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词条 1952 Summer Olympics
释义

  1. Host city selection

  2. Highlights

  3. Sports

     Demonstration sports 

  4. Venues

  5. Participating NOCs

  6. Medal count

  7. 50th anniversary coin

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{use mdy dates|date=June 2016}}{{Infobox Olympic games|1952|Summer|Olympics|
| image = Helsinki 1952.png
| caption = A soild blue background is intruded on its left side by a structure, shaded in white, representing the tower and stand of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. The Olympic rings, also white, lie at the top of the blue background, partly obscured by the stadium's tower. The word "1952" is written in white in the middle of the blue background, while "XV Olympia Helsinki" is written in blue, beneath the image.
| host_city = Helsinki, Finland
| nations = 69
| athletes = 4,955 (4,436 men, 519 women)
| events = 149 in 17 sports (23 disciplines)
| opening = July 19
| closing = August 3
| opened_by = President Juho Kusti Paasikivi[1]
| cauldron = Hannes Kolehmainen[1]
Paavo Nurmi
| stadium = Helsingin Olympiastadion
| summer_prev = London 1948
| summer_next = Melbourne 1956
| winter_prev = Oslo 1952
| winter_next = Cortina 1956
}}

The 1952 Summer Olympics ({{lang-fi|Kesäolympialaiset 1952}}; {{lang-sv|Olympiska sommarspelen 1952}}), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland from July 19 to August 3, 1952.

Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. These were the first games to be held in a non-Indo-European language speaking country. It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[2] The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952.

Host city selection

Helsinki was chosen as the host city over bids from Amsterdam and five American cities at the 40th IOC Session on June 21, 1947, in Stockholm, Sweden. Minneapolis and Los Angeles finished tied for second in the final voting.

The voting results in chart below:[3]

1952 Summer Olympics bidding results[4]
City CountryRound 1Round 2
HelsinkiFinland}}1415
MinneapolisUnited States|1912}}45
Los AngelesUnited States|1912}}45
AmsterdamNetherlands}}33
DetroitUnited States|1912}}2—
ChicagoUnited States|1912}}1—
PhiladelphiaUnited States|1912}}0—

Highlights

  • These were the final Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström.
  • Israel made its Olympic debut. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games because of its War of Independence. A previous Palestine Mandate team had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime.
  • Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes.
  • The newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) participated in the Olympics for the first time, although only one swimmer (Wu Chuanyu) of its 40-member delegation arrived in time to take part in the official competition.[5] The PRC would not return to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984.
  • The Republic of China (Taiwan) withdrew from the Games on July 20, in protest of the IOC decision to allow athletes from the People's Republic of China to compete.[6]
  • For the first time, a team from the Soviet Union participated in the Olympics. The first gold medal for the USSR was won by Nina Romashkova in the women's discus throwing event. Only after I had felt a heavy golden circle in my hand, I realized what happened. I am the first Soviet Olympic Champion, you know, the first record-holder of the 15th Olympiad...Tears were stinging my eyes. How happy I was!... After her win at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

In Russian:Только ощутив в руке тяжелый золотой кружок, я осознала, что произошло. Ведь я первая советская олимпийская чемпионка, первая рекордсменка XV Олимпиады... Слезы щипали глаза. Как я была счастлива!...

