“Argentine Navy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Argentine Navy ({{lang-es|Armada de la República Argentina}} — ARA, also Armada Argentina) is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force. The ship prefix for vessels of the Argentine Navy is "ARA".

The Argentine Navy day is celebrated on May 17, anniversary of the victory in 1814 at the Battle of Montevideo over the Spanish fleet during the war of Independence.^[3]

History

19th century

The Argentine Navy was created in the aftermath of the May Revolution of May 25, 1810, which started the war for independence from Spain. The navy was first created to support Manuel Belgrano in the Paraguay campaign, but it was sunk by ships from Montevideo, and did not take part in that conflict. Renewed conflicts with Montevideo led to the creation of a second fleet, which participated in the capture of the city. As Buenos Aires had little maritime history, most men in the navy were from other nations, such as the Irish-born admiral William Brown, who directed the operation. As the cost of maintaining a navy was too high, most of the Argentine naval forces were composed of privateers.

Brown led the Argentine navy in further naval conflicts at the War with Brazil and the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata.

In the 1870s the Argentine Navy began modernizing itself. At the close of the century, the force included:

The most powerful ships at this time included the Italian-built {{ship|ARA|Garibaldi||2}} and her sister ships: {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano|1896|2}}, {{ship|ARA|Pueyrredón||2}}, and {{ship|ARA|San Martín||2}}, each at over 6,000 tons. Three older ironclads, {{ship|ARA|Almirante Brown|1880|2}}, {{ship|ARA|Independencia|1891|2}}, and {{ship|ARA|Libertad|1892|2}} dated from the 1880s and early 1890s.{{sfn|Keltie|1900|p=349}}

The navy's ships were built primarily in Italy, Britain, France, and Spain, and were operated by over 600 officers and 7,760 seamen. These were supported by a battalion of marines and an artillery battery.{{sfn|Keltie|1900|p=349–350}}

20th century

Argentina remained neutral in both world wars. In 1940 Argentina's navy was ranked the eighth most powerful in the world (after the European powers, Japan, and the United States) and the largest in Latin America. A ten-year building programme costing $60 million had produced a force of 14,500 sailors and over a thousand officers. The fleet included two First World War-era (but modernized) American-built {{sclass-|Rivadavia|battleship}}s, three modern cruisers, a dozen British-built destroyers, and three submarines, plus minelayers, minesweepers, coastal defence ships, and gunboats. A naval air force was also in operation.^[5]

In the postwar period, Naval Aviation and Marine units were put under direct Navy command. With Brazil, Argentina is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers: the {{ship|ARA|Independencia|V-1|6}} and {{ship|ARA|Veinticinco de Mayo|V-2|6}}.

The Argentine Navy has been traditionally heavily involved in fishery protection, helping the Coast Guard: most notably in 1966 a destroyer fired on and holed a Soviet trawler that had refused to be escorted to Mar del Plata, in the 1970s there were four more incidents with Soviet and Bulgarian ships^[6] followed by other incidents such as the sinking of the Chian-der 3.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The Navy also took part in all military coups in Argentina through the 20th century. During the 1976 to 1983 dictatorship, Navy personnel were involved in the Dirty War in which thousands of people were kidnapped, tortured and killed by the forces of the military junta. The Navy School of Mechanics, known as ESMA, was a notorious centre for torture. Among their more well-known victims were the Swedish teenager Dagmar Hagelin, and French nuns Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet (In October 2007 the Argentine Navy formally handed possession of the school to human rights groups to turn it into a memorial museum).{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

During this regime, the Navy was also the main supporter of a military solution for the country's two longest-standing disputes: the Beagle Conflict with Chile and the Falkland Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas}}) with the United Kingdom.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Falklands War

During the 1982 Falklands conflict (termed by the Argentines Guerra de las Malvinas / Guerra del Atlántico Sur) the Main Argentine Naval Fleet consisted of modernised World War II era ships (one GUPPY-type submarine, one British-built {{sclass-|Colossus|aircraft carrier|0}} carrier, a cruiser, and four destroyers), and newer vessels: two Type 42 destroyers, three French-built corvettes, and one German-built Type 209 submarine. This fleet was supported by several ELMA tankers and transports, as well an ice breaker and a polar transport ship.

New German MEKO type destroyers, corvettes, and Thyssen-Nordseewerke (Type TR-1700) submarines were still under construction at the time.

