Hercules, north of South Georgia[37] (Not officially recognized by the FAA)
KC-130 Hercules Refueling sorties for A-4s and Super Étendards, also for battle damaged fighters.
Fokker F-28 Navy 15 night flights to BAM Puerto Argentino in May/June (Blockade runner)
Army Aviation 796 helicopter flights on the islands
1st Air Brigade Construction Group Air Force In charge of maintaining Port Stanley airbase operable. Throughout the conflict, the airport installations were attacked with 237 bombs, 1,200 shells from the Royal Navy gunline and 16 missiles, however, it was never out of action entirely. Many sources claim that the runway was covered with piles of dirt during the day causing British intelligence to surmise that repairs were still in progress.[2] Craters were in fact heaps of earth placed there to make it look as though the runway was damaged.[38] In fact, the British were well aware that the runway was still in use by C-130[39] and attempted to interdict these flights leading to the loss of a C-130 on June 1.[40]

Successes

DescriptionNotes
Ships Sunk HMS Sheffield, HMS Coventry, HMS Ardent, HMS Antelope, RFA Sir Galahad, Atlantic Conveyor plus a Landing Craft Utility ("Foxtrot Four" from Fearless)
Ships Damaged[41] HMS Glasgow, HMS Antrim, HMS Brilliant, HMS Broadsword, HMS Alacrity, HMS Arrow, HMS Argonaut, HMS Plymouth, RFA Sir Bedivere, RFA Sir Lancelot, RFA Sir Tristram, RFA Stromness

Casualties and aircraft losses

  • Human losses:
    • 6 Army aviation
    • 4 Naval aviation
    • 55 Argentine Air Force members[42]
    • 29 pilots
    • 12 air crew (6 on C-130H shot down June 1, 4 on Learjet LJ-35A shot down June 7 and 2 Canberra navigators)
    • 14 Ground crew
Aircraft lost in the air
no suffix: Air Force

Argentine strike aircraft did not carry air-to-air missiles, with the exception of 8th Air Brigade Mirage IIIEA fighters and 6th Air Brigade Daggers on May 1. All retained a secondary armament of either 20 mm or 30 mm cannon.

11 IAI Dagger A 9 by Sea Harrier,[43] 1 Sea Wolf HMS Broadsword,[44] 1 SAM Rapier[45]
10 A-4B Skyhawk 3[46] by Sea Harrier, 3[47] Sea Wolf HMS Brilliant, 1[48] Sea Dart, 1[49] AAA HMS Fearless, 1[50] 20mm cannon Fire from HMS Antelope and 1[51] friendly fire
7 A-4C Skyhawk 2[52] by Sea Harrier, 3[53] Sea Dart, 1[54] Sea Cat from HMS Yarmouth, 1[55] combination Sea Cat/Rapier/Blowpipe
3 FMA IA 58 Pucará 1[56] by Sea Harrier, 1 SAM Stinger, 1 small arms fire 2 PARA
3 A-4Q Skyhawk Navy 3[57] by Sea Harrier.
2 Mirage IIIEA 1[58] by Sea Harrier, 1[59] friendly fire
2 B.Mk62 Canberra 1[60] by Sea Harrier, 1[61] Sea Dart
1 C-130E Hercules 1[62] by Sea Harrier
1 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy 1[63] by Blowpipe
1 Learjet 35A 1[64] by SAM Sea Dart
3 Puma SA330L Army 1 gun fire, 1 by SAM Sea Dart,[65][66] 1 FIM-92 Stinger[67]
1 Puma SA330L Army Royal Marines gun fire in South Georgia, April 3
  • Destroyed on the ground
    • 9 FMA IA 58 Pucará
    • 1 Agusta A109 Army
    • 1 Boeing Ch-47C Chinook Army
    • 2 Aérospatiale Puma SA330L Army
    • 4 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor Navy
    • 2 Skyvan 3-M Coast Guard
    • 2 Bell UH-1H Iroquois Army[68]
  • Captured after the war
    • 11 FMA IA 58 Pucará
    • 2 Agusta A109 Army
    • 7 Bell UH-1H Iroquois Army
    • 1 Boeing CH-47C Chinook Army
    • 1 Aérospatiale Puma SA330L Coast Guard
    • 3 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy
    • 2 Bell 212
  • Lost with ARA General Belgrano
    • 1 Aérospatiale Alouette AI03 Navy
  • Flying accident in the war zone
    • 1[69] Westland Lynx HAS.Mk.23 Navy — 2 May, hit ARA Santísima Trinidad
    • 2 FMA IA 58 Pucará — 28 May,[70] hit ground, recovered in 1986, 24 May.[71][72]
    • 1 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy — 3 May, bad weather crash
    • 2[73] McDonnell Douglas A-4C Skyhawk — 9 May, South Jason Island
  • Total

75 fixed-wing aircraft and 25 helicopters.