  • The Soviets turned the athletic competition into a metaphor for political propaganda.
{{quote|“Every record won by our sportsmen, every victory in international contests, graphically demonstrates to the whole world the advantages and strength of the Soviet system.”|Sovetsky Sport}}
  • The first meeting between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in football is still the most famous one. On the political level, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Yugoslav leader Josip Tito split in 1948, which resulted in Yugoslavia being excluded from the Communist Information Bureau. The origin of the conflict was Tito’s refusal to submit to Stalin’s interpretations and visions of politics and in process becoming a Soviet satellite state. Before the match, both Tito and Stalin sent telegrams to their national teams, which showed just how important it was for the two head of states. Yugoslavia led 5–1, but a Soviet comeback in the last 15 minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1. The defeat to the archrivals hit Soviet football hard, and after just three games played in the season, CDKA Moscow, who had made up most of the USSR squad, was forced to withdraw from the league and later disbanded. Furthermore, Boris Arkadiev, who coached both USSR and CDKA, was stripped of his Merited Master of Sports of the USSR title.[7]
  • The Olympic Flame was lit by two Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the stadium tower where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics.
  • Hungary's Golden Team won the football tournament, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final.
  • Germany and Japan were invited after being barred in 1948. Following the post-war occupation and partition, three German states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland (which joined the FRG after 1955) participated; the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was absent. Though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German competitors failed to win a gold medal for the only time.
  • Rules in equestrianism now allowed non-military officers to compete, including women. Lis Hartel of Denmark became the first woman in the sport to win a medal.
  • Emil Zátopek of Czechoslovakia won three gold medals in the 5000 m, 10,000 m and the Marathon (which he had never run before).
  • The India national field hockey team won its fifth consecutive gold under captaincy of Kunwar Digvijay Singh
  • Bob Mathias of the United States became the first Olympian to successfully defend his decathlon title with a total score of 7,887 points.
  • Josy Barthel of Luxembourg pulled a major surprise by winning the 1500 m.
  • Eva Perón, the celebrated First Lady of Argentina, died of cancer in July 1952 while the Olympics were taking place, so a memorial was held at the Games for the Argentine team.[8]

Sports

The 1952 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 149 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

{{div col|colwidth=17em}}
  • Aquatics
    • {{GamesSport|Diving|Events=4|Format=d}}
    • {{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=11|Format=d}}
    • {{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=33|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Basketball|Events=1|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=10|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Canoeing|Events=9|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Cycling|Format=d}}
    • Road (2)
    • Track (4)
  • {{GamesSport|Equestrian|Format=d}}
    • Dressage (2)
    • Eventing (2)
    • Show jumping (2)
  • {{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=7|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Field hockey|Events=1|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Football|Events=1|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Events=15|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Modern pentathlon|Events=2|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=7|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=5|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=7|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=7|Format=d}}
  • {{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}}
    • Freestyle (8)
    • Greco-Roman (8)
{{div col end}}

Demonstration sports

  • Handball
  • Pesäpallo

Venues

{{Main|Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

With an annual average temperature of 5.9 °C, Helsinki is one of the coldest cities to have hosted the Summer Olympics.[10]

  • Hämeenlinna – Modern pentathlon
  • Harmaja – Sailing
  • Helsinki Football Grounds – Football
  • Huopalahti – Shooting (shotgun)
  • Käpylä – Cycling (road)
  • Kotka – Football
  • Laakso – Equestrian (eventing – riding)
  • Lahti – Football
  • Liuskasaari – Sailing
  • Malmi Rifle Range – Shooting (pistol/ rifle)
  • Maunula – Cycling (road)
  • Meilahti – Rowing
  • Messuhalli – Basketball (final), boxing, gymnastics, weightlifting, wrestling
  • Olympic Stadium – Athletics, Equestrian (jumping), Football (final)
  • Pakila – Cycling (road)
  • Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall – Equestrian (dressage, eventing)
  • Swimming Stadium – Diving, Swimming, Water polo
  • Taivallahti – Canoeing
  • Tali Race Track – Equestrian (eventing steeplechase)
  • Tampere – Football
  • Tennis Palace – Basketball
  • Turku – Football
  • Velodrome – Cycling (track), Field hockey
  • Westend Tennis Hall – Fencing

Participating NOCs

{{see also|1952 Summer Olympics national flag bearers}}

A total of 69 nations participated in these Games, up from 59 in the 1948 Games. Thirteen nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1952: The Bahamas, the People's Republic of China, Gold Coast (now Ghana), Guatemala, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Nigeria, Soviet Union (USSR), Thailand, and Vietnam.

Japan and Germany were both reinstated and permitted to send athletes after being banned for 1948 for their instigation of World War II. Due to the division of Germany, German athletes from Saar entered a separate team for the only time. Only West Germany would provide athletes for the actual Germany team, since East Germany refused to participate in a joint German team.