Despite leading the invasion of the Falkland Islands, in both strategic and tactical aspects the Argentine fleet played only a small part in the subsequent conflict with the Royal Navy. After {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sank the {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano||6}}, the Argentine surface fleet did not venture from a 12-mile (22.2 km) coastal limit imposed by the British because of the threat posed by the Royal Navy nuclear-powered submarines (SSNs).

The Argentine Navy's contributions to the war were principally the initial amphibious assaults on 2 and 3 April; naval aviation Super Étendards armed with Exocet missiles, which sank {{HMS|Sheffield|D80|2}} and the {{ship||Atlantic Conveyor||2}}; Skyhawks, which sank {{HMS|Ardent|F184}}; and the Marines, with the 5th Marine Corps Battalion defending Mount Tumbledown. In addition, the Type 42 destroyer {{ship|ARA|Santísima Trinidad||6}}, operating off Staten Island, played an important part in the destruction of the British landing ship Sir Galahad on 8 June,^[10]; a land-based Exocet battery outside Port Stanley scored a direct hit on {{HMS|Glamorgan|D19|6}} on 11 June; and a Marine Tigercat SAM{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} put a Royal Air Force Harrier (XW 919) out of action on 12 June. Naval aviation also carried out intensive maritime patrols, searching to locate the British fleet for the strike aircraft and British submarines for the anti-submarine Sea King helicopters, while their Lockheed L-188 Electra and Fokker F-28 Fellowship transports reinforced the Port Stanley garrison and evacuated the wounded.

The {{ship|ARA|San Luis|S-32|6}} submarine also played a strategic role, nearly sinking the frigate {{HMS|Arrow|F173|6}} on 10 May,^[11] although she scored no hits. The submarine {{ship|ARA|Santa Fe|S-21|6}}, after a successful resupply mission, was attacked and disabled off South Georgia, where her crew then surrendered along with the Argentine detachment at Grytviken. She was later scuttled by the British.

Aftermath of the Falklands war

The core of the fleet was reformed with the retirement of all the World War II-era {{sclass-|Fletcher|destroyer|5}} and {{sclass-|Gearing|destroyer}}s and their replacement with the MEKO 360 and 140 classes designed by the German shipyard Blohm + Voss.

Also, the submarine force greatly reinforced their assets with the introduction of the Thyssen-Nordseewerke (TR-1700) class. Although the original programme called for six units with the last four to be built in Argentina, only the two built in Germany were delivered.

The amphibious force was drastically affected with the retirement of their only LST landing ship {{ship|ARA|Cabo San Antonio|Q-42|6}} and replacement by a modified cargo vessel, the {{ship|ARA|Bahía San Blas|B-4|6}}. This situation improved in 2006 with the delivery by France of the first of the LPD {{sclass-|Ouragan|landing platform dock}}s but the whole operation was placed on hold by the Argentine Government due to asbestos concerns. In 2010 France offered the {{ship|French ship|Foudre|L9011|3}} instead.^[12]

France also transferred the {{ship|French ship|Durance|A629|3}}, now {{ship|ARA|Patagonia|B-1}}, multi-product replenishment ship (AOR).

In 1988 the A-4 Skyhawk aircraft were withdrawn, leaving the Super Étendard as the only fighter jets in the navy inventory. The already-paid-for A-4Hs bought in Israel as their replacement could not be delivered due to the embargo imposed by the United States after the war. Instead IAI used the money to refurbish the S-2E Trackers to the S-2T Turbo Tracker variant currently in service.

In the 1990s, the embargo was lifted and the Lockheed L-188 Electras (civilian aircraft converted for maritime patrol) were finally retired and replaced with similar P-3B Orions and civilian Beechcraft King Air Model 200 were locally converted to the MP variant.

In 2000 the aircraft carrier {{ship|ARA|Veinticinco de Mayo|V-2|6}} was decommissioned without replacement, although the navy maintains the air group of Super Étendard jets and S-2 Trackers that routinely operated from the Brazilian Navy aircraft carrier {{ship|NAeL|São Paulo||2}}^{[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc9yNM4_Kgk ARAEX video]} or United States Navy carriers when they are in transit in the south Atlantic during Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvers.

