1. Development
    Language constraints 

2. Phonology and romanization
     Consonants    Vowels  

3. Grammar
    Parts of speech  Word order 

4. Sample

5. Notes

6. References

7. External links

The Dothraki language is a constructed fictional language in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. It is spoken by the Dothraki, a nomadic people in the series's fictional world. The language was developed for the TV series by the linguist David J. Peterson,^[1] working off the Dothraki words and phrases in Martin's novels.

Development

The Dothraki vocabulary was created by David J. Peterson well in advance of the adaptation. HBO hired the Language Creation Society to create the language, and after an application process involving over 30 conlangers, Peterson was chosen to develop the Dothraki language. He delivered over 1700 words to HBO before the initial shooting. Peterson drew inspiration from George R. R. Martin’s description of the language, as well as from such languages as Estonian, Inuktitut, Turkish, Russian, and Swahili.^[5]

David J. Peterson and his development of the Dothraki language were featured on an April 8, 2012 episode of CNN's The Next List.^[6] He went on to create the Valyrian languages for season 3 of Game of Thrones. Peterson and his development of Dothraki were also featured on the January 8, 2017 episode of To Tell the Truth.

Language constraints

The Dothraki language was developed under two significant constraints. First, the language had to match the uses already put down in the books. Secondly, it had to be easily pronounceable or learnable by the actors. These two constraints influenced the grammar and phonology of the language: for instance, as in English, there is no contrast between aspirated and unaspirated stops.

Phonology and romanization

David Peterson has said, "You know, most people probably don't really know what Arabic actually sounds like, so to an untrained ear, it might sound like Arabic. To someone who knows Arabic, it doesn't. I tend to think of the sound as a mix between Arabic (minus the distinctive pharyngeals) and Spanish, due to the dental consonants."^[7]

Regarding the orthography, the Dothraki themselves do not have a writing system—nor do many of the surrounding peoples (e.g., the Lhazareen). If there were to be any written examples of Dothraki in the A Song of Ice and Fire universe, it would be in a writing system developed in the Free Cities and adapted to Dothraki, or in some place like Ghis or Qarth, which do have writing systems.^[8]

Consonants

There are 23 consonant phonemes in the Dothraki language. Here the romanized form is given on the left, and the IPA in brackets.

The letters c and x never appear in Dothraki, although c appears in the digraph ch.

b and p seem to appear only in names, as in Bharbo and Pono. These consonants were used in the past but have since developed into [f] and [v]. They can still be used as variants of [f] and [v].

Voiceless stops may be aspirated. This does not change word meaning.

The geminates of consonants marked with digraphs have a reduced orthography:

• kkh is pronounced {{IPA|/xː/}} (not {{IPA|/kx/}})
• tth is pronounced {{IPA|/θː/}} (not {{IPA|/tθ/}})
• ssh is pronounced {{IPA|/ʃː/}} (not {{IPA|/sʃ/}})
• zzh is pronounced {{IPA|/ʒː/}} (not {{IPA|/zʒ/}})
• cch is pronounced {{IPA|/t͡ʃː/}} (not {{IPA|/tt͡ʃ/}})^[9][10]

Vowels

Dothraki has a four vowel system shown below:

There are no diphthongs.^[11][12]

In the A Song of Ice and Fire books, u never occurs as a vowel, appearing only after q, and only in names, as in Jhiqui and Quaro.

In sequence of multiple vowels, each such vowel represents a separate syllable. Examples: shierak {{IPA|[ʃi.e.ˈɾak]}} - star, rhaesh {{IPA|[ɾha.ˈeʃ]}} - country, khaleesi {{IPA|[ˈxa.l̪e.e.si]}} - queen.

The vowels /i, e, o, a/ turn into [e, ɛ, ɔ, ɑ] after /q/. /o/ turns into [ɤ] after dental consonants.^[13][14] /o/ can be pronounced as [u] after [g], [k] and [x].^[13]

Grammar

Parts of speech

Though prepositions are also sometimes employed, the language is foremost inflectional. Prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes are all used. Verbs conjugate in infinitive, past, present, future, two imperatives and (archaic) participle; they also agree with person, number and polarity. Nouns divide into two classes, inanimate and animate. They decline in five cases, nominative, accusative, genitive, allative and ablative. Animate nouns also decline according to number.^[15][16]

Word order

The basic word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). In a basic sentence, the order of these elements (when all three are present) is as in English: first comes the subject (S), followed by the verb (V), and then the object (O).

Khal ahhas arakh. The Khal (S) sharpened (V) the arakh (O).

When only a subject is present, the subject precedes the verb, as it does in English:

Arakh hasa.

The arakh (S) is sharp (V).

In noun phrases there is a specific order as well. The order is as follows: demonstrative, noun, adverb, adjective, genitive noun, prepositional phrase. Prepositions always precede their noun complements.{{refn|group="note"|Examples of demonstratives include:

• rakh haj strong boy (rakh boy, haj strong)
• alegra ivezh wild duck (alegra duck, ivezh wild)
• jin arakh this arakh (jin this, arakh arakh (type of blade))
• rek hrakkares that lion (rek that, hrakkares lion)^[17]}} but adjectives, possessor and prepositional phrases all follow the noun:^[17][18]

jin ave sekke verven anni m'orvikoon

this father very violent of.mine with.a.whip

this very violent father of mine with a whip

Adverbs normally are sentence final, but they can also immediately follow the verb. Modal particles precede the verb.^[15]

In the episode "Andy's Ancestry" from the United States television show The Office, Dwight Schrute created the Dothraki phrase "throat rip" by placing "throat" in front to make it the accusative.^[19] Peterson adapted that language technique and called it the "Schrutean compound".^[19][20]

Sample

Nevakhi vekha ha maan: Rekke, m'aresakea norethi fitte.

{{IPA|[ˈn̪evaxi ˈvexa ha maˈan̪ ˈrekːe ˈmaɾesakea ˈn̪oɾeθi ˈfit̪ːe]}}

seat.{{sc|GEN}} exist.{{sc|3SG.PRES}} for {{sc|3SG.ALL}} there.{{sc|ACC}} with.coward.{{sc|ALL.PL}} hair.{{sc|GEN}} short

There is a place for him: There, with the short-haired cowards.^[21]

Notes

References

External links

• The official Dothraki blog at dotrhaki.com
• The Dothraki Language Wiki at wiki.dothraki.org
• The LCS blog about the language at dothraki.conlang.org

• Construction Time Again (album)
• Construction truck
• Construction vehicle operator
• Construction vehicles
• Construction waste
• Construction work
• Construction workers
• Constructive
• Constructive alignment
• Constructive Approximation
• Constructive art
• Constructive boundary
• Constructive cost model
• Constructive critisism
• Constructive discharge
• Constructive margin
• Constructive memory
• Constructive perception
• Constructive Possession
• Constructive receipt
• Constructive reduction to practice
• Constructive Reduction to Practice
• Constructive set theory
• Constructive speech
• Constructive theology