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • {{flagIOC|ARG|1952 Summer|123}}
  • {{flagIOC|AUS|1952 Summer|87}}
  • {{flagIOC|AUT|1952 Summer|112}}
  • {{flagIOC|BAH|1952 Summer|7}}
  • {{flagIOC|BEL|1952 Summer|135}}
  • {{flagIOC|BER|1952 Summer|6}}
  • {{flagIOC|BRA|1952 Summer|97}}
  • {{flagIOC|BUL|1952 Summer|63}}
  • {{flagIOC|BIR|1952 Summer|5}}
  • {{flagIOC|CAN|1952 Summer|107}}
  • {{flagIOC|CEY|1952 Summer|5}}
  • {{flagIOC|CHI|1952 Summer|59}}
  • {{flagIOC|CHN|1952 Summer|1}}
  • {{flagIOC|CUB|1952 Summer|29}}
  • {{flagIOC|TCH|1952 Summer|99}}
  • {{flagIOC|DEN|1952 Summer|129}}
  • {{flagIOC|EGY|1952 Summer|106}}
  • {{flagIOC|FIN|1952 Summer|258}} (host)
  • {{flagIOC|FRA|1952 Summer|245}}
  • {{flagIOC|GER|1952 Summer|205}}
  • {{flagIOC|GHA|1952 Summer|7}}
  • {{flagIOC|GBR|1952 Summer|257}}
  • {{flagIOC|GRE|1952 Summer|53}}
  • {{flagIOC|GUA|1952 Summer|21}}
  • {{flagIOC|GUY|1952 Summer|1}}
  • {{flagIOC|HKG|1952 Summer|4}}
  • {{flagIOC|HUN|1952 Summer|189}}
  • {{flagIOC|ISL|1952 Summer|9}}
  • {{flagIOC|IND|1952 Summer|69}}
  • {{flagIOC|INA|1952 Summer|3}}
  • {{flagIOC|IRI|1952 Summer|22}}
  • {{flagIOC|IRL|1952 Summer|19}}
  • {{flagIOC|ISR|1952 Summer|26}}
  • {{flagIOC|ITA|1952 Summer|231}}
  • {{flagIOC|JAM|1952 Summer|8}}
  • {{flagIOC|JPN|1952 Summer|69}}
  • {{flagIOC|LIB|1952 Summer|9}}
  • {{flagIOC|LIE|1952 Summer|2}}
  • {{flagIOC|LUX|1952 Summer|44}}
  • {{flagIOC|MEX|1952 Summer|64}}
  • {{flagIOC|MON|1952 Summer|8}}
  • {{flagIOC|NED|1952 Summer|104}}
  • {{flagIOC|AHO|1952 Summer|11}}
  • {{flagIOC|NZL|1952 Summer|15}}
  • {{flagIOC|NGR|1952 Summer|9}}
  • {{flagIOC|NOR|1952 Summer|102}}
  • {{flagIOC|PAK|1952 Summer|38}}
  • {{flagIOC|PAN|1952 Summer|1}}
  • {{flagIOC|PHI|1952 Summer|25}}
  • {{flagIOC|POL|1952 Summer|125}}
  • {{flagIOC|POR|1952 Summer|71}}
  • {{flagIOC|PUR|1952 Summer|21}}
  • {{flagIOC|ROU|1952 Summer|114}}
  • {{flagIOC|SAA|1952 Summer|36}}
  • {{flagIOC|SIN|1952 Summer|5}}
  • {{flagIOC|RSA|1952 Summer|64}}
  • {{flagIOC|KOR|1952 Summer|19}}
  • {{flagIOC|URS|1952 Summer|295}}
  • {{flagIOC|ESP|1952 Summer|30}}
  • {{flagIOC|SWE|1952 Summer|206}}
  • {{flagIOC|SUI|1952 Summer|157}}
  • {{flagIOC|THA|1952 Summer|8}}
  • {{flagIOC|TRI|1952 Summer|2}}
  • {{flagIOC|TUR|1952 Summer|51}}
  • {{flagIOC|USA|1952 Summer|286}}
  • {{flagIOC|URU|1952 Summer|32}}
  • {{flagIOC|VEN|1952 Summer|38}}
  • {{flagIOC|VIE|1952 Summer|8}}
  • {{flagIOC|YUG|1952 Summer|96}}
{{div col end}}
Participating National Olympic Committees

Medal count

{{Main|1952 Summer Olympics medal table}}

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1952 Games.[11]