Gulf War and nineties

Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War, sending a destroyer and a corvette in a first deployment and a supply ship and another corvette later to participate in the United Nations blockade and sea control effort in the gulf. Operación Alfil ("{{lang-en|Operation [Chess] Bishop}}"), as it was known, carried out more than 700 interceptions and sailed 25,000 miles in the operations theatre.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

From 1990 to 1992, the {{sclass-|Baradero|patrol boat}}s were deployed under UN mandate ONUCA to the Gulf of Fonseca in Central America.^[13] In 1994, the three {{sclass-|Drummond|corvette}}s participated in Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.^[14]

21st century

In 2003, for the first time, the Argentine Navy (classified as major non-NATO ally) interoperated with a United States Navy battle group when the destroyer {{ship|ARA|Sarandí|D-13}} joined the {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} Carrier Strike Group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of Exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean Sea.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

In 2010 the construction of four 1,800 ton offshore patrol ships was announced,^[15] but never started. Also in May 2010, Defence Minister Nilda Garre announced that the Navy would continue working on a system that would enable the launch of Exocet missiles from the Navy’s P-3 Orion aircraft. In addition, the financing of the local development and construction of a coastal naval defence system that may also be based on the use of Exocet missiles similar to the Excalibur system.{{clarify|date=January 2017}}

In October 2012 the Navy's sail training ship {{ship|ARA|Libertad|Q-2|6}} was seized under court order in Ghana by creditors of Argentina's debt default in 2002.^[16]

On 15 December 2012 the UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled unanimously that the ship had immunity as a military vessel, and ordered that "Ghana should forthwith and unconditionally release the frigate ARA Libertad"^[17]^[18] Four days later Libertad was released from Tema and arrived to the port of Mar del Plata on 9 January 2013.^[19]

The Argentine Navy is under-funded and struggling to meet maintenance and training requirements; as a result, only 15 of its 42 vessels are in a condition to sail.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}{{When?|date=July 2018}} The 2013 defence budget allowed for the 15 operational vessels to each spend less than 11 days at sea, while the submarines averaged just over 6 hours submerged in the whole of 2012.^[20] {{ship|ARA|Espora|P-41|6}} spent 73 days in late 2012 stranded in South Africa for lack of spares. The {{sclass-|Almirante Brown|destroyer}}s are short of spares and their ordnance has expired, while the Antarctic patrol ship {{ship|ARA|Almirante Irizar|Q-5|6}} had been under repair for 10 years because of a fire.^[20] On 23 January 2013 the Type 42 destroyer {{ship|ARA|Santísima Trinidad|1974|6}} sank at her moorings after having been mothballed for ten years.^[21]

The Argentine Navy participates in joint exercises with other friendly navies including Brazil, United States, Spain, France, Canada, South Africa,^[22] Italy, Uruguay, and, since the 1990s, Chile. The exercises are routinely held to develop a common operational doctrine. Every year the Argentine and Chilean Navies participate in the Patrulla Antártica Naval Combinada ({{lang-en|Joint Antarctic Naval Patrol}}) to guarantee safety to all tourist and scientific ships in transit within the Antarctic Peninsula, where the Navy is also directly responsible for maintaining the Argentine bases there.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

On the 15th November 2017, the ARA San Juan (S-42) stopped communicating during a routine transit to port following a military exercise. A search was launched by ISMERLO, however after 15 days of searching the Argentine Navy declared the end of the rescue operation, and solely focused on the recovery of the submarine—not the crew. 44 personnel were on the submarine when it disappeared.^[23]

Structure

The Argentine navy has four main commands: High Seas Fleet, Submarine Force, Naval Aviation, and Naval Infantry (Marines).

Sea Fleet

Puerto Belgrano Naval Base ({{lang-es|Base Naval Puerto Belgrano}}, abbreviated BNPB) is the largest naval base of the Argentine Navy, situated next to Punta Alta, near Bahía Blanca, about 700 km (435 mi) south of Buenos Aires. Most of the fleet is based there.

