| 词条 | Quercus marilandica |
| 释义 |
| name = Blackjack oak | image = Blackjack and little bluestem.png | image_caption = Dormant blackjack in the Cross Timbers of Lincoln County, Oklahoma | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = | genus = Quercus | display_parents = 2 | parent = Quercus sect. Lobatae | species = marilandica | authority = Muenchh.[2] | range_map = Quercus marilandica range map 1.png | range_map_caption = Generalized natural range of Quercus marilandica | synonyms_ref = [3][4] | synonyms =
}}Quercus marilandica, the blackjack oak, is a small oak, one of the red oak group Quercus sect. Lobatae. It is native to the eastern and central United States, from Long Island to Florida, west as far as Texas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. There are reports of a few isolated populations in southern Michigan, but these appear to represent introductions.[1][2]Quercus marilandica is a small deciduous tree growing to {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall, with bark cracked into rectangular black plates with narrow orange fissures. The leaves are {{convert|7|-|20|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long and broad, and typically flare from a tapered base to a broad three-lobed bell shape with only shallow indentations. They are dark green and glossy above, pubescent underneath, and often remain attached to the twigs through the winter after turning colors from red to brown in the fall. The acorn is small, {{convert|12|-|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|10|-|18|mm|in|abbr=on}} broad; like other red oaks, it takes 18 months to mature.[3] Habitat and distributionThe blackjack oak grows in poor, thin, dry, rocky or sandy soils where few other woody plants can thrive, usually on low ground, from sea level up to approximately {{convert|2800|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in altitude. Some say that it does not have the beautiful form of many oaks, but is nonetheless a valuable tree for growing in problem sites.[4] Some say that the tree is "tough but ugly", but also underappreciated.[5][6] At times the tree has even been actively eradicated to provide more room for trees deemed to be more commercially valuable.[7] It is sometimes an understory tree in pine stands on sandy knolls in the southeastern US. Along the coastal plain of New Jersey the probability of finding this species is increased in relatively sunny, open areas such as those near coastal salt marshes. It often occurs near scarlet and post oaks as well as pitch pine; understory companions include winged sumac, bracken, sweetfern, and bayberry, and can be found as far north as parts of Ohio[8] and New York. A variety, Quercus marilandica Münchhausen var. ashei Sudworth,[3] grows in the western portions of its range – northern Texas, Oklahoma, and into southern Kansas. In this area, blackjack and post oak form a semi-savanna area composed of forested strips intermixed with prairie grass glades along the eastern edge of the southern Great Plains. This semi-savanna is known as the Cross Timbers.[9][10][11] Scrub forms of Q. marilandica dominate on many chert glades along with Q.stellata in Arkansas's Ozark plateau.[12] Blackjack oak sometimes hybridizes with bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia), forming a hybrid known as Q. × brittonii.[13] Blackjacks in the Cross Timbers can grow from {{convert|50|to|60|ft|m}} high with a trunk diameter of {{convert|16|in|cm}}, but seldom reach more than {{convert|40|ft|m}}. The leaves are from {{convert|4|to|10|in|cm}} in length and about the same width. Blackjack acorns provide food for both whitetail deer and wild turkey. Blackjacks may, however, cause tannic acid poisoning in cattle. UsesThe wood is very dense and produces a hot flame when burned, which functions as an excellent source of heat for barbecues and wood-burning stoves. However, the wood is not desirable for wood fireplaces because the heat causes popping, thereby increasing the risk of house fires.[14] Traditionally blackjack wood is used as both a fuel and smoke wood for barbecue in Oklahoma. References1. ^{{cite web | url = http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/quermari.pdf | title = Quercus marilandica Range Map | accessdate = 2008-03-05 | publisher = United States Geological Survey | dead-url = yes | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716082915/http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/quermari.pdf | archive-date = 16 July 2011 | format = PDF}} [15][16][17]2. ^{{BONAP |genus=Quercus |species=marilandica |date=2014 |access-date=31 October 2017}} 3. ^1 {{eFloras|1|233501060|Quercus marilandica |first=Kevin C. |last=Nixon |volume=3 |access-date=31 October 2017}} 4. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof/1942/00000040/00000003/art00011?crawler=true | title = Blackjack Oak in the Missouri Ozarks | last = Liming | first = Franklin G. | journal = Journal of Forestry | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | date = 1 March 1942 | pages = 249–252 | publisher = Society of American Foresters}} 5. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.uaex.edu/yard-garden/resource-library/plant-week/blackjack-oak.aspx | title = Plant of the Week: Blackjack Oak | first = Gerald | last = Klingaman | date = September 22, 2000 | work = Extension News | publisher = University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture | access-date = 31 October 2017}} 6. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2017/01/12/blackjack-oak-grows-hardscrabble-habitat/96497394/ | title = Blackjack oak grows in hardscrabble habitat | first = John | last = Nelson | date = 12 January 2017 | work = Tallahassee Democrat | location = Tallahassee, Florida | access-date = 31 October 2017}} 7. ^{{citation | url = https://archive.org/details/sproutingofblack137clar | title = Sprouting of Blackjack Oak in the Missouri Ozarks, Technical Paper No. 137 | first1 = F. Bryan | last1 = Clark | first2 = Franklin G. | last2 = Liming | date = December 1953 | publisher = Division of Forest Management, Central States Forest Experiment Station}} 8. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.oplin.org/tree/fact%20pages/oak_blackjack/oak_blackjack.html | title = Blackjack Oak | work = What Tree Is It? | date = 1997 | publisher = Ohio Public Library Information Network and The Ohio Historical Society}} 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://biosurvey.ou.edu/conservation-biology/cross-timber-conservation/ | title = Ancient Cross Timbers | author = Oklahoma Biological Survey | year = 2016 | publisher = University of Oklahoma | access-date = 31 October 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.forestry.ok.gov/post-oak-blackjack-forest | title = Oklahoma's Forests > Oklahoma's Major Forest Types > Post Oak-Blackjack Forest | author = Oklahoma Forestry Services | publisher = Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry | access-date = 31 October 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web | url = http://texnat.tamu.edu/library/symposia/brush-sculptors-innovations-for-tailoring-brushy-rangelands-to-enhance-wildlife-habitat-and-recreational-value/oak-ecology/ | title = Oak ecology | first = David M. | last = Engle | publisher = Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University | location = Stillwater, Oklahoma | date = 18 March 1997 | accessdate = 31 October 2017}} 12. ^{{cite encyclopedia | first = C. Michael | last = Hogan | date = 26 November 2012 | url = http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oak | title = Oak | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Earth | editor-first = A. | editor-last = Dawson | editor2-first = C.J. | editor2-last = Cleveland | publisher = National Council for Science and the Environment | location = Washington DC | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523173442/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oak | archive-date=May 23, 2013 }} 13. ^{{cite web | url = http://eol.org/pages/1151451/details | title = Quercus marilandica – Blackjack Oak | first = Leo | last = Shapiro | date = 28 September 2012 | work = Encyclopedia of Life | publisher = Biodiversity Heritage Library | access-date = 31 October 2017}} 14. ^{{cite book | editor-first = Stephan L. | editor-last = Hatch | editor2-first = Jennifer | editor2-last = Pluhar | title = Texas Range Plants | location = College Station, Texas | publisher = Texas A&M University Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-89096-538-2}} 15. ^1 {{ThePlantList |id=kew-173871 |taxon=Quercus marilandica |authority=(L.) Münchh |access-date=31 October 2017}} 16. ^1 {{Tropicos|13100099|Quercus marilandica|Münchh |access-date=31 October 2017}} 17. ^1 {{cite book |last=Münchhausen |first=Otto von |date=1770 |chapter=Verzeichniß der Bäume und Stauden, welche in Deutschland fortkommen |title=Der Hausvater |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/13511 |volume=5 |place=Hannover |publisher=Försters und Sohns Erben |pages=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47446300 253] |postscript=: diagnosis in Latin, description in German in Teutonic script.}} }} External links{{Commons category|Quercus marilandica|position=left}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q845791}} 7 : Quercus|Endemic flora of the United States|Trees of the Eastern United States|Trees of the Plains-Midwest (United States)|Trees of the South-Central United States|Trees of the Southeastern United States|Plants described in 1770 |
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