{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| show_limit =
| remaining_text =
| flag_template = flagIOC
| event = 1952 Summer
| team =
| gold_USA = 40 | silver_USA = 19 | bronze_USA = 17
| gold_URS = 22 | silver_URS = 30 | bronze_URS = 19
| gold_HUN = 16 | silver_HUN = 10 | bronze_HUN = 16
| gold_SWE = 12 | silver_SWE = 13 | bronze_SWE = 10
| gold_ITA = 8 | silver_ITA = 9 | bronze_ITA = 4
| gold_TCH = 7 | silver_TCH = 3 | bronze_TCH = 3
| gold_FRA = 6 | silver_FRA = 6 | bronze_FRA = 6
| gold_FIN = 6 | silver_FIN = 3 | bronze_FIN = 13 | host_FIN = yes
| gold_AUS = 6 | silver_AUS = 2 | bronze_AUS = 3
| gold_NOR = 3 | silver_NOR = 2 | bronze_NOR = 0
}}

50th anniversary coin

The 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Olympic Games was the main motif for one of the first Finnish euro silver commemorative coins, the €10 silver coin minted in 2002. The reverse depicts part of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium, as well as a section of the 1952 500 markka coin. The obverse has lettering SUOMI FINLAND 10 EURO, a flame, and Finland is the only country highlighted on earth.

See also

{{IOC seealso|games=1952 Summer Olympics }}
  • Finlandization

References

1. ^1 {{cite press release |title=Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|dead-url=no |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=September 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Bascomb |first=Neal |title=The Perfect Mile: Three Athletes, One Goal, and Less Than Four Minutes to Achieve It |publisher=Mariner Books |year=2005 |isbn=9780618562091}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aldaver.com/votes.html |title=International Olympic Committee Vote History |publisher= |date=9 September 2013 |accessdate=24 February 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/ |title=Past Olympic Host City Election Results |publisher=Games Bids |accessdate=16 September 2015}}
5. ^{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Mulvenney |title=Chen Chengda, China's almost Olympian |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK30776220080807 |agency=Reuters |date=7 August 2008 |accessdate=16 September 2015}}
6. ^{{cite news|publisher=BBC News |title=On This Day: 1952: 20 July: Zatopek wins gold at Helsinki |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3538000/3538602.stm |accessdate=16 September 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web | title=USSR – Yugoslavia, the Story of Two Different Football Conceptions| work=russianfootballnews.com | url=http://russianfootballnews.com/ussr-yugoslavia-the-story-of-two-different-football-conceptions/| accessdate=November 27, 2017 }}
8. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf 1952 Summer Olympics official report.] p. 91. – accessed 1 August 2010.{{dead link|date=June 2018}}
9. ^{{cite report|title=1952 Summer Olympics official report|url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/06/economy/numbers/9-weirdest-cities-have-hosted-olympics-and-why|title=The 9 weirdest cities that have hosted the Olympics (and why!)|author=Marc Sollinger|date=February 6, 2014|website=www.marketplace.org}}
11. ^{{cite news|last=Byron |first=Lee |last2=Cox |first2=Amanda |last3=Ericson |first3=Matthew|title=A Map of Olympic Medals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 August 2008 |accessdate=24 February 2015}}

External links

{{commons category|1952 Summer Olympics}}
  • {{IOC games|games=1952 Summer Olympics }}
  • {{IOC medals|games=1952 Summer Olympics }}
  • Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf la84foundation.org]
  • Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report [https://web.archive.org/web/20080614194735/http://olympic-museum.de/o-reports/report1952.htm olympic-museum.de]
{{s-start}}{{s-bef|before=London}}{{s-ttl|title=Summer Olympic Games
Helsinki|years=XV Olympiad (1952)}}{{s-aft|after=Melbourne/Stockholm}}{{s-end}}{{Olympic Games}}{{Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}{{EventsAt1952SummerOlympics}}{{1952 Summer Olympic venues}}{{Portal bar|Olympics|1950s|Finland}}

9 : 1952 Summer Olympics|Sports competitions in Helsinki|1952 in multi-sport events|Olympic Games in Finland|Summer Olympics by year|1952 in Finnish sport|July 1952 sports events|August 1952 sports events|1950s in Helsinki
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