| 词条 | Francisca Fernández-Hall |
| 释义 |
|name = Francisca Fernández-Hall |image = Francisca Fernandez-Hall, ambassador of Guatemala, received by Joseph Makosso, ambassador of Congo Brazzaville, celebrating at his residence the congolese national day, 15 august 1964, Jerusalem. jpg.jpg |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = Francisca Fernández-Hall Zúñiga |birth_date = 1921 |birth_place = Guatemala City, Guatemala |death_date = {{death year and age|2002|1921}} |death_place = Guatemala City, Guatemala |nationality = Guatemalan |other_names = |occupation = engineer, diplomat |years_active = 1947–1981 }} Francisca Fernández-Hall Zúñiga (1921–2002) was a Guatemalan engineer and diplomat. She was the first woman to graduate from the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, the first woman in all of Central America to earn an engineering degree, the first woman to be accepted and to attend the Instituto Militar de Engenharia of Brazil, and the first female ambassador for Guatemala. BiographyFrancisca Fernández-Hall Zúñiga was born in 1921[1] in Guatemala City, Guatemala, to the writer Francisco Fernández-Hall and Concepción Zúñiga Becker. She was one of five siblings, including Alicia, Haroldo,[2] María Teresa Fernández-Hall de Arévalo,[3] and Francisco Fernández-Hall, who was a journalist, teacher at the Colegio de San José de los Infantes, and served as Director of the Museum of History and Fine Arts.[4] Their mother died in 1926 and the children were raised by their father, who never remarried.[3] She earned a Bachelor of Science and Letters and a Master of Education before applying to the engineering faculty at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, where she was rejected.[1] Initially, she wanted to study law, but could not meet the entrance requirements.[5] She enrolled in the mathematics department and, after scoring a perfect score on an exam three months later, was admitted to the engineering program. She had the highest grade point average and graduated with her Civil Engineering degree in 1947, the first woman in all of Central America to earn a mathematics degree and graduate as an engineer from the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.[1][6][7] She won a scholarship to study engineering at the Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Military Engineering Institute) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the first woman ever accepted or to attend,[1] graduating in 1950 with a Construction Engineering degree.[1][8] While she was working on her engineering degree, Fernández-Hall taught at Colegio Belga and the Instituto Normal Central para Señoritas Belén. When she moved to Brazil to continue her studies, she joined the foreign service and served as Cultural Attache for Guatemala. After graduation, she had a lengthy diplomatic career, representing Guatemala in Greece, Israel and Costa Rica.[1] She was the first female ambassador of Guatemala[9] and was listed as the Chargé d'affaires to Israel in 1956 in the government yearbook.[10] While serving as ambassador in 1959, she helped musician Jorge Sarmientos launch his international career,[11] and in 1960 she met Golda Meir.[12] In 1975 Fernández-Hall transferred to Costa Rica,[13] where she served until 1981.[14] While in Israel, she served as Dean of the foreign diplomatic corps.[15] Fernández-Hall died in 2002[1] and was buried in the General Cemetery in Guatemala City.[16] Awards
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|last1=Morang|first1=J|title=Mujeres y la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|url=https://periodicodigitalecc.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/mujeres-y-la-universidad-de-san-carlos-de-guatemala/|website=Periódico Digital ECC|publisher=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|accessdate=19 June 2015|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish|date=9 July 2014}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez-Hall, Francisca}}2. ^{{cite web|last1=Fernández-Hall Zúñiga|first1=Francisca|title=Estado Actual del Abastecimiento de Agua en Guatemala|url=http://www.bd.cdmujeres.net/sites/default/files/documentos/publicaciones/5._tesis_estado_actual_del_abastecimiento_del_agua_en_guatemala_.pdf|website=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|publisher=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|accessdate=25 June 2015|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|page=5|language=Spanish}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Mayorga|first1=Roberto|title=Una mujer de valía|journal=Revista D|date=3 June 2012|issue=410|url=http://especiales.prensalibre.com/revistad/2012/06/03/lector.shtml|accessdate=25 June 2015|publisher=Prensa Libre|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Chaulón Vélez|first1=Mauricio José|title=La Hermandad del Señor Sepultado del templo de Santo Domingo, en la Ciudad de la Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, y sus niveles de relación con grupos de poder político y económico durante el siglo