Submarine Force

The Submarine Force Command ({{lang-es|Comando de la Fuerza de Submarinos}}, abbreviated COFS) was created when the Navy first started using submarines in 1927. As of 2013 the force is based at Mar del Plata. The Tactical Divers Group is also under the submarine force command structure.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Command ({{lang-es|Comando de Aviación Naval}}, abbreviated COAN) is the naval aviation branch. Argentina is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers. Naval Aviation used the Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard fighter, no longer in service, in the Falklands War.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Naval Infantry

The Naval Infantry Command ({{lang-es|Comando de Infantería de Marina}}, abbreviated COIM) is the marines branch; naval Infantry have the same rank insignia and titles as the rest of the Navy, and are deployed abroad on UN mandates.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Hydrographic Service

The Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service ({{lang-es|Servicio de Hidrografía Naval}}, abbreviated SHN) provides national hydrographics services.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Ranks

Officers

Rank insignia consists of a variable number of gold-braid stripes worn on the sleeve cuffs or on shoulder-boards. Officers may be distinguished by the characteristic loop of the top stripe (in the manner of British Royal Navy officers). Combat uniforms may include metal pin-on or embroidered collar rank insignia. Rank insignia is worn on the chest when in shipboard or flying coveralls.

Officers are commissioned in either the Command (line) Corps (those who attend the Escuela Naval Militar- Naval College) or the Staff Corps (Professional Officers who only attend a short course in the Naval Academy after getting a civilian degree, except for the Paymasters who indeed attend the Naval College).

The Line Corps is divided into three branches: the Naval branch (including Surface Warfare, Submarine Warfare and Naval Aviation sub-branches), the Marine Corps branch, and Executive -Engineering- branch. Line Corps' reserve officers are considered Restricted Line ( Escalafon Complementario ) officers in any of the Warfare Communities (Surface, Submarine, Marines, Aviation and Propulsion), and can only raise to OF-4 rank ( Capitan de Fragata ).

All Line Corps officers were distinctive branch/sub-branch insignia on the right breast. Some Staff Corps officers also wear specialisation badges (Aviation, Surface, Submarine and Marines). Other common insignia is the Naval War College insignia, parachute wings, etc., also worn on the right breast. Medals and Ribbons, if awarded, are worn on the left breast, just above the chest pocket.

The rank insignia of Staff Corps' officers is placed over a background colour denoting the wearer's field, such as purple (Chaplains), blue (Engineers), red (Health Corps), white (Paymasters), green (Judge Advocate Officers), brown (Technical Officers, promoted from the ranks) and grey (special branch). The background colour for Command Corps officers is navy blue/black.

Enlisted ratings and Non-Commissioned Officers

Other ranks' insignia (not including Seamen) is worn on either shoulderboards or breast or sleeve patches. Seamen and Seamen Recruits wear their insignia on their sleeves. The shoulderboards denote the wearer's specialty.

Uniform

Beards

Following a global trend, Argentine armed forces have prohibited beards since the 1920s. This was reinforced in the Cold War era when they were deemed synonymous with leftist leanings. The only exception were Antarctic service within the three armed forces as a protection from cold weather, and submarine service within the Navy as a way of saving water. However, shaving was mandatory upon return to headquarters.

In 2000 the Navy broke with this tradition within the Argentine armed forces as Adm. Joaquín Stella, then Navy Chief of Staff allowed beards for officers with ranks above Teniente de Corbeta (Second Lieutenant (rank)), according to Section 1.10.1.1 of the Navy Uniform regulations (R.A-1-001). Adm. Stella gave the example himself by becoming the first bearded Argentine admiral since Adm. Sáenz Valiente in the 1920s. Non commissioned officers can wear beards from Suboficial Segundo rank, and upwards. However, beards were prohibited again in 2016, except for some specific office positions.