See also

  • British air services in the Falklands War
  • Pablo Carballo
  • Raid on Pebble Island
  • Roberto Curilovic

Footnotes

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/fal02/corum.html|title=Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War: An Operational View|publisher=|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/DWF.htm|title=Offensive Air Operations Of The Falklands War|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
3. ^Argentine newspaper Perfil Después de Malvinas, iban a atacar a Chile {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125142325/http://www.diarioperfil.com.ar/edimp/0420/articulo.php?art=18309&ed=0420 |date=2009-11-25 }} on 22 November 2009, retrieved 22 November 2009::"Para colmo, Galtieri dijo en un discurso: „Que saquen el ejemplo de lo que estamos haciendo ahora porque después les toca a ellos“".
4. ^{{Citation | last = Lt. Col. Hezsely | first =Csaba | title =Argentine Air Power in the Falklands War | journal = Air War College, Research Report | volume = | issue = | pages = 39 | date = May 1988 | url = http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a202551.pdf | id = AD-A202 551}} Lt. Col. Hezsely's report notes 16 F-86F deployed at Mendoza
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar/html/download.html |title=PDF book: Historia de la Aviacion Naval Argentina |publisher=www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar |accessdate=2010-01-21 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517220622/http://www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar/html/download.html |archivedate=2007-05-17 }}
6. ^Dagger Technician memories
7. ^Dagger Technician memories
8. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1828&dat=19820526&id=CNAhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xZ4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1465,10774806 Los Angeles times, May 27 1982]
9. ^Aviation Fact File - Harrier, page 42.
10. ^"the Mach 2 Mirage and Dagger which in low-level attack are extremely subsonic. ..while low-level attacks by the Argentine aircraft..there would not be a lot of fuel to spare, especially if afterburner was used." From Aviation Fact File - Harrier (1984), page 42.
11. ^Sea Combat off the Falklands (1982), page 33.
12. ^"The Argentine-built Pucará counter-insurgency aircraft proved its worth in numerous attacks on British land forces, and it was even used to attack shipping. About 75 Pucarás were in service at the start of the conflict." From Sea Combat off the Falklands (1982), page 33; by Antony Preston; Willow Books, {{ISBN|978-0-00-218046-7}}.
13. ^"Two A-4B Skyhawks warplanes of the Grupo 5 link up...after topping up their tanks from a KC-130H tanker." page 62 in Air War in the Falklands 1982, 2001
14. ^1 Commodore Ruben Oscar Moro La Guerra Inaudita, 2000 {{ISBN|987-96007-3-8}}
15. ^HALCONES SOBRE MALVINAS, {{ISBN|950-9294-07-1}}
16. ^Hastings, Max: The Battle for the Falklands
17. ^"The British were awed by the courage of the Argentine pilots, flying suicidally low to attack, then vanishing amid flashes of pursuing Sea Cat, Blowpipe, Rapier, racing across the sky behind them. Alone among the enemy's three services, the air force seemed highly motivated and utterly committed to the battle. 'We should have been able to work out that any nation which produces first-class Formula One racing drivers is also likely to turn out some pretty good pilots.'" - Chapter 12; Hastings, Max: The Battle for the Falklands (1983) Michael Joseph Ltd {{ISBN|0-7181-2228-3}}
18. ^clarin newspaper Clarin newspaper Woodward Interview
La fuerza aérea peleó extremadamente bien y nosotros sentimos una gran admiración por lo que hicieron
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arcre.com/archive/falklands/argaireffort|title=Examination of Argentine Air Effort - Arcre|author=Lee Richards|publisher=|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
20. ^Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War: An Operational View
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar/html/download.html |title=PDF book: Historia de la Aviacion Naval Argentina |publisher=www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar |accessdate=2009-04-07 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517220622/http://www.trackerenmalvinas.com.ar/html/download.html |archivedate=2007-05-17 }}
22. ^http://www.malvinasmdp.org.ar/Images/Fotos/M085.jpg
23. ^Aeroespacio, Issue 520 (Official FAA magazine) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531161152/http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm |date=2011-05-31 }}
24. ^According to Aeroespacio, Issue 520: "hacia el 15 Abr se producía la recepción de los misiles Matra 550 Magic adquiridos tiempo antes" ("towards April 15th the Matra 550 Magic missiles bought time ago were received")
25. ^Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 — British ships lost & damaged.
26. ^Signals of War, The Falklands Conflict of 1982 (1990), Lawrence Freedman.
27. ^"In late afternoon Pucaras attacked the British forces, two dropping napalm tanks which only just missed forward troops. Two Pucaras were shot down during the battle, along with an Aeromacchi {{sic}}". - Chapter 21 The Bridgehead and Beyond, the battle for Darwin and Goose Green - Lawrence Freedman, Signals of War, The Falklands Conflict of 1982, 1990, Faber and Faber-London, {{ISBN|0-571-14116-1}}