XX|url=http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/tesis/14/14_0425.pdf|website=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|publisher=Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala|accessdate=25 June 2015|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Borrayo|first1=Ana Patricia|title=Mujeres pioneras en la educación superior: primera mitad del siglo XX|journal=Revista Mujeres y Universidad|date=November 2005|volume=1|issue=1|page=41|url=http://www.digi.usac.edu.gt/iumusac/sistemas/docs/Revista2005.pdf|accessdate=4 July 2015|publisher=Instituto Universitario de la Mujer de la Universidad de San Carlos|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Chajón|first1=Anibal|title=La Universidad de San Carlos en la Historia de Guatemala|url=http://www.altaverapaz.com/av/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Historia-USAC.pdf|page=47|website=Alta Vera Paz|publisher=Centro de Estudios Folklóricos|accessdate=3 July 2015|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Maldonado Batres|first1=Miriam Ileana|title=Acciones con enfoque de género que promueve la Universidad de San Carlos (2000-2004)|date=November 2005|page=15|url=http://www.digi.usac.edu.gt/iumusac/sistemas/docs/accionesgenero.pdf|accessdate=4 July 2015|publisher=Instituto Universitario de la Mujer de la Universidad de San Carlos|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Concludentes de 1950 Conclusive 1950|url=http://www.ime.eb.br/1954-a-1950.html|website=Instituto Militar de Engenharia|publisher=Instituto Militar de Engenharia|accessdate=25 June 2015|location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil|language=Portuguese}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Iversen Christensen|first1=Martin|title=Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership|url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/index.html|website=1|accessdate=25 June 2015|quote=Content of www.guide2womenleaders.com: ...first female ambassadors for each country...}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Israel Government Year-book|date=1956|publisher=Government Printer|location=Israel|page=308|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=dewgAQAAMAAJ&q|accessdate=2 July 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Roldán|first1=Ingrid|title=El maestro Jorge Sarmientos anuncia su retiro como director de orquesta|url=http://www.prensalibre.com/vida/compas_0_35397063.html?print=1|accessdate=25 June 2015|publisher=Prensa Libre|date=18 February 2001|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service|title=FBIS white book|journal=Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts|date=1960|issue=241-245|page=72|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?ei=dnmVVYSjA9GvyASc6qSwDg&id=nkIjAQAAMAAJ&dq|accessdate=2 July 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Iversen Christensen|first1=Martin|title=Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership|url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Ambassadors_F-I.htm|website=Guide 2 Women Leaders|accessdate=25 June 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Amnesty International|title=Report: First Special Meeting of the Inter-American Board of Agriculture|date=1982|publisher=Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacion para la Agricultura (IICA) Biblioteca: Centre Interamericano de Documentación e Información Agrícola|location=San José, Costa Rica|page=61|url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=yyYOAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA60|accessdate=25 June 2015}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Memorial Day Observances Precede Israel's Celebration of Independence|url=http://www.jta.org/1968/05/02/archive/memorial-day-observances-precede-israels-celebration-of-independence|accessdate=25 June 2015|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=2 May 1968|location=Jerusalem}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Gularte|first1=William|title=Viaje a la historia en el Cementerio General|url=http://www.elperiodico.com.gt/es/20141030/pais/4116/Viaje-a-la-historia-en-el-Cementerio-General.htm|publisher=El Periódico|accessdate=25 June 2015|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish|date=30 October 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Emprendedores|url=http://servicios.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2006/junio06/040606/personajes11.html|website=Prensa Libre|publisher=Prensa Libre|accessdate=25 June 2015|location=Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 18. ^{{cite journal|title=Reconocimiento al mérito|journal=La Cuerda|date=December 2001|volume=Año 4|issue=41|url=http://lacuerdaguatemala.org/descargas/2001/laCuerda41.doc|accessdate=25 June 2015|publisher=Asociación La Cuerda|location=Guatemala City, Guatemala|language=Spanish}} 9 : 1921 births|2002 deaths|Guatemalan engineers|Ambassadors of Guatemala to Israel|Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni|Instituto Militar de Engenharia alumni|People from Guatemala City|Guatemalan women diplomats|Women ambassadors |
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