See also

References

Citations

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2018/03/19/argentina-hace-publica-la-cantidad-de-personal-militar-en-sus-fuerzas/|title=Argentina hace publica la cantidad de personal militar en sus fuerzas|author=|date=19 March 2018|website=zona-militar.com|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428161336/https://www.zona-militar.com/2018/03/19/argentina-hace-publica-la-cantidad-de-personal-militar-en-sus-fuerzas/|archivedate=28 April 2018|df=}}
2. ^From the 1936 movie La muchachada de a bordo composed by Manuel Romero and Abraham Soifer
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ara.mil.ar/hist_origen.asp#05|title=Historia de la Armada Argentina (in Spanish)|author=|date=|website=ara.mil.ar|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216065126/http://www.ara.mil.ar/hist_origen.asp#05|archivedate=16 December 2008|df=}}
4. ^Keltie, J.S., ed. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: Macmillan, 1900. p 349.
5. ^Associated Press. "Plan Big Navy for Argentina". Youngstown Vindicator March 10, 1940. (Retrieved via Google News 10/25/10).
6. ^Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1947–1995
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=8194|title=Persecución y captura de un pesquero|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605225239/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=8194|archivedate=5 June 2011|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=572152|title=Incendian y hunden un pesquero para evitar su captura|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605225402/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=572152|archivedate=5 June 2011|df=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=384762|title=Para evitar su captura, el capitán de un pesquero hundió el barco|author=|date=|website=lanacion.com.ar|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605225426/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=384762|archivedate=5 June 2011|df=}}
10. ^"Vice-Admiral Lombardo ... states that the Type 42 destroyer Santisima Trinidad was off the Argentine coast that day carrying out radio interference operations on the frequencies used by the British air controllers." The Fight for the Malvinas, pp. 211-212, Martin Middlebrook, Penguin, 1990
11. ^"A few minutes later, when the frigates were close to the submarine, a 'small metallic explosion' was heard. Neither of the British ships reported any incident during this period but Paul Bootherstone recalls that when the Arrow's towed torpedo decoy was retrieved later it was found to be badly damaged". The Royal Navy and Falklands War, pp. 156-157, David Brown, Pen and Sword, 1987
12. ^França oferece “Foudre” à Argentina {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716035228/http://www.segurancaedefesa.com/Foudre2ARA.html |date=2011-07-16 }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armada.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=287|title=:: ARMADA ARGENTINA ::|author=Armada Argentina|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228062822/http://www.armada.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=287|archivedate=28 December 2014|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.tau.ac.il/eial/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=504&Itemid=216|title=Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe - Las crisis de Guatemala (1954) y Haití (1991-1994):|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119144134/https://www1.tau.ac.il/eial/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=504&Itemid=216|archivedate=19 January 2015|df=}}
15. ^mindef: El comienzo en agosto próximo en los Astilleros Tandanor (en Buenos Aires) de la construcción primera de las cuatro Patrulleras Oceánicas Multipropósito, cuya ingeniería básica fue adquirida a la industria chilena. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307170103/http://www.mindef.gov.ar/info.asp?Id=1373 |date=2010-03-07 }}
16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20332793|title=Argentina takes ship dispute with Ghana to UN court|publisher=BBC News|date=14 November 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127175821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20332793|archivedate=27 January 2013|df=}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20743016|title=Ghana told to free Argentine ship Libertad by UN court|publisher=BBC News|date=15 December 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703235456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20743016|archivedate=3 July 2015|df=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.20/C20_Order_15_12_2012.pdf|title=Order: The "ARA Libertad" Case|publisher=International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Hamburg|date=15 December 2012|accessdate=15 December 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101105740/http://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.20/C20_Order_15_12_2012.pdf|archivedate=1 January 2013|df=}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a6dfae3a-5abb-11e2-b60e-00144feab49a.html|title=Argentine naval frigate returns home|author=Daniel Schweimler|publisher=Financial Times|date=10 January 2013}}
20. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://en.mercopress.com/2012/11/22/argentine-navy-short-on-spares-and-resources-for-training-and-maintenance | title=Argentine navy short on spares and resources for training and maintenance | date=22 November 2012 | publisher=MercoPress | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6E1sT6edm?url=http://en.mercopress.com/2012/11/22/argentine-navy-short-on-spares-and-resources-for-training-and-maintenance | archivedate=29 January 2013 | df= }}
21. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentine-destroyer-that-led-war-against-britain-sinks-a-symbol-of-decay-for-once-proud-navy/2013/01/23/00533246-6590-11e2-889b-f23c246aa446_story.html |title=Argentine destroyer that led war against Britain sinks, a symbol of decay for once-proud navy |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 January 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126062505/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentine-destroyer-that-led-war-against-britain-sinks-a-symbol-of-decay-for-once-proud-navy/2013/01/23/00533246-6590-11e2-889b-f23c246aa446_story.html |archivedate=26 January 2013 |df= }}
22. ^Atlasur VIII {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312065320/http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/nota.asp?idNota=2432&idSec=7 |date=2016-03-12 }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084309-ara-san-juan-operativo-rescate|title=Submarino ARA San Juan: la Armada dio por finalizado el operativo de rescate y ya no busca sobrevivientes|author=|date=|website=lanacion.com.ar|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20171201070201/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2084309-ara-san-juan-operativo-rescate|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=}}