28. ^According to Globalsecurity.org (DWF):"As a result of these heavy losses...it was decided to pull the Mirage III's back to the mainland to stand alert for a possible Vulcan attack."
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm|title=The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Fleet|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
30. ^According to Globalsecurity.org (HJA):"Finally, the bombing raids caused the Argentines to fear an air attack on the mainland, causing them to retain some Mirage aircraft and Roland missiles for defense."
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-06-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531161152/http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm |archivedate=2011-05-31 }} La familia Mirage, Aeroespacio, Fuerza Aerea Argentina, ISSN 0001-9127
32. ^As per article "La familia Mirage" in Aeroespacio (Issue 520): "Los M III debían defender el territorio continental argentino de posibles ataques de los bombarderos Vulcan de la RAF, brindar escolta a los cazabombarderos de la FAA, e impedir los ataques de aviones de la Royal Navy y de la RAF sobre las Malvinas." ("The M III would defend the Argentine mainland against possible attacks by Vulcan bombers from the RAF, providing escort of fighter bombers to the FAA, and to prevent attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF on the Falklands.")
33. ^Official FAA Magazine {{es icon}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531161152/http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm |date=2011-05-31 }}
34. ^Exploración y reconocimiento en el Atlántico Sur
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spyflight.co.uk/boeing707.htm |title=Boeing 707 |publisher=Spyflight.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-08-09}}
36. ^Avioned Brasileros en el conflicto del Atlantico Sur
37. ^Sir Lawrence Freedman: The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2005, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-7146-5207-5}}:"British Wye, carrying fuel for the Task Force, came under attack by a modified C-130 Hercules...eight bombs were released, one of which struck the tanker without exploding.
38. ^The Avro Vulcan and the Black Buck raids {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528135111/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/vulcan.htm |date=2007-05-28 }}
39. ^Morgan, David, Hostile Skies, Orion Books Limited, London, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7538-2199-2}}
40. ^Ward, Sharkey,'Sea Harrier Over The Falklands: A Maverick at War, Phoenix; New Ed edition, London, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-304-35542-6}}
41. ^Sir Lawrence Freedman: The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2005, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-7146-5207-5}}
42. ^Fuerza Aérea Argentina {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406031933/http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/caidos.html |date=2010-04-06 }}
43. ^SN:
C-403, May21, Sea Harrier ZA190/"009", pilot Capt. Donadille ejected,
C-404, May21, Sea Harrier ZA190/"009", pilot Maj. Piuma ejected,
C-407, May21, Sea Harrier ZA175/"004", pilot Lt. Senn ejected,
C-409, May21, Sea Harrier XZ455/"12", pilot Lt. Luna ejected,
C-410, May24, Sea Harrier ZA193/"93", pilot Lt. Castillo killed,
C-419, May24, Sea Harrier XZ457/"14". pilot Maj. Puga ejected,
C-430, May24, Sea Harrier XZ457/"14". pilot Capt. Diaz ejected,
C-433, May1, Sea Harrier XZ455/"12". pilot Lt. Ardiles killed,
C-437, May23, Sea Harrier ZA194. pilot Lt. Volponi killed
44. ^SN: C-428, May21, pilot Lt. Bean killed
45. ^SN: C-436, May29, pilot Lt. Bernhardt killed
46. ^SN: C-204, C-226 and C-228
47. ^SN: C-206, C-208 and C-246
48. ^SN: C-244
49. ^SN: C-215
50. ^SN: C-242
51. ^SN: C-248
52. ^SN: C-309 and C-325
53. ^SN: C-301, C-304 and C-310
54. ^SN: C-319
55. ^SN: C-305
56. ^SN: A-5??
57. ^SN: 3-A-307, 3-A-312 and 3-A-314. One was damaged by 30 mm cannon fire, attempted to land at Port Stanley but the undercarriage was inoperative and the pilot elected to eject.
58. ^SN: I-015
59. ^SN: I-019
60. ^SN: B-110
61. ^SN: B-108
62. ^SN: TC-63
63. ^SN: 4-A-1??
64. ^SN: T-2?
65. ^SN: AE-505, May 9, when searching for Narwal trawler; killed: 1st Lt. Fiorito, 1st Lt. Buschiazzo, Sarg Dimotta.
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/sitio/2015/noticias/noticia.asp?Id=3102 |title=Día de los Caídos de Aviación en la Guerra de Malvinas |trans-title= |language=Spanish |publisher=Ejercito Argentino, sitio oficial |date=9 May 2016 |accessdate=9 October 2016}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2002/04/12/argentine-puma-shot-down-by-american-stinger-missile#prof|title=Argentine Puma shot down by American "Stinger" missile. — MercoPress|work=MercoPress|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
68. ^Official Army Aviation Site - AE-410 by air attack at Moody Brook, AE-418 by naval gunfire at Stanley
69. ^SN: 3-H-42
70. ^Fuerza Aérea Argentina
71. ^Fuerza Aérea Argentina
72. ^According to www.naval-history.net/F64argaircraftlost.htm a Pucará was lost over the Atlantic on a reconnaissance mission from Comodoro Rivadavia
73. ^SN: C-303 and C-313

References

Notes

{{Reflist|2}}

Bibliography

  • FAA Commodore Ruben Oscar Moro La Guerra Inaudita, 2000 {{ISBN|987-96007-3-8}}
  • {{es icon}} Dagger & Finger en Argentina {{ISBN|987-43-8536-7}} book link
  • {{fr icon}} Frédéric Marsaly: Super Étendard au Combat: la saga d'un guerrier, Aviation Française Magazine, Jan/Feb 2007, ISSN 1951-9583.

Online sources

  • British site about Argentine Aircraft lost
  • Britains Small Wars.com

Further reading

Online material

{{cite web |url=https://www.gacetaeronautica.com/gaceta/wp-101/?p=2869 |title=Treinta años |last1=Rangugni |first1=Andres |last2=Brea |first2=Esteban |publisher=Gaceta Aeronautica |date=May 7, 2012 |language=Spanish |website=Gaceta Aeronautica |access-date=November 30, 2018}}

Printed material

  • Chant, C.: Air War in the Falklands 1982, 2001, Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|1-84176-293-8}}
  • Gunston, B.: Aviation Fact File (Modern Fighting Aircraft) - Harrier, 1984, Salamander Books Ltd., {{ISBN|0-86101-128-7}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Castro Fox |first=Capitán de Navío (R) Rodolfo A. |date=May 2007 |title=La Tercera Escuadrilla Aeronaval de Caza y Ataque a 25 años del conflicto del Atlántico Sur. Una aproximación a la verdad histórica |url=http://www.centronaval.org.ar/boletin/BCN817/bcn817.html |format= PDF |journal=Boletin del Centro Naval |publisher=Centro Naval, Armada Argentina |volume= |issue=817 |pages= |language=Spanish |accessdate=20 May 2014}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Martini |first1=Hector A |last2= |first2= |date=1992 |title=Historia de la Aviación Naval Argentina - Tomo III |trans-title= |language=Spanish |location=Buenos Aires |publisher= Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales |series=Serie Historia Naval Argentina |volume=Nº |isbn=9789879945902 |url=http://www.abebooks.com/HISTORIA-AVIACION-NAVAL-ARGENTINA-Tomo-III/10848594079/bd |accessdate=2016-07-13 }}
  • {{cite book |last1=Rivas |first1=Santiago |last2= |first2= |date=2012 |title=Wings of the Malvinas - The Argentine Air War over the Falklands |trans-title= |language= |location=Manchester |publisher= Hikoki Publications |series= |volume= |isbn=978-1-902-1092-2-0 |url= |accessdate= }}
  • {{Cite book |last1=Dildy |first1=Douglas |last2=Calcaterra |first2=Pablo |title=Sea Harrier FRS 1 vs Mirage III/Dagger - South Atlantic 1982 |year=2017 |editor-first= |editor-last= |publisher=Osprey Publishing |series=Duel |volume=81 |language=English |isbn=978-1-4728-1889-8 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |url=https://ospreypublishing.com/sea-harrier-fsr-1-vs-mirage-iii-dagger |accessdate=2018-12-16 }}

External links

Foreign Studies

  • Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War - Analysis and Conclusions
  • [https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2005/acsc/3111%20-%20Green.pdf Argentina's Tactical Aircraft Employment in the Falklands Islands War ] - Air Command and Staff College, Air University, USAF

Official Sites

  • {{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061202084602/http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/index_conflicto.html Argentine Air Force (FAA) official site] about the Malvinas/Falkland Air War
  • {{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820105721/http://www.prefecturanaval.gov.ar/institucional/castellano/malvinas.php Argentine Coast Guard (PNA) official site] about the Malvinas/Falkland War

Other sites

  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODalMZbmA_w YouTube video] Argentine Air Force on the Falklands War
  • {{es-icon}} "Historia de la Aviación Naval Argentina Tomo III (Conflicto del Atlántico Sur)" Full book content at "Radar Malvinas" website (accessed 2016-07-14)
{{Falklands War|style=wide}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Argentine Air Forces In The Falklands War}}

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